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This thesis examines the certification management challenge faced by Integrity360. The decentralized approach, characterized by manual processes and disparate data sources, leads to inefficient tracking of certification status and study progress. The main objective of this project was to construct a system that automates data retrieval, ensures a complete audit, and increases security and privacy. Leveraging the ASP.NET Boilerplate (ABP) framework, Angular, and MongoDB, an efficient and scalable system was designed, developed, and built based on DDD (domain-driven design) principles for a modular and maintainable architecture. The implemented system automates data retrieval from the Credly API, tracks exam information, manages exam vouchers, and implements a credible authentication system with role-based access control. With the time limitations behind the full-scale implementation of all the planned features, such as a dashboard with aggregated charts and automatic report generation, the platform significantly increases the efficiency and precision of employee certification management. Future work will include these advanced functionalities and integrations with external platforms to improve the system and increase its impact on operations in Integrity360.

This thesis examines the certification management challenge faced by Integrity360. The decentralized approach, characterized by manual processes and disparate data sources, leads to inefficient tracking of certification status and study progress. The main objective of this project was to construct a system that automates data retrieval, ensures a complete audit, and increases security and privacy. Leveraging the ASP.NET Boilerplate (ABP) framework, Angular, and MongoDB, an efficient and scalable system was designed, developed, and built based on DDD (domain-driven design) principles for a modular and maintainable architecture. The implemented system automates data retrieval from the Credly API, tracks exam information, manages exam vouchers, and implements a credible authentication system with role-based access control. With the time limitations behind the full-scale implementation of all the planned features, such as a dashboard with aggregated charts and automatic report generation, the platform significantly increases the efficiency and precision of employee certification management. Future work will include these advanced functionalities and integrations with external platforms to improve the system and increase its impact on operations in Integrity360.

The emergence of data as a critical asset and the prevalence of technologies such as the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) on the one hand, and the importance of collaborations for value creation on the other hand have given rise to a new breed of ecosystems known as data ecosystems. While data ecosystems provide new business opportunities, proposing and capturing value in those ecosystems is challenging, and the extant literature provides little guidance in this regard. Our research encompasses two studies that address this limitation and establish a framework for business-model archetypes in the context of AIoT data ecosystems. In the first study, exploratory qualitative research on 28 leading AIoT data ecosystem actors leads to the identification of value propositions and value-capture mechanisms in these ecosystems. We identify eight possible value propositions and eight possible value-capture mechanisms. The second, qualitative study centers on 19 expert interviews. Our analysis leads to the identification of two dimensions – control and customization – that guide the conceptualization and formation of business-model archetypes. Using these dimensions, we develop a framework for business-model archetypes in AIoT data ecosystems. Our findings contribute to the discourse on data ecosystems and offer new perspectives valuable for both researchers and industry practitioners., This work was supported by Swiss Federal Office of Energy, SWEET CoSi.

Digitalization has created service business opportunities for machine manufacturing companies. But creating these cyber-physical systems of systems effectively constitutes a critical measure of success in practice. At the same time, the body of knowledge in software engineering provides little guidance on how to manage this evolution. To contribute to closing this gap in the long run via problem-driven research, we need to first understand which contemporary challenges and needs are encountered in industry. To this end, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews at a machine manufacturing company, that is expanding its service offerings utilizing digitalization, where we explored how such systems are engineered and what challenges and needs are encountered. © 2023 IEEE.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine determine the effect of creativity and digital literacy on business opportunities and their impact on the level of welfare in the marine tourism community of Padang city Theoretical framework: The development of the tourism industry shows a very interesting phenomenon. The business opportunity that exists in the tourism industry is a tremendous economic potential. This extraordinary tourism industry business opportunity can be used as a great opportunity for the community and government to increase state revenues and improve the welfare of the community managing the tourism industry business. Design/methodology/approach: The study used primary data from 209 respond­ents. The method used is Structural Equation Modeling Analysis with Partial Least Square (PLS). Findings: The results in this study indicate that creativity has a significant effect on community business opportunities. Then the digital literacy variable has a significant effect on community business opportunities. Furthermore, the creativity variable has a significant effect on the level of community welfare. Meanwhile, the digital literacy variable has no significant effect on the level of social welfare. Because business opportunities have a significant effect on the level of community welfare. Research, Practical & Social implications: The Study suggestion from this study is that the thing that can help improve the economic welfare of the Padang City maritime tourism community is the high demand for tourism which makes tourism activity increase. Therefore, it is necessary to have a program planned by the government in the form of training for the community related to marine tourism so that people's creativity can be stimulated in realizing tourism businesses. Originality/value: The value of the study is tourism that develops and has complete facilities will make tourism activities crowded with visitors. When visits from tourists are high, this is a

The study analyzes the entrepreneurial attributes of Venezuelan migrants settled in Gramalote (Norte de Santander Department, Colombia) that explain the perception and ability to seize opportunities (as a dependent variable) and the sociodemographic and contextual characteristics (independent variables). The research adopted a positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach to obtain data from a survey conducted with 88 Venezuelan migrants. A bivariate analysis was carried out for data processing, and the categories of variables were grouped to be treated statistically using multinomial logistic regression. It is recommended that public policies on migration for the inclusion of Venezuelan entrepreneurs in Colombia consider the following entrepreneurial attributes: educational level, employment generation, efficiency and quality, compliance and responsibility, information seeking, and support networks since these attributes are associated with the likelihood of perception and capacity to seize business opportunities., O estudo analisa os atributos empreendedores dos migrantes venezuelanos instalados em Gramalote, Departamento do Norte de Santander, Colômbia, que explicam a percepção e a capacidade de aproveitar as oportunidades (como variável dependente) e as características sociodemográficas e contextuais (variáveis independentes). Foram adotados um paradigma positivista e uma abordagem quantitativa. Os dados vieram de uma pesquisa com 88 migrantes venezuelanos. Para o processamento de dados, foi realizada uma análise bivariada, e as categorias de variáveis foram agrupadas para serem tratadas estatisticamente por meio de regressão logística multinomial. Recomenda-se que as políticas públicas sobre migração, para inclusão de empreendedores venezuelanos na Colômbia, considerem os seguintes atributos: nível educacional, geração de emprego, eficiência e qualidade, conformidade com normas e responsabilidade, busca de informação e persuasão, e redes de apoio. Esses atributos são recomendados por estarem associados à probabilidade de percepção e capacidade de aproveitar as oportunidades de negócios., El estudio analiza los atributos emprendedores en migrantes venezolanos asentados Gramalote, Departamento Norte de Santander, Colombia que explican la percepción y habilidad para aprovechar oportunidades (como variable dependiente) y las características sociodemográficas y de contexto (variables independientes). Se adoptó un paradigma positivista y enfoque cuantitativo. Los datos provienen de una encuesta aplicada a 88 migrantes venezolanos. Para el tratamiento de los datos se realizó un análisis bivariado y se agruparon las categorías de las variables para ser tratadas estadísticamente mediante una regresión logística multinomial. Se recomienda que las políticas públicas sobre migración, para la inclusión laboral en Colombia, consideren los siguientes atributos de los emprendedores venezolanos: nivel educativo, generación de empleo, eficiencia y calidad, cumplimiento y responsabilidad, búsqueda de información y persuasión, y redes de apoyo porque están asociados con la probabilidad de percepción y capacidad para aprovechar oportunidades de negocio.

Digitalization has created service business opportunities for machine manufacturing companies. But creating these cyber-physical systems of systems effectively constitutes a critical measure of success in practice. At the same time, the body of knowledge in software engineering provides little guidance on how to manage this evolution. To contribute to closing this gap in the long run via problem-driven research, we need to first understand which contemporary challenges and needs are encountered in industry. To this end, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews at a machine manufacturing company, that is expanding its service offerings utilizing digitalization, where we explored how such systems are engineered and what challenges and needs are encountered. © 2023 IEEE.

Digitalization has created service business opportunities for machine manufacturing companies. But creating these cyber-physical systems of systems effectively constitutes a critical measure of success in practice. At the same time, the body of knowledge in software engineering provides little guidance on how to manage this evolution. To contribute to closing this gap in the long run via problem-driven research, we need to first understand which contemporary challenges and needs are encountered in industry. To this end, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews at a machine manufacturing company, that is expanding its service offerings utilizing digitalization, where we explored how such systems are engineered and what challenges and needs are encountered. © 2023 IEEE.

Digitalization has created service business opportunities for machine manufacturing companies. But creating these cyber-physical systems of systems effectively constitutes a critical measure of success in practice. At the same time, the body of knowledge in software engineering provides little guidance on how to manage this evolution. To contribute to closing this gap in the long run via problem-driven research, we need to first understand which contemporary challenges and needs are encountered in industry. To this end, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews at a machine manufacturing company, that is expanding its service offerings utilizing digitalization, where we explored how such systems are engineered and what challenges and needs are encountered. © 2023 IEEE.

Digitalization has created service business opportunities for machine manufacturing companies. But creating these cyber-physical systems of systems effectively constitutes a critical measure of success in practice. At the same time, the body of knowledge in software engineering provides little guidance on how to manage this evolution. To contribute to closing this gap in the long run via problem-driven research, we need to first understand which contemporary challenges and needs are encountered in industry. To this end, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews at a machine manufacturing company, that is expanding its service offerings utilizing digitalization, where we explored how such systems are engineered and what challenges and needs are encountered. © 2023 IEEE.

Digitalization has created service business opportunities for machine manufacturing companies. But creating these cyber-physical systems of systems effectively constitutes a critical measure of success in practice. At the same time, the body of knowledge in software engineering provides little guidance on how to manage this evolution. To contribute to closing this gap in the long run via problem-driven research, we need to first understand which contemporary challenges and needs are encountered in industry. To this end, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews at a machine manufacturing company, that is expanding its service offerings utilizing digitalization, where we explored how such systems are engineered and what challenges and needs are encountered. © 2023 IEEE.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi generasi milenial dengan menjadikan perubahan perilaku konsumen halal sebagai peluang bisnis pasca pandemi. Pandemi telah mempengaruhi perilaku masyarakat dalam memilih dan menentukan kebutuhannya. Pandemi menuntut adaptasi terhadap kebiasaan baru, pemikiran kreatif, inovasi, termasuk dalam membuka usaha. Perubahan pola konsumen pun diadaptasi pasca pandemi seperti penggunaan masker dan cuci tangan. Deskripsi kualitatif sebagai metode penelitian dengan teknik observasi, wawancara dalam pengumpulan data. Kemudian menganalisis data melalui reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Kemudian memeriksa keabsahan data dengan triangulasi Kesimpulan dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan perilaku konsumen halal dalam kegiatan konsumsi membuat generasi milenial kota Palu memanfaatkan peluang bisnis dengan memanfaatkan situasi dan teknologi yang ada. Perilaku konsumen yang lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu untuk berselancar di dunia maya membuat pelaku usaha memilih media sosial sebagai tempat promosi usaha seperti Instagram dan Facebook. Konsumen cenderung secara signifikan memilih produk yang terjamin kehalalannya. Prioritas kepuasan terhadap barang tidak lagi mendominasi pemilihan produk, tetapi mencakup aspek kesehatan dan jaminan kehalalan. Perubahan ini membuka peluang bisnis bagi generasi milenial untuk mendistribusikan dan memproduksi barang halal. Generasi milenial melakukan inovasi produk dengan membuat minuman kesehatan agar imunitas tubuh terjaga dari virus, menjual dengan metode take away, dan menggunakan mitra ojek online untuk mengantarkan pesanan kepada pembeli, serta memiliki jaminan halal pada produk.

Organizations in the financial services industry are coming under increasing pressure. Regulatory compliance, operational inefficiencies, and the higher cost of capital are all forcing incumbents to adapt. As such, there are strong incentives for technological innovations that either reduce costs or generate new revenue. Distributed ledger technology (DLT), the foundation of bitcoin, is one of the latest innovations that appear to be the source of an imminent solution. An identified area with great potential for DLT is the post-trade market where market players, such as central securities depositories (CSDs), are heavily investing in pilot studies of how DLT may affect their business activities. In fact, the practical potential of adoption has been demonstrated by experiments and proof of concepts. However, while technological and regulatory aspects have been more frequently discussed in academia, the business dimension of the adoption of DLT within CSDs has received less attention. In this thesis, the business opportunities and challenges of the adoption of DLT within CSDs were explored, coupled with an analysis of the contextual factors affecting the rate of adoption. Further, this thesis compares the throughput performance between a centralized system and a private permissioned network. By performing a multiple-case study with a mixed-methodology approach, the researcher analyzed the literature, conducted a performance evaluation, and interviewed several industry experts. The conclusions suggest that the main business opportunities are the incorporation of digital assets and CSDs potential role as the gatekeeper of private networks. The main identified challenges related to adoption were interoperability, standardization, collaboration, scalability, defining applicable use cases, and governance and regulatory frameworks. Further, the performance evaluation suggests that the throughput performance of the centralized system outperforms the private permissioned netw, Organisationer inom finansbranschen utsätts för ökande press. Regelverksefterlevnad, operationell ineffektivitet och den högre kapitalkostnaden tvingar aktörer att anpassa sig. Som sådan finns det starka incitament för tekniska innovationer som antingen minskar kostnaderna eller genererar nya intäkter. Distribuerade liggare (DLT), grunden för bitcoin, är en av de senaste innovationerna som visar stor potential. Ett identifierat område med stor potential för DLT är post-trade-marknaden där marknadsaktörer, såsom centrala värdepappersförvarare (CSD), har investerat i pilotstudier av hur DLT kan påverka deras affärsverksamhet. Faktum är att den praktiska potentialen har demonstrerats genom experiment och bevis på koncept. Men även om tekniska och regulatoriska aspekter har diskuterats mer frekvent i den akademiska världen, har affärsdimensionen med införandet av DLT inom CSD:er fått mindre uppmärksamhet. I det här examensarbetet utforskades affärsmöjligheterna och utmaningarna med införandet av DLT inom CSDs, tillsammans med en analys av de marknadsmässiga faktorerna som påverkar spridningen av teknologin. Vidare jämför denna avhandling genomströmningsprestandan mellan ett centraliserat system och ett private permissioned nätverk. Genom att utföra en flerfallsstudie med en blandad metodologi analyserade forskaren litteraturen, genomförde en prestandautvärdering och intervjuade flera branschexperter. Slutsatserna tyder på att de huvudsakliga affärsmöjligheterna är integreringen av digitala tillgångar och CSD:s potentiella roll som gatekeeper för privata nätverk. De främsta identifierade utmaningarna i samband med införandet av DLT var interoperabilitet, standardisering, samarbete, skalbarhet, definition av tillämpliga användningsfall samt styrning och regelverk. Vidare antyder prestandautvärderingen att genomströmningsprestandan för det centraliserade systemet överträffar det private permissioned nätverket med i genomsnitt 6,5 gånger. Resultaten har både praktiska och a

Organizations in the financial services industry are coming under increasing pressure. Regulatory compliance, operational inefficiencies, and the higher cost of capital are all forcing incumbents to adapt. As such, there are strong incentives for technological innovations that either reduce costs or generate new revenue. Distributed ledger technology (DLT), the foundation of bitcoin, is one of the latest innovations that appear to be the source of an imminent solution. An identified area with great potential for DLT is the post-trade market where market players, such as central securities depositories (CSDs), are heavily investing in pilot studies of how DLT may affect their business activities. In fact, the practical potential of adoption has been demonstrated by experiments and proof of concepts. However, while technological and regulatory aspects have been more frequently discussed in academia, the business dimension of the adoption of DLT within CSDs has received less attention. In this thesis, the business opportunities and challenges of the adoption of DLT within CSDs were explored, coupled with an analysis of the contextual factors affecting the rate of adoption. Further, this thesis compares the throughput performance between a centralized system and a private permissioned network. By performing a multiple-case study with a mixed-methodology approach, the researcher analyzed the literature, conducted a performance evaluation, and interviewed several industry experts. The conclusions suggest that the main business opportunities are the incorporation of digital assets and CSDs potential role as the gatekeeper of private networks. The main identified challenges related to adoption were interoperability, standardization, collaboration, scalability, defining applicable use cases, and governance and regulatory frameworks. Further, the performance evaluation suggests that the throughput performance of the centralized system outperforms the private permissioned netw, Organisationer inom finansbranschen utsätts för ökande press. Regelverksefterlevnad, operationell ineffektivitet och den högre kapitalkostnaden tvingar aktörer att anpassa sig. Som sådan finns det starka incitament för tekniska innovationer som antingen minskar kostnaderna eller genererar nya intäkter. Distribuerade liggare (DLT), grunden för bitcoin, är en av de senaste innovationerna som visar stor potential. Ett identifierat område med stor potential för DLT är post-trade-marknaden där marknadsaktörer, såsom centrala värdepappersförvarare (CSD), har investerat i pilotstudier av hur DLT kan påverka deras affärsverksamhet. Faktum är att den praktiska potentialen har demonstrerats genom experiment och bevis på koncept. Men även om tekniska och regulatoriska aspekter har diskuterats mer frekvent i den akademiska världen, har affärsdimensionen med införandet av DLT inom CSD:er fått mindre uppmärksamhet. I det här examensarbetet utforskades affärsmöjligheterna och utmaningarna med införandet av DLT inom CSDs, tillsammans med en analys av de marknadsmässiga faktorerna som påverkar spridningen av teknologin. Vidare jämför denna avhandling genomströmningsprestandan mellan ett centraliserat system och ett private permissioned nätverk. Genom att utföra en flerfallsstudie med en blandad metodologi analyserade forskaren litteraturen, genomförde en prestandautvärdering och intervjuade flera branschexperter. Slutsatserna tyder på att de huvudsakliga affärsmöjligheterna är integreringen av digitala tillgångar och CSD:s potentiella roll som gatekeeper för privata nätverk. De främsta identifierade utmaningarna i samband med införandet av DLT var interoperabilitet, standardisering, samarbete, skalbarhet, definition av tillämpliga användningsfall samt styrning och regelverk. Vidare antyder prestandautvärderingen att genomströmningsprestandan för det centraliserade systemet överträffar det private permissioned nätverket med i genomsnitt 6,5 gånger. Resultaten har både praktiska och a

[ES] El mundo actual enfrenta su peor crisis en décadas. La crisis del coronavirus no solamente tiene efectos adversos a la salud, sino que trae fuertes repercusiones económicas tanto para países desarrollados como para los que están en vías de desarrollo. La reducción de puestos de trabajo en Colombia ha sido dramática, según datos revelados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, la tasa de desempleo para el mes de Julio de 2020 en Colombia se ubicó en el 20.2%. Ante esta situación el emprendimiento surge como una herramienta que aporte a la recuperación económica a largo plazo y, junto con ello, a la generación de empleo formal en el país. En Colombia existe un conflicto en el uso de la tierra; es decir, no existe relación entre la vocación del suelo (oferta ambiental) y el uso efectivo que se le da (demanda). El resultado es que un 15% del suelo está sobreutilizado, mientras que un 13% está subutilizado. Además, aunque 22 millones de hectáreas tienen vocación agrícola, solo 5 millones de éstas son destinadas al uso agrícola. Asimismo, hay que mencionar el problema de la acumulación de tierra, que tiene como resultado importantes desigualdades, reflejadas en el índice de distribución de la propiedad rural. En la situación de coyuntura actual, el país puede aprovechar su potencial agrícola y mirar al campo no solo para contribuir a la solución de los conflictos en el uso de tierras, sino también para usarlo como motor de la recuperación y desarrollo económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las oportunidades que brinda la agricultura colombiana como fuente de recursos para pequeñas y medianas explotaciones. El análisis buscará aquellas oportunidades que ofrecen mayores rentabilidades a potenciales modelos de negocio, a la vez que considerará otros factores, como la sostenibilidad del área geográfica donde se ubican las explotaciones., [EN] The world is now facing its worst crisis in decades. The coronavirus crisis not only has adverse health effects, but also brings strong economic impacts to both developed and developing countries. The reduction of jobs in Colombia has been dramatic, according to data revealed by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, the unemployment rate for the month of July 2020 in Colombia was 20.2%. Given this situation, entrepreneurship has emerged as a tool to contribute to the long-term economic recovery and, along with it, to the generation of formal employment in the country. In Colombia there is a conflict in the use of land; that is to say, there is no relationship between the vocation of the land (environmental supply) and the effective use given to it (demand). The result is that 15% of the land is overused, while 13% is underused. Furthermore, although 22 million hectares are used for agriculture, only 5 million of these are used for agricultural purposes. Mention should also be made of the problem of land accumulation, which results in significant inequalities, reflected in the index of rural property distribution. In the current situation, the country can take advantage of its agricultural potential and look to the countryside not only to contribute to the solution of conflicts in the use of land, but also to use it as an engine for economic recovery and development. The aim of this work is to analyse the opportunities offered by Colombian agriculture as a source of revenue for small and medium-sized farms. The analysis will look for those opportunities that offer greater returns to potential business models, while considering other factors such as the sustainability of the geographical area where the farms are located.

[EN] Climate services were initially established with the aim to make the vast amount of climate data, projections and other climate science output publicly available to support the development of responses to society's vulnerability to climate change. In Europe embraced the concept was not only embraced to provide access to scientific knowledge and reduce vulnerability, but also as an opportunity to promote innovation, business opportunities and employment, highlighting the importance of involving users in developing climate services. However, not only differences in knowledge and skills, but also in framing of climate risks and information needs, pose a serious gap between suppliers and users of climate information, sometimes called the "valley of death". Focusing on urban and rural development at the regional and local level as key areas of application for climate services, the paper characterizes this valley of death and suggests options to bridge the gap. We suggest that reframing of the concept of climate services can help expand their applications and effectiveness, taking local non-climate challenges, opportunities and narratives into account. We provide examples from the European ERA4CS project INNOVA. The current focus of climate service development is very much on digital forms of climate change information. While this may provide a useful "back office" function, active brokerage and mediated transfer of knowledge between public and private actors, face-to-face collaboration between providers and clients ("front office"), and integration of social, economic and non-climate environmental challenges with climate risks can help bridging the "valley of death".

[ES] El mundo actual enfrenta su peor crisis en décadas. La crisis del coronavirus no solamente tiene efectos adversos a la salud, sino que trae fuertes repercusiones económicas tanto para países desarrollados como para los que están en vías de desarrollo. La reducción de puestos de trabajo en Colombia ha sido dramática, según datos revelados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, la tasa de desempleo para el mes de Julio de 2020 en Colombia se ubicó en el 20.2%. Ante esta situación el emprendimiento surge como una herramienta que aporte a la recuperación económica a largo plazo y, junto con ello, a la generación de empleo formal en el país. En Colombia existe un conflicto en el uso de la tierra; es decir, no existe relación entre la vocación del suelo (oferta ambiental) y el uso efectivo que se le da (demanda). El resultado es que un 15% del suelo está sobreutilizado, mientras que un 13% está subutilizado. Además, aunque 22 millones de hectáreas tienen vocación agrícola, solo 5 millones de éstas son destinadas al uso agrícola. Asimismo, hay que mencionar el problema de la acumulación de tierra, que tiene como resultado importantes desigualdades, reflejadas en el índice de distribución de la propiedad rural. En la situación de coyuntura actual, el país puede aprovechar su potencial agrícola y mirar al campo no solo para contribuir a la solución de los conflictos en el uso de tierras, sino también para usarlo como motor de la recuperación y desarrollo económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las oportunidades que brinda la agricultura colombiana como fuente de recursos para pequeñas y medianas explotaciones. El análisis buscará aquellas oportunidades que ofrecen mayores rentabilidades a potenciales modelos de negocio, a la vez que considerará otros factores, como la sostenibilidad del área geográfica donde se ubican las explotaciones., [EN] The world is now facing its worst crisis in decades. The coronavirus crisis not only has adverse health effects, but also brings strong economic impacts to both developed and developing countries. The reduction of jobs in Colombia has been dramatic, according to data revealed by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, the unemployment rate for the month of July 2020 in Colombia was 20.2%. Given this situation, entrepreneurship has emerged as a tool to contribute to the long-term economic recovery and, along with it, to the generation of formal employment in the country. In Colombia there is a conflict in the use of land; that is to say, there is no relationship between the vocation of the land (environmental supply) and the effective use given to it (demand). The result is that 15% of the land is overused, while 13% is underused. Furthermore, although 22 million hectares are used for agriculture, only 5 million of these are used for agricultural purposes. Mention should also be made of the problem of land accumulation, which results in significant inequalities, reflected in the index of rural property distribution. In the current situation, the country can take advantage of its agricultural potential and look to the countryside not only to contribute to the solution of conflicts in the use of land, but also to use it as an engine for economic recovery and development. The aim of this work is to analyse the opportunities offered by Colombian agriculture as a source of revenue for small and medium-sized farms. The analysis will look for those opportunities that offer greater returns to potential business models, while considering other factors such as the sustainability of the geographical area where the farms are located.

[ES] El mundo actual enfrenta su peor crisis en décadas. La crisis del coronavirus no solamente tiene efectos adversos a la salud, sino que trae fuertes repercusiones económicas tanto para países desarrollados como para los que están en vías de desarrollo. La reducción de puestos de trabajo en Colombia ha sido dramática, según datos revelados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, la tasa de desempleo para el mes de Julio de 2020 en Colombia se ubicó en el 20.2%. Ante esta situación el emprendimiento surge como una herramienta que aporte a la recuperación económica a largo plazo y, junto con ello, a la generación de empleo formal en el país. En Colombia existe un conflicto en el uso de la tierra; es decir, no existe relación entre la vocación del suelo (oferta ambiental) y el uso efectivo que se le da (demanda). El resultado es que un 15% del suelo está sobreutilizado, mientras que un 13% está subutilizado. Además, aunque 22 millones de hectáreas tienen vocación agrícola, solo 5 millones de éstas son destinadas al uso agrícola. Asimismo, hay que mencionar el problema de la acumulación de tierra, que tiene como resultado importantes desigualdades, reflejadas en el índice de distribución de la propiedad rural. En la situación de coyuntura actual, el país puede aprovechar su potencial agrícola y mirar al campo no solo para contribuir a la solución de los conflictos en el uso de tierras, sino también para usarlo como motor de la recuperación y desarrollo económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las oportunidades que brinda la agricultura colombiana como fuente de recursos para pequeñas y medianas explotaciones. El análisis buscará aquellas oportunidades que ofrecen mayores rentabilidades a potenciales modelos de negocio, a la vez que considerará otros factores, como la sostenibilidad del área geográfica donde se ubican las explotaciones., [EN] The world is now facing its worst crisis in decades. The coronavirus crisis not only has adverse health effects, but also brings strong economic impacts to both developed and developing countries. The reduction of jobs in Colombia has been dramatic, according to data revealed by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, the unemployment rate for the month of July 2020 in Colombia was 20.2%. Given this situation, entrepreneurship has emerged as a tool to contribute to the long-term economic recovery and, along with it, to the generation of formal employment in the country. In Colombia there is a conflict in the use of land; that is to say, there is no relationship between the vocation of the land (environmental supply) and the effective use given to it (demand). The result is that 15% of the land is overused, while 13% is underused. Furthermore, although 22 million hectares are used for agriculture, only 5 million of these are used for agricultural purposes. Mention should also be made of the problem of land accumulation, which results in significant inequalities, reflected in the index of rural property distribution. In the current situation, the country can take advantage of its agricultural potential and look to the countryside not only to contribute to the solution of conflicts in the use of land, but also to use it as an engine for economic recovery and development. The aim of this work is to analyse the opportunities offered by Colombian agriculture as a source of revenue for small and medium-sized farms. The analysis will look for those opportunities that offer greater returns to potential business models, while considering other factors such as the sustainability of the geographical area where the farms are located.

[ES] El mundo actual enfrenta su peor crisis en décadas. La crisis del coronavirus no solamente tiene efectos adversos a la salud, sino que trae fuertes repercusiones económicas tanto para países desarrollados como para los que están en vías de desarrollo. La reducción de puestos de trabajo en Colombia ha sido dramática, según datos revelados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, la tasa de desempleo para el mes de Julio de 2020 en Colombia se ubicó en el 20.2%. Ante esta situación el emprendimiento surge como una herramienta que aporte a la recuperación económica a largo plazo y, junto con ello, a la generación de empleo formal en el país. En Colombia existe un conflicto en el uso de la tierra; es decir, no existe relación entre la vocación del suelo (oferta ambiental) y el uso efectivo que se le da (demanda). El resultado es que un 15% del suelo está sobreutilizado, mientras que un 13% está subutilizado. Además, aunque 22 millones de hectáreas tienen vocación agrícola, solo 5 millones de éstas son destinadas al uso agrícola. Asimismo, hay que mencionar el problema de la acumulación de tierra, que tiene como resultado importantes desigualdades, reflejadas en el índice de distribución de la propiedad rural. En la situación de coyuntura actual, el país puede aprovechar su potencial agrícola y mirar al campo no solo para contribuir a la solución de los conflictos en el uso de tierras, sino también para usarlo como motor de la recuperación y desarrollo económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las oportunidades que brinda la agricultura colombiana como fuente de recursos para pequeñas y medianas explotaciones. El análisis buscará aquellas oportunidades que ofrecen mayores rentabilidades a potenciales modelos de negocio, a la vez que considerará otros factores, como la sostenibilidad del área geográfica donde se ubican las explotaciones., [EN] The world is now facing its worst crisis in decades. The coronavirus crisis not only has adverse health effects, but also brings strong economic impacts to both developed and developing countries. The reduction of jobs in Colombia has been dramatic, according to data revealed by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, the unemployment rate for the month of July 2020 in Colombia was 20.2%. Given this situation, entrepreneurship has emerged as a tool to contribute to the long-term economic recovery and, along with it, to the generation of formal employment in the country. In Colombia there is a conflict in the use of land; that is to say, there is no relationship between the vocation of the land (environmental supply) and the effective use given to it (demand). The result is that 15% of the land is overused, while 13% is underused. Furthermore, although 22 million hectares are used for agriculture, only 5 million of these are used for agricultural purposes. Mention should also be made of the problem of land accumulation, which results in significant inequalities, reflected in the index of rural property distribution. In the current situation, the country can take advantage of its agricultural potential and look to the countryside not only to contribute to the solution of conflicts in the use of land, but also to use it as an engine for economic recovery and development. The aim of this work is to analyse the opportunities offered by Colombian agriculture as a source of revenue for small and medium-sized farms. The analysis will look for those opportunities that offer greater returns to potential business models, while considering other factors such as the sustainability of the geographical area where the farms are located.

[EN] Climate services were initially established with the aim to make the vast amount of climate data, projections and other climate science output publicly available to support the development of responses to society's vulnerability to climate change. In Europe embraced the concept was not only embraced to provide access to scientific knowledge and reduce vulnerability, but also as an opportunity to promote innovation, business opportunities and employment, highlighting the importance of involving users in developing climate services. However, not only differences in knowledge and skills, but also in framing of climate risks and information needs, pose a serious gap between suppliers and users of climate information, sometimes called the "valley of death". Focusing on urban and rural development at the regional and local level as key areas of application for climate services, the paper characterizes this valley of death and suggests options to bridge the gap. We suggest that reframing of the concept of climate services can help expand their applications and effectiveness, taking local non-climate challenges, opportunities and narratives into account. We provide examples from the European ERA4CS project INNOVA. The current focus of climate service development is very much on digital forms of climate change information. While this may provide a useful "back office" function, active brokerage and mediated transfer of knowledge between public and private actors, face-to-face collaboration between providers and clients ("front office"), and integration of social, economic and non-climate environmental challenges with climate risks can help bridging the "valley of death".

[EN] Climate services were initially established with the aim to make the vast amount of climate data, projections and other climate science output publicly available to support the development of responses to society's vulnerability to climate change. In Europe embraced the concept was not only embraced to provide access to scientific knowledge and reduce vulnerability, but also as an opportunity to promote innovation, business opportunities and employment, highlighting the importance of involving users in developing climate services. However, not only differences in knowledge and skills, but also in framing of climate risks and information needs, pose a serious gap between suppliers and users of climate information, sometimes called the "valley of death". Focusing on urban and rural development at the regional and local level as key areas of application for climate services, the paper characterizes this valley of death and suggests options to bridge the gap. We suggest that reframing of the concept of climate services can help expand their applications and effectiveness, taking local non-climate challenges, opportunities and narratives into account. We provide examples from the European ERA4CS project INNOVA. The current focus of climate service development is very much on digital forms of climate change information. While this may provide a useful "back office" function, active brokerage and mediated transfer of knowledge between public and private actors, face-to-face collaboration between providers and clients ("front office"), and integration of social, economic and non-climate environmental challenges with climate risks can help bridging the "valley of death".

[ES] El mundo actual enfrenta su peor crisis en décadas. La crisis del coronavirus no solamente tiene efectos adversos a la salud, sino que trae fuertes repercusiones económicas tanto para países desarrollados como para los que están en vías de desarrollo. La reducción de puestos de trabajo en Colombia ha sido dramática, según datos revelados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, la tasa de desempleo para el mes de Julio de 2020 en Colombia se ubicó en el 20.2%. Ante esta situación el emprendimiento surge como una herramienta que aporte a la recuperación económica a largo plazo y, junto con ello, a la generación de empleo formal en el país. En Colombia existe un conflicto en el uso de la tierra; es decir, no existe relación entre la vocación del suelo (oferta ambiental) y el uso efectivo que se le da (demanda). El resultado es que un 15% del suelo está sobreutilizado, mientras que un 13% está subutilizado. Además, aunque 22 millones de hectáreas tienen vocación agrícola, solo 5 millones de éstas son destinadas al uso agrícola. Asimismo, hay que mencionar el problema de la acumulación de tierra, que tiene como resultado importantes desigualdades, reflejadas en el índice de distribución de la propiedad rural. En la situación de coyuntura actual, el país puede aprovechar su potencial agrícola y mirar al campo no solo para contribuir a la solución de los conflictos en el uso de tierras, sino también para usarlo como motor de la recuperación y desarrollo económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las oportunidades que brinda la agricultura colombiana como fuente de recursos para pequeñas y medianas explotaciones. El análisis buscará aquellas oportunidades que ofrecen mayores rentabilidades a potenciales modelos de negocio, a la vez que considerará otros factores, como la sostenibilidad del área geográfica donde se ubican las explotaciones., [EN] The world is now facing its worst crisis in decades. The coronavirus crisis not only has adverse health effects, but also brings strong economic impacts to both developed and developing countries. The reduction of jobs in Colombia has been dramatic, according to data revealed by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, the unemployment rate for the month of July 2020 in Colombia was 20.2%. Given this situation, entrepreneurship has emerged as a tool to contribute to the long-term economic recovery and, along with it, to the generation of formal employment in the country. In Colombia there is a conflict in the use of land; that is to say, there is no relationship between the vocation of the land (environmental supply) and the effective use given to it (demand). The result is that 15% of the land is overused, while 13% is underused. Furthermore, although 22 million hectares are used for agriculture, only 5 million of these are used for agricultural purposes. Mention should also be made of the problem of land accumulation, which results in significant inequalities, reflected in the index of rural property distribution. In the current situation, the country can take advantage of its agricultural potential and look to the countryside not only to contribute to the solution of conflicts in the use of land, but also to use it as an engine for economic recovery and development. The aim of this work is to analyse the opportunities offered by Colombian agriculture as a source of revenue for small and medium-sized farms. The analysis will look for those opportunities that offer greater returns to potential business models, while considering other factors such as the sustainability of the geographical area where the farms are located.

It is very important for any country of the world to undergo developmental projects in order to prosper greatly. They must ensure that their people are living under a good socio-political environment that could grant them safety. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated within the setup of UK, that provide huge access to databases. There are online databases which have the potential for empowering their people so that they can move ahead in their lives. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives them the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also brings them the ability to polish their learning skills and take the concession to take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary for us to know that not all data are confidential. Hence, this type of open data is integral for the people to get input from and make use of it accordingly. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems to measure its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks; it is important to evade corruption also. In other words, these open systems foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there is feeble chance of witnessing the element of corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for creating rapid growth of innovation and creativity. It has been seen to play a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these re

It is very important for any country of the world to undergo developmental projects in order to prosper greatly. They must ensure that their people are living under a good socio-political environment that could grant them safety. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated within the setup of UK, that provide huge access to databases. There are online databases which have the potential for empowering their people so that they can move ahead in their lives. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives them the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also brings them the ability to polish their learning skills and take the concession to take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary for us to know that not all data are confidential. Hence, this type of open data is integral for the people to get input from and make use of it accordingly. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems to measure its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks; it is important to evade corruption also. In other words, these open systems foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there is feeble chance of witnessing the element of corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for creating rapid growth of innovation and creativity. It has been seen to play a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these re

This article reflects the results of the research that had the general objective of analyzing business opportunities oriented towards financial sustainability for companies in the bakery sector in Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Methodologically, the research process was assumed from the positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach, under the modality of a field research, descriptive level, with a non-experimental, transectional design. The population was made up of ten (10) companies in the sector, selecting, for a total of twenty (20), who provided the required information using the survey technique, applying a structured questionnaire as an instrument to collect the information. The analysis of the data was carried out using descriptive statistics, which allowed us to conclude that in most of the companies in the sector, the factors and elements of business opportunities are not taken into account, failing to address financial sustainability in the area. social and environmental, which limits productivity, efficiency, growth, development and innovation., Este artículo plasma los resultados de la investigación que tuvo como objetivo general analizar las oportunidades de negocio orientadas hacia la sostenibilidad financiera para las empresas del sector de la panificación de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Metodológicamente se asumió el proceso investigativo desde el paradigma positivista, enfoque cuantitativo, bajo la modalidad de una investigación de campo, nivel descriptivo, con diseño no experimental, transeccional. La población estuvo constituida por diez (10) empresas del sector, seleccionando, para un total de veinte (20), quienes aportaron la información requerida por medio de la técnica de la encuesta, aplicando como instrumento para el levantamiento de la información un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la estadística descriptiva, lo que permitió concluir que en la mayoría de las empresas del sector no se toman en consideración los factores ni los elementos de las oportunidades de negocio, dejando de abordar la sostenibilidad financiera en el área social y ambiental, lo que limita la productividad, eficiencia, crecimiento, desarrollo e innovación.

Research Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the opportunities that COVID-19 crisis has created for SMEs, in particular those involving digital technologies. I also describe and how SMEs can improve their functionality, efficiency accessibility and sales by using these technologies for internationalization. Research Questions: What international business opportunities do digitized SME’s find in the covid-19 lockdown? Methodology: This study is followed by qualitative research and inductive approach. The data collection was done by semi-structured online interviews. Ten people running small and medium-sized businesses are the convenience sample of the study. Findings: For the advancement of several digital platforms, SMEs are continuing their international operations during COVID 19 pandemic. Many SMEs forced to go online during the pandemic, which also helps them become global players. By utilizing social media, online payment platforms, online e-commerce marketplaces, regular SMEs are now converting as digital businesses. By adopting digital technology, SMEs are now able to work smoother than before by having new functionality, efficiency and accessibility. SMEs that involved with the digital business from long ago are also experiencing noticeable growth during the pandemic. On the other hand, some SMEs are also suffering as their overall business operation get interrupted by the pandemic. Research Limitations: The total number of interviewed respondents was only 10 due to the limitation of time scope and all of the interview done online. A larger study sample with physical interview are a possible direction of future work.

It is very important for any country of the world to undergo developmental projects in order to prosper greatly. They must ensure that their people are living under a good socio-political environment that could grant them safety. However, it varies from region to region and place to place. UK as a country is a big economy which is capable of giving its people the type of security they need. For this purpose, various types of strategies have been emphasized which enable the government to look for the benefit of its people. Open data system is one of these important developments which have been initiated within the setup of UK, that provide huge access to databases. There are online databases which have the potential for empowering their people so that they can move ahead in their lives. It improves their learning and knowledge, and gives them the opportunity to think ‘out of box’. It also brings them the ability to polish their learning skills and take the concession to take things out of their resources and utilize them fully. Although, there is some compulsion on the use of private data sources, yet it is necessary for us to know that not all data are confidential. Hence, this type of open data is integral for the people to get input from and make use of it accordingly. The research looks into the pros and cons of using open data systems to measure its impacts on the social and political development in UK. The use of open data system is not only beneficial for the people to perform their daily life tasks; it is important to evade corruption also. In other words, these open systems foster great accountability of national institutions. So, there is feeble chance of witnessing the element of corruption in the society that could cause chaos in the nation. The use of open data systems is important for creating rapid growth of innovation and creativity. It has been seen to play a big part in establishing a trend of innovative growth pushed by the availability of these re

This article reflects the results of the research that had the general objective of analyzing business opportunities oriented towards financial sustainability for companies in the bakery sector in Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Methodologically, the research process was assumed from the positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach, under the modality of a field research, descriptive level, with a non-experimental, transectional design. The population was made up of ten (10) companies in the sector, selecting, for a total of twenty (20), who provided the required information using the survey technique, applying a structured questionnaire as an instrument to collect the information. The analysis of the data was carried out using descriptive statistics, which allowed us to conclude that in most of the companies in the sector, the factors and elements of business opportunities are not taken into account, failing to address financial sustainability in the area. social and environmental, which limits productivity, efficiency, growth, development and innovation., Este artículo plasma los resultados de la investigación que tuvo como objetivo general analizar las oportunidades de negocio orientadas hacia la sostenibilidad financiera para las empresas del sector de la panificación de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Metodológicamente se asumió el proceso investigativo desde el paradigma positivista, enfoque cuantitativo, bajo la modalidad de una investigación de campo, nivel descriptivo, con diseño no experimental, transeccional. La población estuvo constituida por diez (10) empresas del sector, seleccionando, para un total de veinte (20), quienes aportaron la información requerida por medio de la técnica de la encuesta, aplicando como instrumento para el levantamiento de la información un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la estadística descriptiva, lo que permitió concluir que en la mayoría de las empresas del sector no se toman en consideración los factores ni los elementos de las oportunidades de negocio, dejando de abordar la sostenibilidad financiera en el área social y ambiental, lo que limita la productividad, eficiencia, crecimiento, desarrollo e innovación.

Lo que se presentará en este trabajo es el análisis de las oportunidades de las pymes del sector textil de Colombia en el comercio electrónico en tiempos de Covid-19, teniendo en cuenta características, variables y posibles factores que puedan favorecer o afectar dicha implementación. La metodología empleada para la elaboración del documento fue de tipo descriptiva, debido a que se recolecto información de diferentes bases de datos académicas, además de varias agencias gubernamentales y otros recursos digitales como artículos o noticias.

Lo que se presentará en este trabajo es el análisis de las oportunidades de las pymes del sector textil de Colombia en el comercio electrónico en tiempos de Covid-19, teniendo en cuenta características, variables y posibles factores que puedan favorecer o afectar dicha implementación. La metodología empleada para la elaboración del documento fue de tipo descriptiva, debido a que se recolecto información de diferentes bases de datos académicas, además de varias agencias gubernamentales y otros recursos digitales como artículos o noticias.

Lo que se presentará en este trabajo es el análisis de las oportunidades de las pymes del sector textil de Colombia en el comercio electrónico en tiempos de Covid-19, teniendo en cuenta características, variables y posibles factores que puedan favorecer o afectar dicha implementación. La metodología empleada para la elaboración del documento fue de tipo descriptiva, debido a que se recolecto información de diferentes bases de datos académicas, además de varias agencias gubernamentales y otros recursos digitales como artículos o noticias.

Research Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the opportunities that COVID-19 crisis has created for SMEs, in particular those involving digital technologies. I also describe and how SMEs can improve their functionality, efficiency accessibility and sales by using these technologies for internationalization. Research Questions: What international business opportunities do digitized SME’s find in the covid-19 lockdown? Methodology: This study is followed by qualitative research and inductive approach. The data collection was done by semi-structured online interviews. Ten people running small and medium-sized businesses are the convenience sample of the study. Findings: For the advancement of several digital platforms, SMEs are continuing their international operations during COVID 19 pandemic. Many SMEs forced to go online during the pandemic, which also helps them become global players. By utilizing social media, online payment platforms, online e-commerce marketplaces, regular SMEs are now converting as digital businesses. By adopting digital technology, SMEs are now able to work smoother than before by having new functionality, efficiency and accessibility. SMEs that involved with the digital business from long ago are also experiencing noticeable growth during the pandemic. On the other hand, some SMEs are also suffering as their overall business operation get interrupted by the pandemic. Research Limitations: The total number of interviewed respondents was only 10 due to the limitation of time scope and all of the interview done online. A larger study sample with physical interview are a possible direction of future work.

Climate services were initially established with the aim to make the vast amount of climate data, projections and other climate science output publicly available to support the development of responses to society's vulnerability to climate change. In Europe embraced the concept was not only embraced to provide access to scientific knowledge and reduce vulnerability, but also as an opportunity to promote innovation, business opportunities and employment, highlighting the importance of involving users in developing climate services. However, not only differences in knowledge and skills, but also in framing of climate risks and information needs, pose a serious gap between suppliers and users of climate information, sometimes called the “valley of death”. Focusing on urban and rural development at the regional and local level as key areas of application for climate services, the paper characterizes this valley of death and suggests options to bridge the gap. We suggest that reframing of the concept of climate services can help expand their applications and effectiveness, taking local non-climate challenges, opportunities and narratives into account. We provide examples from the European ERA4CS project INNOVA. The current focus of climate service development is very much on digital forms of climate change information. While this may provide a useful “back office” function, active brokerage and mediated transfer of knowledge between public and private actors, face-to-face collaboration between providers and clients (“front office”), and integration of social, economic and non-climate environmental challenges with climate risks can help bridging the “valley of death”

Lo que se presentará en este trabajo es el análisis de las oportunidades de las pymes del sector textil de Colombia en el comercio electrónico en tiempos de Covid-19, teniendo en cuenta características, variables y posibles factores que puedan favorecer o afectar dicha implementación. La metodología empleada para la elaboración del documento fue de tipo descriptiva, debido a que se recolecto información de diferentes bases de datos académicas, además de varias agencias gubernamentales y otros recursos digitales como artículos o noticias.

Operating a vessel in Arctic waters is complicated, costly and risky. Arctic shipping has gained growing attention since the early 2000s as a result of global warming. Although the duration, extent and nature of ice coverage are changing, the annual variability and a significant degree of uncertainty will remain. However, although the feasibility of increasing maritime traffic in the Arctic is tightly related to ice conditions, it is also coupled to governance, geopolitical factors, infrastructure development, prices of resources, and the interest of shipping companies. This paper describes the results of a study conducted from 2015 until 2016 on European shipping companies and their perceptions of Arctic shipping. The purpose of this survey was to take into account the operational point of view of shipping companies, and determine the interest for the Arctic market and whether the current trend was reflected the boom in the industry anticipated in the media., L’exploitation d'un navire dans les eaux arctiques est compliquée, coûteuse et risquée. La navigation dans l'Arctique a attiré de plus en plus l'attention depuis le début des années 2000 en raison du changement climatique. Bien que la durée, l'étendue et la nature de la couverture de glace changent, la variabilité annuelle et un degré important d'incertitude demeureront. Cependant, bien que la faisabilité d'augmenter le trafic maritime dans l'Arctique soit étroitement liée aux conditions des glaces, elle est également associée à la gouvernance, aux facteurs géopolitiques, au développement des infrastructures, aux prix des ressources et à l'intérêt des compagnies de navigation. Cet article décrit les résultats d'une étude menée de 2015 à 2016 sur les compagnies maritimes européennes et leur perception du transport maritime dans l'Arctique. Le but de cette enquête était de prendre en compte le point de vue opérationnel des compagnies de navigation, et d’évaluer leur intérêt pour le marché de l'Arctique.

Operating a vessel in Arctic waters is complicated, costly and risky. Arctic shipping has gained growing attention since the early 2000s as a result of global warming. Although the duration, extent and nature of ice coverage are changing, the annual variability and a significant degree of uncertainty will remain. However, although the feasibility of increasing maritime traffic in the Arctic is tightly related to ice conditions, it is also coupled to governance, geopolitical factors, infrastructure development, prices of resources, and the interest of shipping companies. This paper describes the results of a study conducted from 2015 until 2016 on European shipping companies and their perceptions of Arctic shipping. The purpose of this survey was to take into account the operational point of view of shipping companies, and determine the interest for the Arctic market and whether the current trend was reflected the boom in the industry anticipated in the media., L’exploitation d'un navire dans les eaux arctiques est compliquée, coûteuse et risquée. La navigation dans l'Arctique a attiré de plus en plus l'attention depuis le début des années 2000 en raison du changement climatique. Bien que la durée, l'étendue et la nature de la couverture de glace changent, la variabilité annuelle et un degré important d'incertitude demeureront. Cependant, bien que la faisabilité d'augmenter le trafic maritime dans l'Arctique soit étroitement liée aux conditions des glaces, elle est également associée à la gouvernance, aux facteurs géopolitiques, au développement des infrastructures, aux prix des ressources et à l'intérêt des compagnies de navigation. Cet article décrit les résultats d'une étude menée de 2015 à 2016 sur les compagnies maritimes européennes et leur perception du transport maritime dans l'Arctique. Le but de cette enquête était de prendre en compte le point de vue opérationnel des compagnies de navigation, et d’évaluer leur intérêt pour le marché de l'Arctique.

Operating a vessel in Arctic waters is complicated, costly and risky. Arctic shipping has gained growing attention since the early 2000s as a result of global warming. Although the duration, extent and nature of ice coverage are changing, the annual variability and a significant degree of uncertainty will remain. However, although the feasibility of increasing maritime traffic in the Arctic is tightly related to ice conditions, it is also coupled to governance, geopolitical factors, infrastructure development, prices of resources, and the interest of shipping companies. This paper describes the results of a study conducted from 2015 until 2016 on European shipping companies and their perceptions of Arctic shipping. The purpose of this survey was to take into account the operational point of view of shipping companies, and determine the interest for the Arctic market and whether the current trend was reflected the boom in the industry anticipated in the media., L’exploitation d'un navire dans les eaux arctiques est compliquée, coûteuse et risquée. La navigation dans l'Arctique a attiré de plus en plus l'attention depuis le début des années 2000 en raison du changement climatique. Bien que la durée, l'étendue et la nature de la couverture de glace changent, la variabilité annuelle et un degré important d'incertitude demeureront. Cependant, bien que la faisabilité d'augmenter le trafic maritime dans l'Arctique soit étroitement liée aux conditions des glaces, elle est également associée à la gouvernance, aux facteurs géopolitiques, au développement des infrastructures, aux prix des ressources et à l'intérêt des compagnies de navigation. Cet article décrit les résultats d'une étude menée de 2015 à 2016 sur les compagnies maritimes européennes et leur perception du transport maritime dans l'Arctique. Le but de cette enquête était de prendre en compte le point de vue opérationnel des compagnies de navigation, et d’évaluer leur intérêt pour le marché de l'Arctique.

In such a competitive world, where companies face new challenges every day, clusters, defined as strategies that dynamize national, regional or world economic growth, have become a space leading to knowledge creation, ownership, transferring and diffusion inside companies. This strategy represents a growing source for companies and cities as much as they allow companies belonging to a common sector group into business networks, also, they can spot new business opportunities and become more competitive and sustainable. Knowledge clusters involve different agents from diverse nature such as governmental, private, industrial, educational or entrepreneurial. In other words, these represent a space where demandants (companies) and knowledge offerors (universities, research institutes, consulting groups, etc) interact.These clusters' main goal is to support knowledge creation, ownership, and application processes which can lead to a better development of competitiveness among companies by means of creating a dynamic exchange of information among the companies belonging to the cluster. This paper aims at presenting a model for risk analysis in the process of building a knowledge cluster between private companies and high education institutions (IES*) from a qualitative point of view. This methodology has been used in a process of building a knowledge cluster in Colombia.

Last mile transportation is the most problematic phase of transportation needing additional research and effort. Longer waits or search times, lack of navigational directions and real-time information are some of the common problems associated with last mile transportation. Inefficient last mile transportation has an impact on the environment, fuel consumption, user satisfaction and business opportunities. Last mile problems exist in several transportation domains, such as: the landing of airplanes, docking of ships, parking of vehicles, attended home deliveries, etc. While there are dedicated inter-connected decision support systems available for ships and aircraft, similar systems are not widely utilized in parking or attended handover domains. Therefore, the scope of this thesis covers last mile transportation problems in parking and attended handover domains. One problem area for parking and attended handovers is due to lack of real-time information to the driver or consumer. The second problem area is dynamic scheduling where the handover vehicle must traverse additional distance to multiple handover locations due to lack of optimized routes. Similarly, during parking, lack of navigational directions to an empty parking space can lead to increased fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, aim of this thesis is to design and develop decision support systems for last mile transportation problems by holistically addressing real time customer communication and dynamic scheduling problem areas. The problem areas discussed in this thesis consists of persistent issues even though they were widely discussed in the literature. In order to investigate the problem areas, microdata analysis approach was implemented in the thesis. The phases involved in Microdata analysis are: data collection, data processing, data storage, data analysis and decision-making. Other similar research domains, such as: computer science or statistics also involve phases such as data collect

[EN] The purpose of this Final Thesis is to identify and examine the success factors for a well-functioning e-commerce business and challenges within the fashion industry with a focus on B2C e-commerce fashion companies with international sales. The main research questions this work will respond are: 1) What are the successful factors and opportunities for e-commerce business within fashion industry? and 2) What are the challenges/barriers related to e-commerce fashion industry is facing and areas to improve? A literature research will be deploy with a twofold purpose. First, to provide understanding of e-commerce in fashion retail and its development and, second, to study, from an academic perspective, which are the successful factors and challenges in ecommerce business within fashion industry. Based on that, the theoretical framework will be defined. The data needed for the analysis will be obtained from interviews with relevant companies, observation and case studies. Results will analyse the data with the goal of discovering useful information, for conclusions, supporting decision-making., [ES] El propósito de esta Tesis Final es identificar y examinar los factores de éxito en un negocio de comercio electrónico en la industria de la moda, limitado al segmento B2C y con enfoque internacionales. Las principales preguntas de investigación a las que responderá este trabajo son: 1) ¿Cuáles son los factores y oportunidades de éxito para el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda? y 2) ¿Cuáles son los desafíos / barreras relacionados con la industria de la moda de comercio electrónico a las que se enfrentan así como las áreas a mejorar? Una investigación de la literatura se desplegará con un doble propósito. Primero, para comprender el comercio electrónico en el comercio minorista de moda y su desarrollo y, segundo, para estudiar, desde una perspectiva académica, cuáles son los factores y desafíos exitosos en el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda. Sobre esta base, se definirá el marco teórico. Los datos necesarios para el análisis se obtendrán de entrevistas con empresas relevantes, observación y estudios de casos. Los resultados analizarán los datos con el objetivo de descubrir información útil, para obtener conclusiones y para respaldar la toma de decisiones.

[EN] The purpose of this Final Thesis is to identify and examine the success factors for a well-functioning e-commerce business and challenges within the fashion industry with a focus on B2C e-commerce fashion companies with international sales. The main research questions this work will respond are: 1) What are the successful factors and opportunities for e-commerce business within fashion industry? and 2) What are the challenges/barriers related to e-commerce fashion industry is facing and areas to improve? A literature research will be deploy with a twofold purpose. First, to provide understanding of e-commerce in fashion retail and its development and, second, to study, from an academic perspective, which are the successful factors and challenges in ecommerce business within fashion industry. Based on that, the theoretical framework will be defined. The data needed for the analysis will be obtained from interviews with relevant companies, observation and case studies. Results will analyse the data with the goal of discovering useful information, for conclusions, supporting decision-making., [ES] El propósito de esta Tesis Final es identificar y examinar los factores de éxito en un negocio de comercio electrónico en la industria de la moda, limitado al segmento B2C y con enfoque internacionales. Las principales preguntas de investigación a las que responderá este trabajo son: 1) ¿Cuáles son los factores y oportunidades de éxito para el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda? y 2) ¿Cuáles son los desafíos / barreras relacionados con la industria de la moda de comercio electrónico a las que se enfrentan así como las áreas a mejorar? Una investigación de la literatura se desplegará con un doble propósito. Primero, para comprender el comercio electrónico en el comercio minorista de moda y su desarrollo y, segundo, para estudiar, desde una perspectiva académica, cuáles son los factores y desafíos exitosos en el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda. Sobre esta base, se definirá el marco teórico. Los datos necesarios para el análisis se obtendrán de entrevistas con empresas relevantes, observación y estudios de casos. Los resultados analizarán los datos con el objetivo de descubrir información útil, para obtener conclusiones y para respaldar la toma de decisiones.

[EN] The purpose of this Final Thesis is to identify and examine the success factors for a well-functioning e-commerce business and challenges within the fashion industry with a focus on B2C e-commerce fashion companies with international sales. The main research questions this work will respond are: 1) What are the successful factors and opportunities for e-commerce business within fashion industry? and 2) What are the challenges/barriers related to e-commerce fashion industry is facing and areas to improve? A literature research will be deploy with a twofold purpose. First, to provide understanding of e-commerce in fashion retail and its development and, second, to study, from an academic perspective, which are the successful factors and challenges in ecommerce business within fashion industry. Based on that, the theoretical framework will be defined. The data needed for the analysis will be obtained from interviews with relevant companies, observation and case studies. Results will analyse the data with the goal of discovering useful information, for conclusions, supporting decision-making., [ES] El propósito de esta Tesis Final es identificar y examinar los factores de éxito en un negocio de comercio electrónico en la industria de la moda, limitado al segmento B2C y con enfoque internacionales. Las principales preguntas de investigación a las que responderá este trabajo son: 1) ¿Cuáles son los factores y oportunidades de éxito para el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda? y 2) ¿Cuáles son los desafíos / barreras relacionados con la industria de la moda de comercio electrónico a las que se enfrentan así como las áreas a mejorar? Una investigación de la literatura se desplegará con un doble propósito. Primero, para comprender el comercio electrónico en el comercio minorista de moda y su desarrollo y, segundo, para estudiar, desde una perspectiva académica, cuáles son los factores y desafíos exitosos en el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda. Sobre esta base, se definirá el marco teórico. Los datos necesarios para el análisis se obtendrán de entrevistas con empresas relevantes, observación y estudios de casos. Los resultados analizarán los datos con el objetivo de descubrir información útil, para obtener conclusiones y para respaldar la toma de decisiones.

[EN] The purpose of this Final Thesis is to identify and examine the success factors for a well-functioning e-commerce business and challenges within the fashion industry with a focus on B2C e-commerce fashion companies with international sales. The main research questions this work will respond are: 1) What are the successful factors and opportunities for e-commerce business within fashion industry? and 2) What are the challenges/barriers related to e-commerce fashion industry is facing and areas to improve? A literature research will be deploy with a twofold purpose. First, to provide understanding of e-commerce in fashion retail and its development and, second, to study, from an academic perspective, which are the successful factors and challenges in ecommerce business within fashion industry. Based on that, the theoretical framework will be defined. The data needed for the analysis will be obtained from interviews with relevant companies, observation and case studies. Results will analyse the data with the goal of discovering useful information, for conclusions, supporting decision-making., [ES] El propósito de esta Tesis Final es identificar y examinar los factores de éxito en un negocio de comercio electrónico en la industria de la moda, limitado al segmento B2C y con enfoque internacionales. Las principales preguntas de investigación a las que responderá este trabajo son: 1) ¿Cuáles son los factores y oportunidades de éxito para el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda? y 2) ¿Cuáles son los desafíos / barreras relacionados con la industria de la moda de comercio electrónico a las que se enfrentan así como las áreas a mejorar? Una investigación de la literatura se desplegará con un doble propósito. Primero, para comprender el comercio electrónico en el comercio minorista de moda y su desarrollo y, segundo, para estudiar, desde una perspectiva académica, cuáles son los factores y desafíos exitosos en el comercio electrónico dentro de la industria de la moda. Sobre esta base, se definirá el marco teórico. Los datos necesarios para el análisis se obtendrán de entrevistas con empresas relevantes, observación y estudios de casos. Los resultados analizarán los datos con el objetivo de descubrir información útil, para obtener conclusiones y para respaldar la toma de decisiones.

Last mile transportation is the most problematic phase of transportation needing additional research and effort. Longer waits or search times, lack of navigational directions and real-time information are some of the common problems associated with last mile transportation. Inefficient last mile transportation has an impact on the environment, fuel consumption, user satisfaction and business opportunities. Last mile problems exist in several transportation domains, such as: the landing of airplanes, docking of ships, parking of vehicles, attended home deliveries, etc. While there are dedicated inter-connected decision support systems available for ships and aircraft, similar systems are not widely utilized in parking or attended handover domains. Therefore, the scope of this thesis covers last mile transportation problems in parking and attended handover domains. One problem area for parking and attended handovers is due to lack of real-time information to the driver or consumer. The second problem area is dynamic scheduling where the handover vehicle must traverse additional distance to multiple handover locations due to lack of optimized routes. Similarly, during parking, lack of navigational directions to an empty parking space can lead to increased fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, aim of this thesis is to design and develop decision support systems for last mile transportation problems by holistically addressing real time customer communication and dynamic scheduling problem areas. The problem areas discussed in this thesis consists of persistent issues even though they were widely discussed in the literature. In order to investigate the problem areas, microdata analysis approach was implemented in the thesis. The phases involved in Microdata analysis are: data collection, data processing, data storage, data analysis and decision-making. Other similar research domains, such as: computer science or statistics also involve phases such as data collect

The literature indicates that entrepreneurship driven by opportunity-identification intent is capable to contribute to a country’s economic growth, unlike necessity-oriented entrepreneurship, which does not have the same potential. This paper analyses the entrepreneurship education’s influence on the identification of business opportunities. It is argued that entrepreneurial education can contribute to increase capacitation and to promote better competencies and behavioral skills, which can influence individuals in identifying business opportunities. The research has a quantitative approach, operationalized by the panel regression technique, with controlled fixed effects, and based on a series of 16 years (2002-2017) and 23 countries. Data were obtained from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, World Bank, and United Nations Organization. The results show that the entrepreneurial education during the primary level is positively associated with the identification of business opportunities; in contrast to entrepreneurial education at the higher level. It highlights the importance to invest in transmitting entrepreneurial values from the earliest levels of education, when it would be possible to better influence and spread entrepreneurial abilities and culture., A literatura destaca que a motivação do empreendedorismo pela identificação de uma oportunidade pode contribuir para o crescimento econômico de um país, ao contrário da motivação por necessidade, que não apresenta esse potencial. O artigo analisa a influência da educação empreendedora na identificação de oportunidades de negócios. Argumenta-se que a educação empreendedora pode contribuir para o aumento da capacitação e fornecimento de melhores competências e habilidades comportamentais, que podem influenciar indivíduos na identificação de oportunidades de negócios. Utiliza-se abordagem quantitativa, operacionalizada por meio da técnica de regressão, considerando dados em painel, controlando os efeitos fixos, em uma série de 16 anos (2002-2017) com 23 países. Os dados foram obtidos junto às bases: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Banco Mundial e Organização das Nações Unidas. Os resultados mostram que a educação empreendedora no nível básico está associada positivamente com a identificação de oportunidades de negócios, ao contrário da educação empreendedora no nível superior. Isso demonstra a relevância de investimentos na transmissão de valores do empreendedorismo desde os níveis iniciais do ensino, nos quais seja possível difundir habilidades e cultura empreendedora.

The literature indicates that entrepreneurship driven by opportunity-identification intent is capable to contribute to a country’s economic growth, unlike necessity-oriented entrepreneurship, which does not have the same potential. This paper analyses the entrepreneurship education’s influence on the identification of business opportunities. It is argued that entrepreneurial education can contribute to increase capacitation and to promote better competencies and behavioral skills, which can influence individuals in identifying business opportunities. The research has a quantitative approach, operationalized by the panel regression technique, with controlled fixed effects, and based on a series of 16 years (2002-2017) and 23 countries. Data were obtained from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, World Bank, and United Nations Organization. The results show that the entrepreneurial education during the primary level is positively associated with the identification of business opportunities; in contrast to entrepreneurial education at the higher level. It highlights the importance to invest in transmitting entrepreneurial values from the earliest levels of education, when it would be possible to better influence and spread entrepreneurial abilities and culture., A literatura destaca que a motivação do empreendedorismo pela identificação de uma oportunidade pode contribuir para o crescimento econômico de um país, ao contrário da motivação por necessidade, que não apresenta esse potencial. O artigo analisa a influência da educação empreendedora na identificação de oportunidades de negócios. Argumenta-se que a educação empreendedora pode contribuir para o aumento da capacitação e fornecimento de melhores competências e habilidades comportamentais, que podem influenciar indivíduos na identificação de oportunidades de negócios. Utiliza-se abordagem quantitativa, operacionalizada por meio da técnica de regressão, considerando dados em painel, controlando os efeitos fixos, em uma série de 16 anos (2002-2017) com 23 países. Os dados foram obtidos junto às bases: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Banco Mundial e Organização das Nações Unidas. Os resultados mostram que a educação empreendedora no nível básico está associada positivamente com a identificação de oportunidades de negócios, ao contrário da educação empreendedora no nível superior. Isso demonstra a relevância de investimentos na transmissão de valores do empreendedorismo desde os níveis iniciais do ensino, nos quais seja possível difundir habilidades e cultura empreendedora.

La región de América Latina desde su descubrimiento y dominación ha estado marcada por una historia que tiene raíces en la guerra y el integracionismo. Producto de esta lucha constante, los países que la conforman han visto en la integración un camino para crecer y fortalecer sus economías como un todo; de esa necesidad nace la Alianza del Pacífico. Para efectos de conocimiento se plasmará un recuento de la trascendencia histórica de la misma; adicionalmente, se analizarán las relaciones comerciales entre los países que la componen, así como el porqué de la nula importancia y relevancia de la integración sustentándolo con el Top diez de los principales productos de las naciones. Se concluirá la investigación con la exposición de los retos y oportunidades suscitados del acuerdo dada la actual volatilidad en materia económica a nivel global., The Latin American region since its discovery and domination has been marked by a history that has roots in war and integrationism. As a result of this constant struggle, the countries that comprise it have seen integration as a way to grow and strengthen their economies as a whole; The Pacific Alliance is born from that need. For the purposes of knowledge, a recount of the historical transcendence of the same will take shape; additionally, the commercial relations between the countries that compose it will be analyzed, as well as the reason for the null importance and relevance of the integration supporting it with the Top Ten of the main products of the nations. The research will be concluded with the presentation of the challenges and opportunities arising from the agreement given the current volatility in economic matters at the global level.

La región de América Latina desde su descubrimiento y dominación ha estado marcada por una historia que tiene raíces en la guerra y el integracionismo. Producto de esta lucha constante, los países que la conforman han visto en la integración un camino para crecer y fortalecer sus economías como un todo; de esa necesidad nace la Alianza del Pacífico. Para efectos de conocimiento se plasmará un recuento de la trascendencia histórica de la misma; adicionalmente, se analizarán las relaciones comerciales entre los países que la componen, así como el porqué de la nula importancia y relevancia de la integración sustentándolo con el Top diez de los principales productos de las naciones. Se concluirá la investigación con la exposición de los retos y oportunidades suscitados del acuerdo dada la actual volatilidad en materia económica a nivel global., The Latin American region since its discovery and domination has been marked by a history that has roots in war and integrationism. As a result of this constant struggle, the countries that comprise it have seen integration as a way to grow and strengthen their economies as a whole; The Pacific Alliance is born from that need. For the purposes of knowledge, a recount of the historical transcendence of the same will take shape; additionally, the commercial relations between the countries that compose it will be analyzed, as well as the reason for the null importance and relevance of the integration supporting it with the Top Ten of the main products of the nations. The research will be concluded with the presentation of the challenges and opportunities arising from the agreement given the current volatility in economic matters at the global level.

Purpose: The fifth generation of mobile network technologies (5G) is expected to disrupt the mobile communications business ecosystem within several industrial verticals and open the market for new entrants. The local micro operator (uO) concept as new entrant into 5G business ecosystem is a disruptive innovation to boost local service delivery in indoor/small cell 5G environment. In this paper the authors focus on the Factory of the Future (FoF) sector as indoor/small cell 5G environment, where a large amount of machine type communication occurs. The purpose of this paper is to discover emerging business opportunities as alternative value configurations for uOs based on needs and resources of FoF. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, the authors employ literature review and qualitative case study methodology. The authors provide an overview on the local 5G operator (uO) driven business ecosystem in search of alternative value configurations within the FoF context. Findings: The findings suggest that the main needs and resources of FoF are related to the Content layer of 4C-Internet Business models (IBMs). Moreover, Product Business, Component Business, Platform Business and Supplementary Business are identified as alternative value configuration for uOs within FoF context. The results indicate that a uO is able to undertake its duties in much more flexible ways than proposed distinct value creation means. Last but not least, the extended Resource configuration Framework is developed in which 4C- IBMs are included into model as well. Originality/value: There is only confined knowledge and very little earlier empirical studies in this field. The present study fills this gap with proposing practically applicable value configurations for 5G uOs within FoF context.

Last mile transportation is the most problematic phase of transportation needing additional research and effort. Longer waits or search times, lack of navigational directions and real-time information are some of the common problems associated with last mile transportation. Inefficient last mile transportation has an impact on the environment, fuel consumption, user satisfaction and business opportunities. Last mile problems exist in several transportation domains, such as: the landing of airplanes, docking of ships, parking of vehicles, attended home deliveries, etc. While there are dedicated inter-connected decision support systems available for ships and aircraft, similar systems are not widely utilized in parking or attended handover domains. Therefore, the scope of this thesis covers last mile transportation problems in parking and attended handover domains. One problem area for parking and attended handovers is due to lack of real-time information to the driver or consumer. The second problem area is dynamic scheduling where the handover vehicle must traverse additional distance to multiple handover locations due to lack of optimized routes. Similarly, during parking, lack of navigational directions to an empty parking space can lead to increased fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Therefore, aim of this thesis is to design and develop decision support systems for last mile transportation problems by holistically addressing real time customer communication and dynamic scheduling problem areas. The problem areas discussed in this thesis consists of persistent issues even though they were widely discussed in the literature. In order to investigate the problem areas, microdata analysis approach was implemented in the thesis. The phases involved in Microdata analysis are: data collection, data processing, data storage, data analysis and decision-making. Other similar research domains, such as: computer science or statistics also involve phases such as data collect