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Objective: The objective of this research is to review in detail the criminal aspects of corruption crimes, analyzing recommendations and proposals to improve the fight against criminal law against corruption crimes.   Theoretical framework: Theoretical materials were based on international scientific publications, reports, scientific papers. And also for a more complete and objective presentation of the problem under study, practical materials of criminal cases were used.   Method: It is a dialectical method of learning the general patterns of manifestation of corruption in its various manifestations. The method of analysis showed that despite the identity of the sanctions of the articles on liability for corruption crimes and crimes against the interests of the service.   Results and conclusion: The concept of the subject of crimes of Criminal offenses against the interests of service in commercial and other organizations is disclosed by article 3 of the Criminal Code, from the interpretation of which it follows that a person in a commercial organization who does not perform managerial functions cannot be the subject of a crime in the private sector.   Originality/value: The value of scientific analysis carried out to determine the subject of a crime of corruption has as its value to analyze the expression of this factor in quasi-public and private sectors, to determine signs and expressive facts, to identify problematic aspects and to identify the aspects that should be improved and graduated, to make modifications in the strategically established tasks and in the legislative base.

The previous literature has extensively examined the effect of firm-level bribery on firm performance but not through on-the-job training. This paper investigates the impact of paying bribes on the firm’s investment decisions in on-the-job training and offers mediating implications of corruption on firm performance. We empirically examine the relationship between bribery and on-the-job training using firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys consisting of a sample of 94 developing countries with 20,601 firms. The findings show that bribery and on-the-job training intensity affects real annual sales growth rates negatively and positively, respectively. Furthermore, firms exposed to more bribery reduce their on-the-job training intensity. The results are robust to the different classifications of the firm’s size, different subsamples, and controls for the endogeneity of the on-the-job training and bribery.

​Il testo analizza l’orientamento giurisprudenziale relativo alla configurabilità dei reati di corruzione in caso di percezione di compensi per attività extra-funzionale. Dopo aver brevemente ricostruito l’evoluzione storica delle fattispecie criminose di cui agli artt. 318 e 319 c.p., l’autore illustra la tematica degli incarichi esterni e analizza criticamente gli argomenti addotti a sostegno di una responsabilità penale del pubblico ufficiale (nonché dell’incaricato di pubblico servizio) sotto il profilo della natura del legame intercorrente tra utilità corrisposta ed esercizio dell’attività pubblica e dal punto di vista del bene giuridico tutelato dalle norme in parola., The paper analyses case law concerning the configurability of bribery offences in situations where benefits are received for activities unrelated to public office. After briefly reconstructing the historical evolution of the crimes under Articles 318 and 319 of the Italian Criminal Code, the author illustrates the issue of external assignments and critically examines the arguments put forward in support of the criminal liability of public officers and of people in charge of public services, by focusing on the link between the utility paid and the public activity carried out, as well as on the legal asset protected by those crimes.

The purpose of the research is devoted to the criminological description and explanation of the state of illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions in Ukraine. Main content. An ultra-high level of latency of crimes according to Art. 369-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is found, which is at least 99% of their actual level. The structure of match-fixing (Falsify the results) was revealed and analyzed depending on the type of sport, the method of illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions, as well as the subjects of bribery. The characteristic of the corresponding structural units is given. Methodology: Materials and methods research based on the analysis of documentary sources. the basis is the dialectical method of cognition of the facts of social reality, on which the formal legal and comparative legal approaches are largely based. Conclusions. The most intense criminal match-fixing is practiced in such kinds of sports as football, futsal, basketball and volleyball. Among the ways to encourage athletes to commit illegal acts, bribery predominates (75%). Approximately at the same level in terms of prevalence with small fluctuations in specific weight are structurally located such ways of influencing athletes as incitement (10%), conspiracy (8%) and coercion (7%). In general, illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions on bribery is directed directly at athletes. In total, the share of such influence is 78% with a slight predominance of bribery of several athletes (players) of one team (40%) over bribery of an individual player (38%). In second place in terms of ranking - bribery of members of the coaching staff (10%). Then bribery of judges (5%), owners of sports clubs (5%), support staff of clubs (2%)., O objetivo da pesquisa é dedicado à descrição criminológica e explicação do estado de influência ilegal nos resultados das competições esportivas oficiais na Ucrânia. Conteúdo principal. Há altíssimo índice de ocorrência dos crimes descritos no art. 369-3 do Código Penal da Ucrânia, sendo pelo menos 99% do seu nível real. A estrutura de manipulação de resultados (falsificação dos resultados) de acordo com o tipo de esporte, o método de influência ilegal nos resultados das competições esportivas oficiais, bem como questões de suborno foram reveladas e analisadas. A característica das unidades estruturais correspondentes é dada. Metodologia: Pesquisa de materiais e métodos a partir da análise de fontes documentais. A base é o método dialético de conhecimento dos fatos da realidade social, sobre o qual se baseiam amplamente as abordagens do direito formal e do direito comparado. Conclusões. Como resultado de nossa investigação, um nível muito alto de latência para crimes nos termos do art. 369-3 do Código Penal da Ucrânia, que não é inferior a 99% do seu volume real. Estabelecendo que este último atinge cerca de 300 crimes a cada ano. A maior parte da incidência desse crime ocorre em esportes como futebol, futsal, basquete e vôlei. Entre as formas de envolvimento dos atletas em atos ilícitos, predomina o suborno (75%). Aproximadamente no mesmo nível em termos de prevalência com pequenas flutuações na gravidade específica, formas de influenciar os atletas como incitação (10%), conspiração (8%) e coerção (7%) são encontradas estruturalmente. Em geral, a influência ilegal nos resultados de competições esportivas oficiais, como o suborno, atinge diretamente os atletas. No total, a participação dessa influência é de 78% com leve predominância de um subgrupo de vários atletas (jogadores) de uma equipe (40%) contra suborno individual (38%). Em segundo lugar no ranking está o suborno de membros da comissão técnica (10%). Depois, há o suborno de juízes (5%), proprietários de cl, El propósito de la investigación está dedicado a la descripción y explicación criminológica del estado de influencia ilegal en los resultados de las competiciones deportivas oficiales en Ucrania. Contenido principal. Existe un nivel ultra alto de ocurrencia de los delitos descriptos en el art. 369-3 del Código Penal de Ucrania, siendo al menos el 99% de su nivel real. Se reveló y analizó la estructura del amaño (Falsificar los resultados) de partidos según el tipo de deporte, el método de influencia ilegal en los resultados de las competiciones deportivas oficiales, así como los temas de soborno. Se da la característica de las unidades estructurales correspondientes. Metodología: Investigación de materiales y métodos a partir del análisis de fuentes documentales. La base es el método dialéctico de conocimiento de los hechos de la realidad social, en el que se basan en gran medida los enfoques del derecho formal y del derecho comparado. Conclusiones. Como resultado de nuestra investigación, se encontró un muy alto nivel de latencia de los delitos en virtud del art. 369-3 del Código Penal de Ucrania, que no es menos del 99% de su volumen real. Estableciéndose que este último llega a cerca de 300 delitos cada año. La mayor parte de la incidencia de este delito se da en deportes como fútbol, ??fútbol sala, baloncesto y voleibol. Entre las formas en las que se ven involucrados los deportistas en hechos ilicitos, predomina el soborno (75%). Aproximadamente al mismo nivel en términos de prevalencia con pequeñas fluctuaciones en el peso específico se encuentran estructuralmente formas de influir en los atletas como la incitación (10%), la conspiración (8%) y la coacción (7%). En general, la influencia ilegal sobre los resultados de las competiciones deportivas oficiales como el soborno se dirige directamente a los atletas. En total, la participación de dicha influencia es del 78% con un ligero predominio de un subgrupo de varios atletas (jugadores) de un equipo (40%) frente

This paper studies the relationship between people’s beliefs about the quality of their institutions, as measured by corruption perceptions, and preferences for redistribution in Latin America. Our empirical study is guided by a theoretical model which introduces taxes into Foellmi and Oechslin’s (2007) general equilibrium model of non-collusive corruption. In this model perceived corruption influences people’s preferences for redistribution through two channels. On the one hand it undermines trust in government, which reduces people’s support for redistribution. On the other hand, more corruption decreases own wealth relative to average wealth of below-average-wealth individuals leading to a higher demand for redistribution. Thus, the effect of perceived corruption on redistribution cannot be signed a priori. Our novel empirical findings for Latin America suggest that perceiving corruption in the public sector increases people’s support for redistribution. Although the wealth channel dominates in the data, we also find evidence for the trust channel — from corruption to demand for redistribution via reduced trust.

En aquesta tesi, posem a prova en el laboratori un model sobre comptabilitat electoral i corrupció en carreres polítiques. Partint del model de teoria de jocs de Martinelli (2022), l'estudiem utilitzant les teories d'equilibri bayesià i d'equilibri quantal d'agents per predir les accions tant dels polítics com els votants. Trobem que el remordiment per agafar un suborn explica el comportament dels polítics i que els jugadors no sempre estan atents al joc., En esta tesis, ponemos a prueba en el laboratorio un modelo sobre contabilidad electoral y corrupción en carreras políticas. Partiendo del modelo de teoría de juegos de Martinelli (2022), lo estudiamos utilizando las teorías de equilibrio bayesiano y de equilibrio quantal de agentes para predecir las acciones tanto de los políticos como de los votantes. Encontramos que el remordimiento por la toma de sobornos explica el comportamiento de los políticos y que los jugadores no siempre están atentos al juego., In this thesis, we test in the lab a model about electoral accountability and corruption in political careers. Starting from a game-theory model by Martinelli (2022), we study it using the Bayesian equilibrium and Agent Quantal Response equilibrium theories to make predictions about the actions of both politicians and voters. We find that the regret for taking bribes explains the behavior of politicians and that players do not always pay attention to the game., Outgoing

The recent global proliferation of domestic anti-corruption laws intended to have extraterritorial application has led to circumstances where multiple states seek to enforce their anti-corruption laws against the same entities based on the same set of facts. This work examines the development of these transnational enforcement circumstances, as well as the attendant policy complications, and poses the following research question: when approaching multi-jurisdictional anti-corruption enforcement efforts, have enforcement agencies developed a set of principles beyond general “equity” to inform their decisions about when and how to cooperate in investigations and coordinate and structure appropriate transnational anti-corruption settlement penalties? To attempt to answer this question, this work evaluates the context of these enforcement developments, recent transnational anti-corruption resolutions and interviews with former and current anti-corruption prosecutors from various states. The work concludes that the following guiding principles are emerging: (1) enforcement agencies seek to coordinate and cooperate during the investigatory stage if the benefits of cooperation outweigh the costs; (2) enforcement agencies seek to coordinate resolutions with enforcement agencies from other appropriate states recognition of jurisdictional nexuses and development of global anti-corruption efforts; (3) enforcement agencies utilize crediting of penalties and profit disgorgements paid to other states to both maintain domestic statutory enforcement and consistency and to encourage anti-corruption capacity building and future voluntary self-reporting by offending entities; (4) enforcement agencies consider “side-stepping” to encourage anti-corruption capacity building and future voluntary self-reporting by offending entities; and (5) enforcement agencies consider deference to other states for monitoring purposes to encourage anti-corruption capacity building. The identification of

Bribery is a complex and critical issue in higher education (HE), causing severe economic and societal harm. Traditionally, most scholarship on HE corruption has focused on institutional factors in developing countries and insights into the psychological and motivational factors that drive HE bribery on the micro-level mechanisms are virtually non-existent. To close this research gap, this study investigates the connection between study-related burnout and university students' willingness to offer bribes to their lecturers to pass important exams. Conducting a vignette-based quasi-experimental replication study with 624 university students in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands we find that university students in three countries differentiate sharply between different shades of bribery and that a majority accept using emotional influence tactics to pass (failed) exams. In contrast, offering a helping hand or money (i.e., darker shades of bribery) to their lecturer was less acceptable. Study-related burnout is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in these darker shades of bribery and students' commitment to the public interest is but a weak factor in preventing unethical behavior. In summary, this study provides solid empirical evidence that university students are likely to use emotional influence tactics violating both the ethical codes of conduct and the formalized bureaucratic procedures of HE examination, particularly if they suffer from study-related burnout. However, the accelerating effect of burnout on bribery is conditional in that it only holds for darker shades of bribery. HE institutions may benefit from implementing the four-eye principle and from launching awareness campaigns that enable lecturers to better recognize these tactics and engage students in creating a transparent environment for testing, grading, and collaboration that is resistant to bribery.

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSIC, Altres ajuts: Latin American Public Opinion Project, The United States Agency for International Development, The Inter-American Development Bank, Vanderbilt University, the United Nations Development Program, This paper studies the relationship between people's beliefs about the quality of their institutions, as measured by corruption perceptions, and preferences for redistribution in Latin America. Our empirical study is guided by a theoretical model which introduces taxes into Foellmi and Oechslin's (2007) general equilibrium model of non-collusive corruption. In this model perceived corruption influences people's preferences for redistribution through two channels. On the one hand it undermines trust in government, which reduces people's support for redistribution. On the other hand, more corruption decreases own wealth relative to average wealth of below-average-wealth individuals leading to a higher demand for redistribution. Thus, the effect of perceived corruption on redistribution cannot be signed a priori. Our novel empirical findings for Latin America suggest that perceiving corruption in the public sector increases people's support for redistribution. Although the wealth channel dominates in the data, we also find evidence for the trust channel - from corruption to demand for redistribution via reduced trust.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine bribery and its accountability implications within Papua New Guinea's (PNG's) public sector. Design/methodology/approach: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 senior public servants from three central government departments. Perceptions, forms and accountability dimensions compromised through bribery were analysed through an actor network theory (ANT) lens to understand the actors contributing to bribery and how it might be addressed. Findings: Forms (and variations) of bribery included “promises” by clients, pre-commitments by public servants and expectations/obligations imposed by public servants. Multiple and interdependent actors (including compromised accountability perceptions) are identified. Practical implications: Findings provide important insights for public servants and policy-makers within and beyond PNG's government departments, highlighting the associated implications for individuals, the public sector and the country more broadly. Originality/value: The incorporation and analysis of accountability dimensions through an ANT lens provides new perspectives on bribery. Further, the significance and extent of compromised accountability dimensions within the network suggests a broken accountability system.

A partir de la correspondencia mantenida entre Diego de Benavides, virrey del Perú entre 1660 y 1666, y sus hermanos radicados en la Corte de Madrid, este articulo analiza la forma en que en ese tiempo son presentadas y valoradas las prácticas asociadas a la corrupción. El texto se sitúa en un cruce entre historia social y cult nceptos y de las palabras se vincula con las dinámicas sociales., This article analyses how practices linked to corruption are presented and judged through the letters exchanged between Diego de Benavides, viceroy of Peru (1660 - 1666), and his brothers at the Court in Madrid. Sitting at the intersection between social and cultural history, the text brings together the history of concepts and word usage with the study of social dynamics.

This article presents a study of the theatrical performance in court in a high-profile transnational corporate bribery case. Data gathered from observations in court were supplemented with interviews with the defense teams and the presiding judge. The paper’s objective is to demonstrate how the defendants performed unbelonging in court via the interactions between the different ‘teams’ in the courtroom; the defense, the prosecutors, the judges, and the company Telia. The analysis draws on Goffman’s theater analogy and his understandings of performance and self-presentation. The authors introduce the concept of ‘performing unbelonging in court’ and show how the defendants performed unbelonging via an indirect expression of status and standing. The authors further analyze the defense teams’ framing of the case, including the framing of the defendants as being scapegoated by the corporation, and of the prosecution as being unfair and illegitimate, which also contributes to the performance of unbelonging in court. The complexity and ambiguity of a transnational corporate bribery case permeated the interactions during the trial; however, at the end of the article, the authors discuss how knowledge from this case is transferable to other crime types or legal cultures.

The telecommunication company Telia’s dealings in Uzbekistan have resulted in bribery accusations both in Sweden and in abroad. The article analyzes the defense mechanisms produced by both the corporation and the prosecuted former executives of the company. Telia’s initially denial eventually changed into a partial acknowledgment in combination with a scapegoating discourse. While Telia hardly defended itself at all in the Swedish court, the company’s former executives employed a defense of legality, denial of knowledge, of deviance, and of responsibility as well as a claim of being scapegoated. We discuss these developments in the light of the transformation of the Telia case from a mediated corporate scandal to a criminal court case and from a focus on organizational to individual responsibility.

A partir de la correspondencia mantenida entre Diego de Benavides, virrey del Perú entre 1660 y 1666, y sus hermanos radicados en la Corte de Madrid, este articulo analiza la forma en que en ese tiempo son presentadas y valoradas las prácticas asociadas a la corrupción. El texto se sitúa en un cruce entre historia social y cult nceptos y de las palabras se vincula con las dinámicas sociales., This article analyses how practices linked to corruption are presented and judged through the letters exchanged between Diego de Benavides, viceroy of Peru (1660 - 1666), and his brothers at the Court in Madrid. Sitting at the intersection between social and cultural history, the text brings together the history of concepts and word usage with the study of social dynamics.

Corruption is pervasive, but we know little about its effects on individual lives. Using individual-level data from 28 post-communist countries, we demonstrate that bribing for public services worsens self-assessed health. We account for endogeneity of bribery and show that bribing for any type of public service, not just for health services, has an adverse impact. We also find that bribery lowers the quality of services received. Moreover, there are potentially high indirect costs of bribery since, as we show, it comes at the expense of cutting food consumption. These findings suggest that corruption is a potentially important source behind the poor health outcomes in many developing countries. © 2021 Association for Comparative Economic Studies.

This article analyzes, on the one hand, the damages to the State arising from the commission of the crime of bribery, and on the other hand, the expertise of economic evaluation of the damage as a probative instrument for determining the amount of compensation; all this, from the Peruvian criminal law, in order to achieve an adequate management of the evidence in the so-called anti-corruption criminal proceedings., Este artigo analisa, por um lado, os danos para o estado decorrentes da prática do crime de suborno e, por outro, a perícia de avaliação econômica do dano como instrumento probatório para determinação do valor da indenização; tudo isso, desde o direito penal peruano, para conseguir uma gestão adequada das provas nos chamados processos penais anticorrupção. este estudo faz parte da pesquisa: “magistratura contemporânea: justiça no século xxi, realizada perante a universidade de jaén (espanha) e a academia da magistratura (peru). a linha de investigação gira em torno do processo penal., El presente artículo analiza, por un lado, los daños para el Estado que surgen por la comisión del delito de cohecho, y por otro lado, la pericia de evaluación económica del daño como instrumento probatorio para la determinación del monto indemnizatorio; todo ello, desde el Derecho penal peruano, para efecto de lograr una adecuada gestión de la prueba en los denominados procesos penales anticorrupción. El presente estudio se enmarca en la investigación: “Magistratura Contemporánea: La justicia en el Siglo XXI, llevada a cabo ante la Universidad de Jaén (España) y la Academia de la Magistratura (Perú). La línea de investigación gira en torno al proceso penal.

This paper explores the effects of anti-corruption sensitisation messages on bribe-taking and public service delivery. In a novel lab-in-the-field experiment in Burundi, 527 public servants were asked to allocate rationed vouchers between anonymous citizens; some of these citizens attempted to bribe the public servants to obtain more vouchers than entitled. Two groups of public servants were randomly exposed to similar short messages that called to either the idea of good governance or professional values of integrity. Public servants exposed to the professional identity message behaved in a more equitable manner than those not exposed to any message. We hypothesise that reflecting upon professional values increases moral costs and prompts fairer service delivery. Bribe-taking was not impacted by the messages and bribe-taking and service delivery appear to be distinct dimensions, correlated to different variables. The experiment provides new insights into the design of public service improvement and anti-corruption strategies., SCOPUS: ar.j, DecretOANoAutActif, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This article presents a study of the theatrical performance in court in a high-profile transnational corporate bribery case. Data gathered from observations in court were supplemented with interviews with the defense teams and the presiding judge. The paper’s objective is to demonstrate how the defendants performed unbelonging in court via the interactions between the different ‘teams’ in the courtroom; the defense, the prosecutors, the judges, and the company Telia. The analysis draws on Goffman’s theater analogy and his understandings of performance and self-presentation. The authors introduce the concept of ‘performing unbelonging in court’ and show how the defendants performed unbelonging via an indirect expression of status and standing. The authors further analyze the defense teams’ framing of the case, including the framing of the defendants as being scapegoated by the corporation, and of the prosecution as being unfair and illegitimate, which also contributes to the performance of unbelonging in court. The complexity and ambiguity of a transnational corporate bribery case permeated the interactions during the trial; however, at the end of the article, the authors discuss how knowledge from this case is transferable to other crime types or legal cultures.

Foreign aid's effectiveness on eradicating corruption is a fragile yet complex topic to research in International Relations. Some scholars argue that economic aid should not be given without specific conditions, while some argue that aid should be given with strict or specific rules to recipient countries. Par contra my research is aimed at examining one recipient country: Nigeria, as a case study which is considered amongst the most corrupt countries in the world yet are highly enriched in natural resources, such as being the major oil-producing country in Africa that boosts the country's GDP per capita through the export trade with foreign countries. And most foreign donor countries allocate economic aid to Nigeria because they are dependent on the country's trade on natural resources. In this research, I used two conceptualised variables of corruption; bribery and facilitate payment, which is considered the most common corruption trends in the Nigerian society, with the aim of analysing the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's (UNODC) twelve-month survey report conducted in December 2019 in Nigeria. Alongside with the London 2016 Anti-Corruption Summit report, the current agenda agreed by forty countries with over six hundred commitments, which Nigeria participated in—hence creating the national anti-corruption programmes that the current President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari implemented as a commitment to the Summit. Consequently using legitimacy and governance perspectives to analyse the efficacy of aid in Nigeria's institution, and evaluating the country's alliance of economic aid in combating corruption, whilst identifying the state's level of governance towards anti-corruption policies to eradicate corruption. The findings show that the level of corruption in Nigeria is still very much high within the public sectors and shows that three in four citizens encounter a form of corruption such as bribery, daily with a civilian who demands a brib

The telecommunication company Telia’s dealings in Uzbekistan have resulted in bribery accusations both in Sweden and in abroad. The article analyzes the defense mechanisms produced by both the corporation and the prosecuted former executives of the company. Telia’s initially denial eventually changed into a partial acknowledgment in combination with a scapegoating discourse. While Telia hardly defended itself at all in the Swedish court, the company’s former executives employed a defense of legality, denial of knowledge, of deviance, and of responsibility as well as a claim of being scapegoated. We discuss these developments in the light of the transformation of the Telia case from a mediated corporate scandal to a criminal court case and from a focus on organizational to individual responsibility.

Previous studies have documented evidence of endemic corruption in the water and sanitation sector but only a few studies have examined the link between corruption and access to water. Drawing on data from the Afrobarometer surveys, which record 45,000 households’ access to water across Africa, we find that corruption is associated with a lower likelihood of access to water for household purposes. We show that corruption in the utilities sector is driving this result and that corruption in other contexts is not associated with access to water. While an individual who has paid a bribe for utilities is more likely to have a water access point, the local incidence of utilities corruption strongly predicts that the household will not have enough clean water for home use. Individual acts of bribery, while associated with increased nominal connectivity to a water network, are not associated with greater access in reality. We conclude that corruption distorts decision making and resource allocation in the water sector, leaving households worse off. Our findings underline the importance of targeted efforts to control corruption in public utilities, in order to guarantee access to clean water for all.

This article presents a study of the theatrical performance in court in a high-profile transnational corporate bribery case. Data gathered from observations in court were supplemented with interviews with the defense teams and the presiding judge. The paper’s objective is to demonstrate how the defendants performed unbelonging in court via the interactions between the different ‘teams’ in the courtroom; the defense, the prosecutors, the judges, and the company Telia. The analysis draws on Goffman’s theater analogy and his understandings of performance and self-presentation. The authors introduce the concept of ‘performing unbelonging in court’ and show how the defendants performed unbelonging via an indirect expression of status and standing. The authors further analyze the defense teams’ framing of the case, including the framing of the defendants as being scapegoated by the corporation, and of the prosecution as being unfair and illegitimate, which also contributes to the performance of unbelonging in court. The complexity and ambiguity of a transnational corporate bribery case permeated the interactions during the trial; however, at the end of the article, the authors discuss how knowledge from this case is transferable to other crime types or legal cultures.

Criminal policy is part of state policy, defining the main objectives and means to influence crime through legislative activities related to change, first, criminal, criminal-procedural, criminal-executive legislation. Through a scientific methodology of a documentary nature, the objective of the research is to analyze the criminal and legal policy of the State in the fight against crimes related to bribery and other illegal remuneration. It should be noted that the criminal policy of crimes related to bribery and other illegal remuneration is currently in crisis. It is concluded that there is a tendency to increase the range of criminal acts related to illegal remuneration, to broaden the scope of the criminal regulation of liability for illegal remuneration by making changes and additions to the composition of offences related to illegal remuneration, and to criminalize new types of acts related to unlawful remuneration, which is associated with the assessment of the role of illegal remuneration as a particularly dangerous criminal phenomenon, which has a significant negative impact on protected public relations., La política criminal es parte de la política del estado, definiendo los principales objetivos y medios para influir en el crimen a través de actividades legislativas relacionadas con el cambio, en primer lugar, la legislación penal, penal-procesal, penal-ejecutiva. Mediante una metodología científica de carácter documental el objetivo de la investigación consiste en analizar la política penal y legal del Estado en la lucha contra los delitos relacionados con el soborno y otras remuneraciones ilegales. Cabe señalar que la política criminal de los delitos relacionados con el soborno y otras remuneraciones ilegales se encuentra actualmente en crisis. Se concluye que existe una tendencia a aumentar la gama de actos delictivos relacionados con la remuneración ilegal, a ampliar el alcance de la regulación penal de la responsabilidad por remuneración ilegal mediante la realización de cambios y adiciones a la composición de los delitos relacionados con la misma, y a tipificar como delito nuevos tipos de actos relacionados con la remuneración ilegal, que está asociada con la evaluación del papel de la remuneración ilegal como un fenómeno delictivo particularmente peligroso, que tiene un impacto negativo significativo en las relaciones públicas protegidas.

The purpose of the research is devoted to the criminological description and explanation of the state of illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions in Ukraine. A reading of the high level of latency of crimes according to article 369-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, evidence that it is at least 99% of its real level. The structure of match manipulation was revealed and analyzed according to the type of sport, the method of illegal influence on the results of official sports competitions, as well as the subjects of bribery. The characteristic of the corresponding structural units is given. Methodologically, the basis of the research is the dialectical method that serves to interpret social and legal phenomena through documentary sources. It is concluded that the most intense criminal match-fixing is practiced in sports such as football, futsal, basketball, and volleyball. Among the ways to encourage athletes to commit illegal acts, bribery predominates (75%). At about the same level in terms of prevalence with small fluctuations in specific weight are structurally found ways to influence athletes such as incitement (10%) and conspiracy (8%)., El propósito de la investigación está dedicado a la descripción criminológica y la explicación del estado de influencia ilegal en los resultados de las competiciones deportivas oficiales en Ucrania. Una lectura del alto nivel de latencia de los delitos según el artículo 369-3 del Código Penal de Ucrania, evidencia que es al menos el 99% de su nivel real. La estructura de la manipulación de partidos fue revelada y analizada según el tipo de deporte, el método de influencia ilegal en los resultados de las competiciones deportivas oficiales, así como los sujetos de soborno. Se da la característica de las correspondientes unidades estructurales. Metodológicamente la base de la investigación es el método dialéctico que sirve para interpretar fenómenos sociales y jurídicos mediante fuentes documentales. Se concluye que el amaño de partidos delictivo más intenso se practica en deportes como el fútbol, el fútbol sala, el baloncesto y el voleibol. Entre las formas de incentivar a los deportistas a cometer actos ilícitos, predomina el soborno (75%). Aproximadamente al mismo nivel en términos de prevalencia con pequeñas fluctuaciones en el peso específico se encuentran estructuralmente formas de influir en los atletas como la incitación (10%) y la conspiración (8%).

Bribery is a complex phenomenon rooted in both individual motives and the greater institutional context. Experimental research into causal mechanisms that drive bribing behavior is still scarce. To date, there is no empirical evidence on how the society-regarding motivational survey measure of Public Service Motivation (PSM) and the other-oriented motivational measure of Social Value Orientation (SVO) can help explain why some people are more susceptible to engage in the act of bribing than others. Based on a multi-site triple-replication, and a vignette-based research design, quasi-experimental evidence from Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands shows that both measures interact and that-paradoxically-people with higher SVO are more likely to be willing to engage in bribery.

Corruption and human rights are intrinsically linked, and the power and influence of corporate actors is a primary facilitator of this relationship. Despite this connection, efforts to combat corruption and human rights abuses have taken diverse legal approaches. This article explores the criminal law framework for tackling foreign bribery and compares it to the emerging disclosure-based framework to address modern slavery risks. The foreign bribery model appears ‘hard’, focusing on criminality and corporate criminal liability. The modern slavery supply chain governance approach is ‘softer’, based on disclosure with limited consequences for non-compliance. Effective enforcement of both frameworks remains elusive. This article argues for enhanced cross-over between the two approaches – to incentivise corporate actors through a combination of stakeholder engagement and the use of penalty defaults, designed to motivate innovative compliance strategies. Learning from the successes and limitations of each approach will enhance enforcement efforts with the goal of reducing the occurrence of bribery and modern slavery in international business.

Foreign aid's effectiveness on eradicating corruption is a fragile yet complex topic to research in International Relations. Some scholars argue that economic aid should not be given without specific conditions, while some argue that aid should be given with strict or specific rules to recipient countries. Par contra my research is aimed at examining one recipient country: Nigeria, as a case study which is considered amongst the most corrupt countries in the world yet are highly enriched in natural resources, such as being the major oil-producing country in Africa that boosts the country's GDP per capita through the export trade with foreign countries. And most foreign donor countries allocate economic aid to Nigeria because they are dependent on the country's trade on natural resources. In this research, I used two conceptualised variables of corruption; bribery and facilitate payment, which is considered the most common corruption trends in the Nigerian society, with the aim of analysing the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's (UNODC) twelve-month survey report conducted in December 2019 in Nigeria. Alongside with the London 2016 Anti-Corruption Summit report, the current agenda agreed by forty countries with over six hundred commitments, which Nigeria participated in—hence creating the national anti-corruption programmes that the current President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari implemented as a commitment to the Summit. Consequently using legitimacy and governance perspectives to analyse the efficacy of aid in Nigeria's institution, and evaluating the country's alliance of economic aid in combating corruption, whilst identifying the state's level of governance towards anti-corruption policies to eradicate corruption. The findings show that the level of corruption in Nigeria is still very much high within the public sectors and shows that three in four citizens encounter a form of corruption such as bribery, daily with a civilian who demands a brib

Многие страны имеют свой уникальный опыт в вопросах реализации стратегии противодействия коррупции. Цель данной статьи заключается в анализе антикоррупционных мер, действующих в некоторых зарубежных странах, практически свободных от коррупционных проявлений. Положительный опыт формирования и целенаправленной реализации зарубежных стратегий противодействия коррупции необходимо изучать всем странам, которые ставят перед собой одной из ключевых задач ведения политики – снижение уровня коррупции. Уникальный опыт других стран полезен не только в целях преемственности успешных механизмов реализации стратегии, но и также для недопущения основных ошибок в ее адаптации. Для достижения поставленной цели необходимо изучить наиболее эффективные меры противодействия коррупции и выделить способы, применимые к российской действительности. В статье представлен рейтинг стран, наиболее свободных от коррупции, который был проведен международной организацией Transparency International. В заключении обобщается исследованный материал, приводятся ключевые способы борьбы с коррупцией для их дальнейшего применения в Российской Федерации. Many countries have their own unique experience in implementing anti-corruption strategies. The purpose of this article is to analyze anti-corruption measures in force in some foreign countries, which are practically free from corruption. The positive experience of the formation and purposeful implementation of foreign anti-corruption strategies should be studied by all coun-tries that set themselves one of the key policy objectives of reducing the level of corruption. The unique experience of other countries is useful not only for the continuity of successful mechanisms for implementing the strategy, but also for avoiding major mistakes in its adaptation. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the most effective anti-corruption measures and highlight the methods applicable to Russian reality. The article presents the rating of the countries most fr

The telecommunication company Telia’s dealings in Uzbekistan have resulted in bribery accusations both in Sweden and in abroad. The article analyzes the defense mechanisms produced by both the corporation and the prosecuted former executives of the company. Telia’s initially denial eventually changed into a partial acknowledgment in combination with a scapegoating discourse. While Telia hardly defended itself at all in the Swedish court, the company’s former executives employed a defense of legality, denial of knowledge, of deviance, and of responsibility as well as a claim of being scapegoated. We discuss these developments in the light of the transformation of the Telia case from a mediated corporate scandal to a criminal court case and from a focus on organizational to individual responsibility.

The telecommunication company Telia’s dealings in Uzbekistan have resulted in bribery accusations both in Sweden and in abroad. The article analyzes the defense mechanisms produced by both the corporation and the prosecuted former executives of the company. Telia’s initially denial eventually changed into a partial acknowledgment in combination with a scapegoating discourse. While Telia hardly defended itself at all in the Swedish court, the company’s former executives employed a defense of legality, denial of knowledge, of deviance, and of responsibility as well as a claim of being scapegoated. We discuss these developments in the light of the transformation of the Telia case from a mediated corporate scandal to a criminal court case and from a focus on organizational to individual responsibility.

The telecommunication company Telia’s dealings in Uzbekistan have resulted in bribery accusations both in Sweden and in abroad. The article analyzes the defense mechanisms produced by both the corporation and the prosecuted former executives of the company. Telia’s initially denial eventually changed into a partial acknowledgment in combination with a scapegoating discourse. While Telia hardly defended itself at all in the Swedish court, the company’s former executives employed a defense of legality, denial of knowledge, of deviance, and of responsibility as well as a claim of being scapegoated. We discuss these developments in the light of the transformation of the Telia case from a mediated corporate scandal to a criminal court case and from a focus on organizational to individual responsibility.

The telecommunication company Telia’s dealings in Uzbekistan have resulted in bribery accusations both in Sweden and in abroad. The article analyzes the defense mechanisms produced by both the corporation and the prosecuted former executives of the company. Telia’s initially denial eventually changed into a partial acknowledgment in combination with a scapegoating discourse. While Telia hardly defended itself at all in the Swedish court, the company’s former executives employed a defense of legality, denial of knowledge, of deviance, and of responsibility as well as a claim of being scapegoated. We discuss these developments in the light of the transformation of the Telia case from a mediated corporate scandal to a criminal court case and from a focus on organizational to individual responsibility.

[ES] En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se aborda la regulación sobre la responsabilidad penal de las Administraciones Públicas ante la comisión de actos ilícitos, así como la de los funcionarios que desempeñan sus labores en ellas pues la corrupción se ha convertido en los últimos tiempos en un tema que genera gran controversia a pesar de que ha existido siempre. La responsabilidad penal de las Administraciones Públicas ha constituido un importante debate doctrinal en cuanto a la comisión de algunos delitos como es el delito de prevaricación, cohecho o malversación de caudales públicos, por citar algunos. Si bien no hay que olvidar que la aparición de nuevas formas de delincuencia en nuestra sociedad puede poner de manifiesto la insuficiente regulación legislativa a este respecto. El debate no es menor en cuanto a lo que se considera funcionario público desde la perspectiva penal, pues se trata de un concepto de gran amplitud que difiere del tradicional concepto de funcionario público recogido en el Derecho Administrativo. Ello hace necesario realizar un recorrido sobre el régimen legal existente, así como averiguar cuál es la posición jurisprudencial sobre este tema, sin olvidar la intima relación que guarda esta temática con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas y la diferente normativa europea e internacional., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the regulation on the criminal responsibility of Public Administrations before the commission of illicit acts is addressed, as well as that of the officials who carry out their work in them, since corruption has recently become a subject that generates great controversy even though it has always existed. The criminal responsibility of Public Administrations has constituted an important doctrinal debate regarding the commission of some crimes such as the crime of prevarication, bribery or embezzlement of public funds, to name a few. Although it should not be forgotten that the appearance of new forms of crime in our society may reveal insufficient legislative regulation in this regard. The debate is not minor in terms of what is considered a public official from a criminal perspective, since it is a very broad concept that differs from the traditional concept of public official contained in Administrative Law. This makes it necessary to take a tour of the existing legal regime, as well as to find out what the jurisprudential position on this issue is, without forgetting the intimate relationship that this issue has with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the different European and international regulations.

[ES] En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se aborda la regulación sobre la responsabilidad penal de las Administraciones Públicas ante la comisión de actos ilícitos, así como la de los funcionarios que desempeñan sus labores en ellas pues la corrupción se ha convertido en los últimos tiempos en un tema que genera gran controversia a pesar de que ha existido siempre. La responsabilidad penal de las Administraciones Públicas ha constituido un importante debate doctrinal en cuanto a la comisión de algunos delitos como es el delito de prevaricación, cohecho o malversación de caudales públicos, por citar algunos. Si bien no hay que olvidar que la aparición de nuevas formas de delincuencia en nuestra sociedad puede poner de manifiesto la insuficiente regulación legislativa a este respecto. El debate no es menor en cuanto a lo que se considera funcionario público desde la perspectiva penal, pues se trata de un concepto de gran amplitud que difiere del tradicional concepto de funcionario público recogido en el Derecho Administrativo. Ello hace necesario realizar un recorrido sobre el régimen legal existente, así como averiguar cuál es la posición jurisprudencial sobre este tema, sin olvidar la intima relación que guarda esta temática con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas y la diferente normativa europea e internacional., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the regulation on the criminal responsibility of Public Administrations before the commission of illicit acts is addressed, as well as that of the officials who carry out their work in them, since corruption has recently become a subject that generates great controversy even though it has always existed. The criminal responsibility of Public Administrations has constituted an important doctrinal debate regarding the commission of some crimes such as the crime of prevarication, bribery or embezzlement of public funds, to name a few. Although it should not be forgotten that the appearance of new forms of crime in our society may reveal insufficient legislative regulation in this regard. The debate is not minor in terms of what is considered a public official from a criminal perspective, since it is a very broad concept that differs from the traditional concept of public official contained in Administrative Law. This makes it necessary to take a tour of the existing legal regime, as well as to find out what the jurisprudential position on this issue is, without forgetting the intimate relationship that this issue has with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the different European and international regulations.

[ES] En el presente Trabajo Final de Grado se aborda la regulación sobre la responsabilidad penal de las Administraciones Públicas ante la comisión de actos ilícitos, así como la de los funcionarios que desempeñan sus labores en ellas pues la corrupción se ha convertido en los últimos tiempos en un tema que genera gran controversia a pesar de que ha existido siempre. La responsabilidad penal de las Administraciones Públicas ha constituido un importante debate doctrinal en cuanto a la comisión de algunos delitos como es el delito de prevaricación, cohecho o malversación de caudales públicos, por citar algunos. Si bien no hay que olvidar que la aparición de nuevas formas de delincuencia en nuestra sociedad puede poner de manifiesto la insuficiente regulación legislativa a este respecto. El debate no es menor en cuanto a lo que se considera funcionario público desde la perspectiva penal, pues se trata de un concepto de gran amplitud que difiere del tradicional concepto de funcionario público recogido en el Derecho Administrativo. Ello hace necesario realizar un recorrido sobre el régimen legal existente, así como averiguar cuál es la posición jurisprudencial sobre este tema, sin olvidar la intima relación que guarda esta temática con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de Naciones Unidas y la diferente normativa europea e internacional., [EN] In this Final Degree Project, the regulation on the criminal responsibility of Public Administrations before the commission of illicit acts is addressed, as well as that of the officials who carry out their work in them, since corruption has recently become a subject that generates great controversy even though it has always existed. The criminal responsibility of Public Administrations has constituted an important doctrinal debate regarding the commission of some crimes such as the crime of prevarication, bribery or embezzlement of public funds, to name a few. Although it should not be forgotten that the appearance of new forms of crime in our society may reveal insufficient legislative regulation in this regard. The debate is not minor in terms of what is considered a public official from a criminal perspective, since it is a very broad concept that differs from the traditional concept of public official contained in Administrative Law. This makes it necessary to take a tour of the existing legal regime, as well as to find out what the jurisprudential position on this issue is, without forgetting the intimate relationship that this issue has with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the different European and international regulations.

This article presents a study of the theatrical performance in court in a high-profile transnational corporate bribery case. Data gathered from observations in court were supplemented with interviews with the defense teams and the presiding judge. The paper’s objective is to demonstrate how the defendants performed unbelonging in court via the interactions between the different ‘teams’ in the courtroom; the defense, the prosecutors, the judges, and the company Telia. The analysis draws on Goffman’s theater analogy and his understandings of performance and self-presentation. The authors introduce the concept of ‘performing unbelonging in court’ and show how the defendants performed unbelonging via an indirect expression of status and standing. The authors further analyze the defense teams’ framing of the case, including the framing of the defendants as being scapegoated by the corporation, and of the prosecution as being unfair and illegitimate, which also contributes to the performance of unbelonging in court. The complexity and ambiguity of a transnational corporate bribery case permeated the interactions during the trial; however, at the end of the article, the authors discuss how knowledge from this case is transferable to other crime types or legal cultures.

This article presents a study of the theatrical performance in court in a high-profile transnational corporate bribery case. Data gathered from observations in court were supplemented with interviews with the defense teams and the presiding judge. The paper’s objective is to demonstrate how the defendants performed unbelonging in court via the interactions between the different ‘teams’ in the courtroom; the defense, the prosecutors, the judges, and the company Telia. The analysis draws on Goffman’s theater analogy and his understandings of performance and self-presentation. The authors introduce the concept of ‘performing unbelonging in court’ and show how the defendants performed unbelonging via an indirect expression of status and standing. The authors further analyze the defense teams’ framing of the case, including the framing of the defendants as being scapegoated by the corporation, and of the prosecution as being unfair and illegitimate, which also contributes to the performance of unbelonging in court. The complexity and ambiguity of a transnational corporate bribery case permeated the interactions during the trial; however, at the end of the article, the authors discuss how knowledge from this case is transferable to other crime types or legal cultures.

This article presents a study of the theatrical performance in court in a high-profile transnational corporate bribery case. Data gathered from observations in court were supplemented with interviews with the defense teams and the presiding judge. The paper’s objective is to demonstrate how the defendants performed unbelonging in court via the interactions between the different ‘teams’ in the courtroom; the defense, the prosecutors, the judges, and the company Telia. The analysis draws on Goffman’s theater analogy and his understandings of performance and self-presentation. The authors introduce the concept of ‘performing unbelonging in court’ and show how the defendants performed unbelonging via an indirect expression of status and standing. The authors further analyze the defense teams’ framing of the case, including the framing of the defendants as being scapegoated by the corporation, and of the prosecution as being unfair and illegitimate, which also contributes to the performance of unbelonging in court. The complexity and ambiguity of a transnational corporate bribery case permeated the interactions during the trial; however, at the end of the article, the authors discuss how knowledge from this case is transferable to other crime types or legal cultures.

This paper examines how arbitral proceedings and domestic criminal processes can interact; how parties to arbitrations have attempted to use domestic criminal proceedings to advance their interests; and how arbitral tribunals can and should respond to such attempts. It concludes that arbitral tribunals must take account of concurrent national criminal proceedings but cannot defer entirely to them. This is not only because they undertake a different role but also because national authorities cannot always entirely be trusted. In turn, this means that tribunals can find themselves between Scylla and Charybdis, so that arbitrators must be skillful navigators to get safely to their destination: an enforceable award.

This paper examines how arbitral proceedings and domestic criminal processes can interact; how parties to arbitrations have attempted to use domestic criminal proceedings to advance their interests; and how arbitral tribunals can and should respond to such attempts. It concludes that arbitral tribunals must take account of concurrent national criminal proceedings but cannot defer entirely to them. This is not only because they undertake a different role but also because national authorities cannot always entirely be trusted. In turn, this means that tribunals can find themselves between Scylla and Charybdis, so that arbitrators must be skillful navigators to get safely to their destination: an enforceable award.

Rad je posvećen Plutarhovim Životopisima Kimona i Perikla i podacima o mitu i korupciji koji se mogu pronaći u ovim delima. I Kimon i Perikle su, prema Plutarhovom sudu, bili besprekorni u tom pogledu i označeni su kao pošteni i nepotkupljivi. Zbog toga je, naizgled, neobično što su i jedan i drugi bili predmet optužbi za primanje mita i druge koruptivne radnje. U radu se razmatra i da li su, opet, Kimon i Perikle, svaki na svoj način i na osnovu svojih mogućnosti, a zbog sopstvenih interesa, radili na "kvarenju" naroda i njegovom podmićivanju. Na podmićivanje naroda i kupovinu njegove naklonosti bi se takođe moglo gledati kao na koruptivnu delatnost svojstvenu političarima u različitim epohama, pa tako i onima u demokratskoj Atini V veka pre n. e., As part of my research on bribery and corruption in Plutarch's biographies of prominent Athenian politicians of the fifth century BC, this paper, using evidence from the Life o f Cimon and the Life ofPericles, focuses on testimonies of bribery and other forms of corruption that can be found in these two works. Both Cimon and Pericles were, according to Plutarch, statesmen of noble and virtuous character and worthy of admiration in almost every respect. They were zealous, persistent and passionately committed to the public services they performed, proving to be invulnerable to bribery. However, as in the case of other famous Athenian statesmen whose biographies he wrote, Plutarch recorded different and conflicting accounts of accusations of bribery and corrupt activities that he found in the sources he used for writing his Lives. Plutarch defended his heroes in connection with these accusations, even when they were brought to trial on accusations of bribery. The paper also discusses the question of whether Cimon and Pericles, each in their own ways, and for the sake of their own interests, worked on "corrupting the dëmos" and bribing it. Bribing people and buying their affection to acquire mass support could also be seen as a corrupt activity in different regimes and different times, like in democratic Athens in the fifth century BC.

In recent years two Swedish companies, Telia and Lundin Petroleum, have had to work hard to legitimate their actions as a result of allegations of criminal activity. In this paper, the corporate framings employed to deal with allegations of crime will be analysed on the basis of Stanley Cohen's (2009) theoretical work on processes of denial and neutralization techniques. More specifically, the paper focuses on the temporalization of neutralizations of corporate crime and aims to answer the following questions: How have the corporations' defence mechanisms changed over time? How might the types of crime of which they have been accused, and their corporate structures, affect the ways in which particular defence mechanisms are employed? The analysis demonstrates that although there are similarities, such as both companies framing their businesses as contributing to the development of democracy, human rights, prosperity and peace, the companies follow two different lines of development in their defences. While Telia moves from literal denial to confession, Lundin Petroleum stays with its literal denial in parallel with a strong condemnation of the condemners. These differences seem to be grounded both in the crimes of which the companies have been accused and their respective corporate structures.

Rad je posvećen Plutarhovim Životopisima Kimona i Perikla i podacima o mitu i korupciji koji se mogu pronaći u ovim delima. I Kimon i Perikle su, prema Plutarhovom sudu, bili besprekorni u tom pogledu i označeni su kao pošteni i nepotkupljivi. Zbog toga je, naizgled, neobično što su i jedan i drugi bili predmet optužbi za primanje mita i druge koruptivne radnje. U radu se razmatra i da li su, opet, Kimon i Perikle, svaki na svoj način i na osnovu svojih mogućnosti, a zbog sopstvenih interesa, radili na "kvarenju" naroda i njegovom podmićivanju. Na podmićivanje naroda i kupovinu njegove naklonosti bi se takođe moglo gledati kao na koruptivnu delatnost svojstvenu političarima u različitim epohama, pa tako i onima u demokratskoj Atini V veka pre n. e., As part of my research on bribery and corruption in Plutarch's biographies of prominent Athenian politicians of the fifth century BC, this paper, using evidence from the Life o f Cimon and the Life ofPericles, focuses on testimonies of bribery and other forms of corruption that can be found in these two works. Both Cimon and Pericles were, according to Plutarch, statesmen of noble and virtuous character and worthy of admiration in almost every respect. They were zealous, persistent and passionately committed to the public services they performed, proving to be invulnerable to bribery. However, as in the case of other famous Athenian statesmen whose biographies he wrote, Plutarch recorded different and conflicting accounts of accusations of bribery and corrupt activities that he found in the sources he used for writing his Lives. Plutarch defended his heroes in connection with these accusations, even when they were brought to trial on accusations of bribery. The paper also discusses the question of whether Cimon and Pericles, each in their own ways, and for the sake of their own interests, worked on "corrupting the dëmos" and bribing it. Bribing people and buying their affection to acquire mass support could also be seen as a corrupt activity in different regimes and different times, like in democratic Athens in the fifth century BC.

In recent years two Swedish companies, Telia and Lundin Petroleum, have had to work hard to legitimate their actions as a result of allegations of criminal activity. In this paper, the corporate framings employed to deal with allegations of crime will be analysed on the basis of Stanley Cohen's (2009) theoretical work on processes of denial and neutralization techniques. More specifically, the paper focuses on the temporalization of neutralizations of corporate crime and aims to answer the following questions: How have the corporations' defence mechanisms changed over time? How might the types of crime of which they have been accused, and their corporate structures, affect the ways in which particular defence mechanisms are employed? The analysis demonstrates that although there are similarities, such as both companies framing their businesses as contributing to the development of democracy, human rights, prosperity and peace, the companies follow two different lines of development in their defences. While Telia moves from literal denial to confession, Lundin Petroleum stays with its literal denial in parallel with a strong condemnation of the condemners. These differences seem to be grounded both in the crimes of which the companies have been accused and their respective corporate structures.

We systematically reviewed the literature on corruption in international business (137 articles) for the last 17 years between 1992 and 2019. Additionally, we identified seven research streams in this growing literature: (1) the legislation against corruption, (2) the determinants of corruption, (3) combating corruption, 4) the effect of corruption on firms, (5) the political environment and corruption, (6) corruption as a challenge to existing theories of management, and (7) the effect of corruption on foreign direct investment and trade. Based on this review, we recommend that strong international laws are needed to minimize the negative impact of corruption on international business. Firms must also consider corruption when formulating strategies to increase operational efficiency and performance. Finally, corruption challenges some key assumptions of existing theories of management. Scholars need to test and expand these existing theories by considering corruption as an important issue in international business.