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[Resumen] Galicia es una de las CC.AA. españolas que más está sintiendo las dos dinámicas demográficas típicas de la actualidad: el descenso de la natalidad y el aumento de la esperanza de vida. Con datos desde el año 1991 al presente y una mirada hacia el futuro, en este trabajo se ha puesto la lupa en la situación demográfica gallega en general, así como de sus siete grandes ciudades en particular. Todo ello sin olvidar la incesante despoblación rural, con distintos municipios analizados, que muestran contraste por el entorno que les condiciona. Una vez puesta sobre la mesa, se han analizado las consecuencias de esta dinámica para ver si la situación es tan grave como apunta la opinión generalizada., [Resumo] Galicia é unha das CC.AA. españolas que máis está a sentir as dúas dinámicas demográficas típicas da actualidade: o descenso da natalidade e o aumento da esperanza de vida. Con datos dende o ano 1991 ao presente e unha mirada cara ao futuro, neste traballo púxose a mira na situación demográfica galega xeral, así como da das súas sete grandes ciudades en particular. Todo isto sen olvidar a incesante despoboación rural, con distintos concellos analizados, que mostran contraste polo entorno que lles condiciona. Unha vesto posta sobre a mesa, analizáronse as consecuencias desta dinámica para ver se a situación é tan grave como apunta a opinión xeral., [Abstract] Galicia is one of the Spanish Autonomous Communities that is most experiencing the two typical demographic dynamics of today: the drop in the birth rate and the increase in life expectancy. With data from 1991 to the present and a look towards the future, this work has focused on the Galician demographic situation in general, as well as its seven large cities in particular. All this without forgetting the incessant rural depopulation, with different municipalities analyzed, which show a contrast due to the environment that conditions them. Once put on the table, the consequences of this dynamic have been analyzed to see if the situation is as serious as the general opinion suggests.

peer-reviewed, ObjectiveTo establish whether playing position influenced the existence of the relative age effect (RAE) in senior rugby union.Summary of facts and resultsThe birth dates and playing position of 1991 senior French rugby union players registered during the 2014/15 season were obtained from an on-line statistics database. The distribution of player births was compared with the distribution of births in the general French population across the period in question. Results indicated that a RAE existed for forwards but not backline players. Back row forwards in particular showed a pronounced RAE.ConclusionThe existence of the RAE within senior French rugby union is influenced by player position., peer-reviewed

To help users understand and select people on the web, we developed a method of generating biographical sentences for the results of web people search. We extracted attribute information about people (birth date, death date, birthplace, vocation, organization, and position) from the HTML files of person clusters that were manually classified into individuals and generated biographical sentences whose style resembles the first sentence of Wikipedia....

To help users understand and select people on the web, we developed a method of generating biographical sentences for the results of web people search. We extracted attribute information about people (birth date, death date, birthplace, vocation, organization, and position) from the HTML files of person clusters that were manually classified into individuals and generated biographical sentences whose style resembles the first sentence of Wikipedia....

Introduction This study reports empirical data from an ongoing project, investigating talent development in football. The purpose is to examine predictors that impact on 14-year old football players´ possibilities to enter and proceed through the Swedish Football Associations´ talent development system. Drawing on deliberate practice and deliberate play (Côté, Baker & Abernethy, 2003), the relative age effect (RAE)(Romann & Fuchlosher, 2011) and sporting habitus (Bourdieu, 2010) we focus on football training in clubs and school, training time in football and other sports, birth dates and parental support. Method The analysis is based upon questionnaires from one large and one medium district. The study included 166 boys and 117 girls who at the age of 14 participated in the first selection camp at each district. They were then followed until their last selection the year thereafter, in which 16 boys and 16 girls where selected to represent the district in a national elite camp. Result The results show that 67% of the boys and girls where born in the first six month, RAE then increased for boys, with 83% in the last selection being born the first six months girls RAE were constant. Boys practiced more football both in and outside their club, 61% of the boys and 40% of the girls reaching the last selection practiced 7 hours or more in their club. 33% of the boys and 8% of the girls practiced 5 or more hours on their own. For girls selected, on each level parental support was stronger than for not selected girls, for both boys and girls who were selected for the final district team parental support was almost twice as big in terms of presence at games and practice. The parents of the players who were selected had to a great extent a competitive sport background. Discussion The results show that RAE is a threshold for entering the system and then increase for boys. The 14-year old football players´ proceeding through to the district team seem to be related to tr

The presence of RAE has been widely reported and studied in soccer revealing skewed birth-date distributions favoring individuals born early in the selection year. Indeed, it has been documented that RAE is more relevant in high level teams. With this in mind, the present study examined the prevalence of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in different age groups of a professional soccer club and in the selection processes of the same club. Considering the entire club, distribution differs significantly from the theoretical distribution expected (p<.05). Regarding different categories, there were significant differences between the observed and expected births in both alevin categories (male, x2 = 8.14, p<.05; female, x2 = 11.5, p<.01). Moreover, in womens alevin age group none of the players was born between September and December of the selection year. Nevertheless, they were not significant differences between the expected and observed results in higher categories but a comparatively biased distribution was observed. Overall, we found an over-representation of players born at the beginning of the year confirming the presence of the RAE in the club. When analyzing the effect of RAE in the talent identification process we observed that it begins before the players enter the club. Comparing the distributions of the not-selected players against the selected players significant differences were found in each of the selection phases (x2 = 18.10-7.80, p<.05). Thus, results revealed that the relative age effect acts in the early identification process of the players, El efecto relativo de la edad (RAE) ha sido ampliamente estudiado en futbol revelando una distribución de nacimientos sesgada que favorece a los jugadores nacidos en los primeros meses del año. También, se ha observado que el efecto es más relevante en los equipos de alto nivel. Con esto en mente, este estudio analiza el predominio del efecto relativo de la edad en diferentes equipos de un club de futbol profesional así como en los procesos de selección de este. Considerando todo el equipo, la distribución difiere significantemente de la distribución teórica esperada (p<.05). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los nacimientos observados y los esperados en las categorías alevines (masculino, x2 = 8.14, p<.05; femenino, x2 = 11.5, p<.01). Además, en la categoría femenina no hubo ninguna jugadora nacida entre septiembre y diciembre del año de selección. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los resultados esperados y observados en categorías superiores a pesar de observarse una distribución sesgada. En conjunto, hubo una sobrerrepresentación de jugadores nacidos en los primeros meses del año en todo el equipo confirmando la presencia del RAE en el club. Por otra parte, al analizar el efecto en los procesos de selección confirmamos que este comenzaba antes de que los jugadores ingresasen en el club. Se observaron diferencias significativas en todas las fases de selección entre los jugadores seleccionados y no seleccionados (x2 = 18.10-7.80, p<.05). En consecuencia, podemos decir que el RAE comienza en la identificación temprana de los jugadores

In Ungulates, maternal effects occur when the phenotype of the mother influence that of the calf, with a long term relevance in terms of survival, growth or fitness. lt is common a strong effect of the maternal identity, but there is also certain plasticity in these maternal effects related to the maternal condition, experience or senescence. Trivers-Willard and Local Resources Competition are two hypothesis that has repeatedly demonstrate that different relevant aspects of the maternal phenotype (like age, weight, body condition, and dominance status) may affect the offspring sex-ratio: depending on these combination of factors in the mother, it m ay be more interesting (from the point of view of long-term reproductive fitness) to invest preferentially in one sex or the other. For the same reason, once that the sex of the calf is defined the hind m ay make different investment decisions depending on the sex of the calf. We studied how these aspects of the maternal phenotype influenced different relevant aspects of the calves at birth and during the early growth: birth date, birth weight, weight at weaning, and body condition at weaning. The analyses were performed with the objective of finding differences in the maternal investment related to the sex of the calf, and were conducted on 188 births from 75 hinds aged from 2 to 19. Data was collected along S seasons. All the animals involved were born in captivity under natural mating. For each possible effect (on each calf trait), 4 single GLMMs were built (one for each maternal trait) including hind ID and year as random factors, and the best models were selected using Akaike's lnformation Criterion. As expected, hind weight influences calf birth weight (p<0.001) and weaning weight (p=0.001). However, the effect in weaning weight is different between sexes: only hind weight affects weaning weight of female calves (p=0.001), but the weaning weight of male calves is affected by hind weight (p=0.043) and age (p=0.026).

The birth in different quarters of the year involved differences regarding maturational development in handball players, which may influence the selection, development and consolidation in the elite in handball. This study sought to investigate the relative age effect in elite male handball players in Spain. To do this, data of birth and specific position of 586 players were analyzed, who participe in the League ASOBAL in seasons between 2003-04 and 2008-09. Comparisons and differences were studied by ÷2 tests and Z. Analysis of results revealed a higher percentage of players born in the first quarter, significant differences were confirmed in spanish players. Specifically, the highest percentages of players born in the first months of the year were the specific positions of the first offensive line and the goalkeeper. In conclusion, the results seem to confirm a relative effect of age on the players analyzed. The nationality and specific positions have a significant relationship with this., El nacimiento en diferentes trimestres del ano conlleva diferencias entre los jugadores respecto al desarrollo madurativo, las cuales pueden influir en la seleccion, desarrollo y consolidacion en el alto nivel en balonmano. El presente estudio pretendio analizar el efecto relativo de la edad en el balonmano de elite masculino en Espana. Para ello, fueron analizados los datos de nacimiento y puesto especifico de los 586 jugadores participantes en la Liga ASOBAL en las temporadas comprendidas entre 2003-04 y 2008-09, realizandose comparaciones y estudiandose las diferencias mediante pruebas Ô2 y Z. El analisis de resultados revelo la existencia de un mayor porcentaje de jugadores nacidos en el primer trimestre del ano, constatandose diferencias significativas en funcion de la nacionalidad. Concretamente, se encontraron porcentajes muy elevados de jugadores nacidos en los primeros meses del ano en los puestos especificos de la primera linea ofensiva y en el portero. Por tanto, parece confirmarse un efecto relativo de la edad en los jugadores analizados, teniendo este relacion con la nacionalidad y los puestos especificos.

Milk minerals are important for calf growth, and they have other roles as well, such as immune regulation. This 2-yr study examined content of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Zn in milk of 54 Iberian red deer hinds through 18 wk of lactation. Mean mineral composition of fresh milk was ash = 1.168 ± 0.007%, Ca = 2,330 ± 20 mg/kg, P = 640 ± 10 mg/kg, K = 1,100 ± 10 mg/kg, Na = 385 ± 3 mg/kg, Mg = 138 ± 1 mg/kg, Zn = 12.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg, and Fe = 0.65 ± 0.03 mg/kg. All minerals except Mg varied by week of lactation, but variation was usually <10% except for Fe (83% variation) and Zn (30% variation); both of those minerals increased as lactation proceeded. Increased concentrations of Fe and Zn in later lactation compensated for the reduction in milk production in mid and late lactation such that daily production was less variable for Fe (55% variation) or Zn (79% variation) than for other minerals (118 to 135% variation). Potassium content of milk decreased across time, but that effect occurred primarily during the last few weeks of lactation. Calving later vs. early in the calving season had variable effects on concentrations of different minerals: P, Mg, and K concentrations were not affected; Ca, Mg, and Na were all lower in milk from later calving hinds; and both Fe and Zn had higher concentrations in milk from hinds that calved later in the season. Lactating hinds seem to maintain a more stable daily yield of the microminerals Fe and Zn in milk compared with more variable concentrations of macrominerals as lactation progresses. Because of the essential role of Fe and Zn in immune function, a more stable supply of those minerals might be important to the health of growing red deer calves.

This study discriminated between 2 effects (birth date and presence of older calves) assessed jointly in previous studies. Birth date delay produced similar effects to those reported previously: reduced milk and milk nutrient production in late-calving hinds, concentration of milk, substitution of protein by fat, greater body weight losses of dams (hinds), and reduced calf growth. Hinds in a group consisting of early- and late-born calves produced more milk, and calves grew more than their isolated counterparts. Evidence exists for consequences of foster suckling by early-born calves in mixed groups of early- and late-born calves at the end of the standard birth period, because these calves grew more than predicted by the milk production of their dams. In contrast, no detrimental effect was found in late-born calves of this group. Lack of differences might be due to the excess of hind milk production during the first 5 wk of lactation previously recorded in other experiments.