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Depleted oil reservoirs are considered a viable solution to the global challenge of CO2 storage. A key concern is whether the wells can be suitably sealed with cement to hinder the escape of CO2. Under reservoir conditions, CO2 is in its supercritical state, and the high pressures and temperatures involved make real-time microscopic observations of cement degradation experimentally challenging. Here, we present an in situ 3D dynamic X-ray micro computed tomography (μ-CT) study of well cement carbonation at realistic reservoir stress, pore-pressure, and temperature conditions. The high-resolution time-lapse 3D images allow monitoring the progress of reaction fronts in Portland cement, including density changes, sample deformation, and mineral precipitation and dissolution. By switching between flow and nonflow conditions of CO2-saturated water through cement, we were able to delineate regimes dominated by calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. For the first time, we demonstrate experimentally the impact of the flow history on CO2 leakage risk for cement plugging. In-situ μ-CT experiments combined with geochemical modeling provide unique insight into the interactions between CO2 and cement, potentially helping in assessing the risks of CO2 storage in geological reservoirs.

We demonstrate that the possibility of monitoring relative photoionization cross sections over a large photon energy range allows us to study and disentangle shake processes and intramolecular inelastic scattering effects. In this gas-phase study, relative intensities of the carbon 1s photoelectron lines from chemically inequivalent carbon atoms in the same molecule have been measured as a function of the incident photon energy in the range of 300–6000 eV. We present relative cross sections for the chemically shifted carbon 1s lines in the photoelectron spectra of ethyl trifluoroacetate (the “ESCA” molecule). The results are compared with those of methyl trifluoroacetate and S-ethyl trifluorothioacetate as well as a series of chloro-substituted ethanes and 2-butyne. In the soft X-ray energy range, the cross sections show an extended X-ray absorption fine structure type of wiggles, as was previously observed for a series of chloroethanes. The oscillations are damped in the hard X-ray energy range, but deviations of cross-section ratios from stoichiometry persist, even at high energies. The current findings are supported by theoretical calculations based on a multiple scattering model. The use of soft and tender X-rays provides a more complete picture of the dominant processes accompanying photoionization. Such processes reduce the main photoelectron line intensities by 20–60%. Using both energy ranges enabled us to discern the process of intramolecular inelastic scattering of the outgoing electron, whose significance is otherwise difficult to assess for isolated molecules. This effect relates to the notion of the inelastic mean free path commonly used in photoemission studies of clusters and condensed matter.

We discuss two different approaches for splitting the wavefunction of a single-particle-box (SPB) into two equal parts. Adiabatic insertion of a barrier in the center of a SPB in order to make two compartments which each have probability 1/2 to find the particle in it is one of the key steps for a Szilard engine. However, any asymmetry between the volume of the compartments due to an off-center insertion of the barrier results in a particle that is fully localized in the larger compartment, in the adiabatic limit. We show that rather than exactly splitting the eigenfunctions in half by a symmetric barrier, one can use a non-adiabatic insertion of an asymmetric barrier to induce excitations to the first excited state of the full box. As the barrier height goes to infinity the excited state of the full box becomes the ground state of one of the new boxes. Thus, we can achieve close to exact splitting of the probability between the two compartments using the more realistic non-adiabatic, not perfectly centered barrier, rather than the idealized adiabatic and central barrier normally assumed., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

We present the first results from a densely instrumented mooring array upstream of the Denmark Strait sill, extending from the Iceland shelfbreak to the Greenland shelf. The array was deployed from September 2011 to July 2012, and captured the vast majority of overflow water denser than 27.8 kg m-3 approaching the sill. The mean transport of overflow water over the length of the deployment was 3.54±0.16 Sv. Of this, 0.58 Sv originated from below sill depth, revealing that aspiration takes place in Denmark Strait. We confirm the presence of two main sources of overflow water: one approaching the sill in the East Greenland Current and the other via the North Icelandic Jet. Using an objective technique based on the hydrographic properties of the water, the transports of these two sources are found to be 2.54±0.17 Sv and 1.00±0.17 Sv, respectively. We further partition the East Greenland Current source into that carried by the shelfbreak jet (1.50±0.16 Sv) versus that transported by a separated branch of the current on the Iceland slope (1.04±0.15 Sv). Over the course of the year the total overflow transport is more consistent than the transport in either branch; compensation takes place among the pathways that maintains a stable total overflow transport. This is especially true for the two East Greenland Current branches whose transports vary out of phase with each other on weekly and longer time scales. We argue that wind forcing plays a role in this partitioning..

© The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 112 (2016): 94-112, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.02.007., We present the first results from a densely instrumented mooring array upstream of the Denmark Strait sill, extending from the Iceland shelfbreak to the Greenland shelf. The array was deployed from September 2011 to July 2012, and captured the vast majority of overflow water denser than 27.8 kgm-3 approaching the sill. The mean transport of overflow water over the length of the deployment was 3.54 ± 0.16 Sv. Of this, 0.58 Sv originated from below sill depth, revealing that aspiration takes place in Denmark Strait. We confirm the presence of two main sources of overflow water: one approaching the sill in the East Greenland Current and the other via the North Icelandic Jet. Using an objective technique based on the hydrographic properties of the water, the transports of these two sources are found to be 2.54 ± 0.17 Sv and 1.00 ± 0.17 Sv, respectively. We further partition the East Greenland Current source into that carried by the shelfbreak jet (1.50 ± 0.16 Sv) versus that transported by a separated branch of the current on the Iceland slope (1.04 ± 0.15 Sv). Over the course of the year the total overflow transport is more consistent than the transport in either branch; compensation takes place among the pathways that maintains a stable total overflow transport. This is especially true for the two East Greenland Current branches whose transports vary out of phase with each other on weekly and longer time scales. We argue that wind forcing plays a role in this partitioning., The mooring and analysis work was supported by NSF OCE research grants OCE-0959381 and OCE-1433958, by the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013) under grant agreement n. 308299 NACLIM, and and by the Research Council of Norway through the Fram Centre Flaggship project 6606-299., 2017-03-24

© The Author(s), 2016. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 112 (2016): 94-112, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.02.007., We present the first results from a densely instrumented mooring array upstream of the Denmark Strait sill, extending from the Iceland shelfbreak to the Greenland shelf. The array was deployed from September 2011 to July 2012, and captured the vast majority of overflow water denser than 27.8 kgm-3 approaching the sill. The mean transport of overflow water over the length of the deployment was 3.54 ± 0.16 Sv. Of this, 0.58 Sv originated from below sill depth, revealing that aspiration takes place in Denmark Strait. We confirm the presence of two main sources of overflow water: one approaching the sill in the East Greenland Current and the other via the North Icelandic Jet. Using an objective technique based on the hydrographic properties of the water, the transports of these two sources are found to be 2.54 ± 0.17 Sv and 1.00 ± 0.17 Sv, respectively. We further partition the East Greenland Current source into that carried by the shelfbreak jet (1.50 ± 0.16 Sv) versus that transported by a separated branch of the current on the Iceland slope (1.04 ± 0.15 Sv). Over the course of the year the total overflow transport is more consistent than the transport in either branch; compensation takes place among the pathways that maintains a stable total overflow transport. This is especially true for the two East Greenland Current branches whose transports vary out of phase with each other on weekly and longer time scales. We argue that wind forcing plays a role in this partitioning., The mooring and analysis work was supported by NSF OCE research grants OCE-0959381 and OCE-1433958, by the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013) under grant agreement n. 308299 NACLIM, and and by the Research Council of Norway through the Fram Centre Flaggship project 6606-299., 2017-03-24

We present the first results from a densely instrumented mooring array upstream of the Denmark Strait sill, extending from the Iceland shelfbreak to the Greenland shelf. The array was deployed from September 2011 to July 2012, and captured the vast majority of overflow water denser than 27.8 kg m-3 approaching the sill. The mean transport of overflow water over the length of the deployment was 3.54±0.16 Sv. Of this, 0.58 Sv originated from below sill depth, revealing that aspiration takes place in Denmark Strait. We confirm the presence of two main sources of overflow water: one approaching the sill in the East Greenland Current and the other via the North Icelandic Jet. Using an objective technique based on the hydrographic properties of the water, the transports of these two sources are found to be 2.54±0.17 Sv and 1.00±0.17 Sv, respectively. We further partition the East Greenland Current source into that carried by the shelfbreak jet (1.50±0.16 Sv) versus that transported by a separated branch of the current on the Iceland slope (1.04±0.15 Sv). Over the course of the year the total overflow transport is more consistent than the transport in either branch; compensation takes place among the pathways that maintains a stable total overflow transport. This is especially true for the two East Greenland Current branches whose transports vary out of phase with each other on weekly and longer time scales. We argue that wind forcing plays a role in this partitioning..

Carbon 1s photoelectron asymmetry parameters beta for the chlorinated and the methyl carbon atom of CH3CH2Cl, CH3CHCl2, and CH3CCl3 have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 340-600 eV energy range. We provide experimental evidence that the intramolecular scattering strongly affects beta values, even far from the ionization threshold. The results are in agreement with B-spline density functional theory calculations, making it possible to single out the behavior of the various continuum partial waves. We conclude that the intramolecular scattering makes electron angular distributions sensitive to the chemical environment, even in isolated gas phase molecules.

Carbon 1s photoelectron asymmetry parameters beta for the chlorinated and the methyl carbon atom of CH3CH2Cl, CH3CHCl2, and CH3CCl3 have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 340-600 eV energy range. We provide experimental evidence that the intramolecular scattering strongly affects beta values, even far from the ionization threshold. The results are in agreement with B-spline density functional theory calculations, making it possible to single out the behavior of the various continuum partial waves. We conclude that the intramolecular scattering makes electron angular distributions sensitive to the chemical environment, even in isolated gas phase molecules.

Carbon 1s photoelectron asymmetry parameters beta for the chlorinated and the methyl carbon atom of CH3CH2Cl, CH3CHCl2, and CH3CCl3 have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 340-600 eV energy range. We provide experimental evidence that the intramolecular scattering strongly affects beta values, even far from the ionization threshold. The results are in agreement with B-spline density functional theory calculations, making it possible to single out the behavior of the various continuum partial waves. We conclude that the intramolecular scattering makes electron angular distributions sensitive to the chemical environment, even in isolated gas phase molecules.

Carbon 1s photoelectron asymmetry parameters beta for the chlorinated and the methyl carbon atom of CH3CH2Cl, CH3CHCl2, and CH3CCl3 have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 340-600 eV energy range. We provide experimental evidence that the intramolecular scattering strongly affects beta values, even far from the ionization threshold. The results are in agreement with B-spline density functional theory calculations, making it possible to single out the behavior of the various continuum partial waves. We conclude that the intramolecular scattering makes electron angular distributions sensitive to the chemical environment, even in isolated gas phase molecules.

Carbon 1s photoelectron asymmetry parameters beta for the chlorinated and the methyl carbon atom of CH3CH2Cl, CH3CHCl2, and CH3CCl3 have been measured using synchrotron radiation in the 340-600 eV energy range. We provide experimental evidence that the intramolecular scattering strongly affects beta values, even far from the ionization threshold. The results are in agreement with B-spline density functional theory calculations, making it possible to single out the behavior of the various continuum partial waves. We conclude that the intramolecular scattering makes electron angular distributions sensitive to the chemical environment, even in isolated gas phase molecules.

The local electronic structure of glycine in neutral, basic, and acidic aqueous solution is studied experimentally by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretically by molecular dynamics simulations accompanied by first-principle electronic structure and spectrum calculations. Measured and computed nitrogen and carbon is binding energies are assigned to different local atomic environments, which are shown to be sensitive to the protonation/deprotonation of the amino and carboxyl functional groups at different pH values. We report the first accurate computation of core-level chemical shifts of an aqueous solute in various protonation states and explicitly show how the distributions of photoelectron binding energies (core-level peak widths) are related to the details of the hydrogen bond configurations, i.e. the geometries of the water solvation shell and the associated electronic screening. The comparison between the experiments and calculations further enables the separation of protonation-induced (covalent) and solvent-induced (electrostatic) screening contributions to the chemical shifts in the aqueous phase. The present core-level line shape analysis facilitates an accurate interpretation of photoelectron spectra from larger biomolecular solutes than glycine.

Single-component clusters of methanol and methyl chloride have been produced by adiabatic expansion, and their carbon Is photoelectron spectra were recorded using synchrotron radiation and a high-resolution electron analyzer. The experimental spectra are interpreted by means of theoretical models based on molecular dynamics simulations. The data are used to explore to what extent core-level photoelectron spectra may provide information on the bonding mechanism and the geometric structure of clusters of polar molecules. The results indicate that the cluster-to-monomer shift in ionization energy and also the width of the cluster peak may be used to distinguish between hydrogen bonding and weaker electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the larger width of the cluster peak in methanol clusters as compared to methyl chloride clusters is partly due to the structured surface of methanol clusters. Theoretical modeling greatly facilitates the analysis of core-level photoelectron spectra of molecular clusters.

Free neutral methanol clusters produced by adiabatic expansion have been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy and line shape modeling. The results show that clusters belonging to two distinct size regimes can be produced by changing the expansion conditions. While the larger size regime can be well described by line shapes calculated for clusters consisting of hundreds of molecules, the smaller size regime corresponds to methanol oligomers, predominantly of cyclic structure. There is little contribution from dimers to the spectra.

Core-level photoelectron spectra of free neutral methane clusters have been recorded. These spectra exhibit well-resolved surface and bulk features as well as vibrational fine structure. The vibrational structure in the cluster signal is well reproduced by a theoretical model that assumes independent contributions from inter- and intramolecular modes. The intramolecular contribution to the vibrational line-shape is taken to be equal to that of the monomer in the gas phase, while the intermolecular part is simplified to line broadening. An estimate of the cluster size has been made on the basis of the observed surface-to-bulk intensity ratio.

Results on the formation and propagation of electron phase space vortices from laboratory experiments are summarized. The electron phase space vortices were excited in a strongly magnetized Q-machine plasma by applying a pulse to a segment of a waveguide surrounding the plasma. Depending on the temporal variation of the applied pulse, one or more phase space vortices can be excited, and their interaction can be followed in space and time. We were able to demonstrate, for instance, an irreversible coalescence of two such vortices. These results are extended by numerical simulations, showing how electron phase space vortices can also be formed by beam instabilities. Furthermore, a study of ion phase space vortices is performed by numerical simulations. Both codes allow for an externally applied magnetic field in three spatial dimensions. Ion phase space vortices are formed by the nonlinear saturation of the ion-ion two-stream instability, excited by injecting an ion beam at the plasma boundary. By following the evolution of the ion distribution of the velocity perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the injected ion beam, we find a significant ion heating in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field associated with the ion phase space vortices being formed. The results are relevant, for instance, for the interpretation of observations by instrumented spacecraft in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere.

Gülen Arslan Lied,1–3 Kjetil Børve Lund,4 Torgeir Storaas21Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; 2Section of Clinical Allergy, Department of Occupational Diseases, 3Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, 4Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, NorwayAbstract: Surgiflo Haemostatic Matrix is an absorbable gelatin matrix hemostatic material that has been widely used in various surgical operations to assist hemostasis. Nonetheless, as biologically active agents (contains porcine gelatin), there is potential for allergic reactions to these products. Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old man who had intraoperative anaphylaxis with cardiovascular events to gelatin associated with the use of a topical hemostatic agent (Surgiflo). The patient reported a history of red meat allergy and tick bites during his allergological examination after anaphylaxis. He also had high levels of specific IgE antibodies towards alpha-gal. Special consideration should be given before administering bovine- or porcine-derived gelatin products during surgery to patients with animal-related allergies, such as alpha-gal or gelatin allergy and an atopic background.Keywords: gelatin allergy, alpha-gal allergy, hemostatic agents, anaphylaxis

Gülen Arslan Lied,1–3 Kjetil Børve Lund,4 Torgeir Storaas21Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; 2Section of Clinical Allergy, Department of Occupational Diseases, 3Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, 4Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, NorwayAbstract: Surgiflo Haemostatic Matrix is an absorbable gelatin matrix hemostatic material that has been widely used in various surgical operations to assist hemostasis. Nonetheless, as biologically active agents (contains porcine gelatin), there is potential for allergic reactions to these products. Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old man who had intraoperative anaphylaxis with cardiovascular events to gelatin associated with the use of a topical hemostatic agent (Surgiflo). The patient reported a history of red meat allergy and tick bites during his allergological examination after anaphylaxis. He also had high levels of specific IgE antibodies towards alpha-gal. Special consideration should be given before administering bovine- or porcine-derived gelatin products during surgery to patients with animal-related allergies, such as alpha-gal or gelatin allergy and an atopic background.Keywords: gelatin allergy, alpha-gal allergy, hemostatic agents, anaphylaxis

An increasingly competitive environment can lead to considerable problems for many organizations as they struggle to adapt to change. As a result, they fail to create the conditions that can lead to sustainable development over the long term, thus affecting the capabilities of employees. This book provides a fresh perspective on sustainable change and development in organizations, as well as a critical perspective on lean implementation, work environment and sustainability. The expert contributors address the development in, and of, organizations, as well as the development process between organizations, such as in networks or clusters. They discuss topics, such as the role of customers in the development of public organizations; developing knowledgeable practice at work; exploring evidence-based practice and the challenge of regional gender contracts. Undergraduates and postgraduates in different management fields including organizational theory, innovation, human resources, quality development and entrepreneurship will find this book to be of interest. The empirical results and interdisciplinary approach will appeal to practitioners and policy-makers at national, as well as international levels., Contents:1. Sustainable Development in Organizations: Mattias Elg, Per-Erik Ellström, Magnus Klofsten and Malin Tillmar2. Subsidiarity in the Organization – A Key Issue to Prevent Psychosocial Risk: François Danelliou3. Lean Implementation, Work Environment and Sustainability: Jörgen Eklund, Agneta Halvarsson Lundkvist and Pernilla Lindskog4. Conditions for Presenteeism and Production in Changing Organizations: Kerstin Ekberg, Maria Gustavsson and Anna-Carin Fagerlind Ståhl5. Towards the Collaborative Hospital – Harnessing the Potential of Enabling Care Processes and Structures: Thim Prætorious, Peter Hasle, Kasper Edwards and Anders Paarup Nielsen6. Program Steering by Learning : Agneta Halvarsson Lundkvist and Henrik Kock7. The Role of Customers in the Development of Public Organizations: Jon Engström, Mattias Elg, Bozena Poksinska, Lars Witell and Hannah Snyder8. Developing Knowledgeable Practice at Work: Karen Evans9. Trajcetories of Learning in Practice-Based Innovation – Organizational Roles at Play in Sustainable Innovation Management : Mervi Hasu, Eveliina Saari, Laura Honkaniemi, Tiina Tuominen, Mikko H. Lehtonen, Katri Kallio and Marja Toivonen10. Exploring Evidence-Based Practice in Practice – The Case of Social Work: Gunilla Avby, Per Nilsen and Per-Erik Ellström11. New Forms of Organizations – New Ways to Organize: Lena Högberg, Elisabeth Sundin and Malin Tillmar12. Women Small-Business Owners’ Challenge of Regional Gender Contracts: Birgitta Sköld13. Organizational Formalization in New High Tech Ventures – A Dual-Actor Process: Ingela Sölvell14. The Nordic Model in a Global Company Situated in Norway – Challenging Institutional Orders?: Hege Eggen Børve and Elin Kvande15. The Permeable University – A Study of PHD Student Mobility and Academic Entrepreneurship Intentions: Dzamila Bienkowska, Henry Etzkowitz and Magnus Klofsten

An increasingly competitive environment can lead to considerable problems for many organizations as they struggle to adapt to change. As a result, they fail to create the conditions that can lead to sustainable development over the long term, thus affecting the capabilities of employees. This book provides a fresh perspective on sustainable change and development in organizations, as well as a critical perspective on lean implementation, work environment and sustainability. The expert contributors address the development in, and of, organizations, as well as the development process between organizations, such as in networks or clusters. They discuss topics, such as the role of customers in the development of public organizations; developing knowledgeable practice at work; exploring evidence-based practice and the challenge of regional gender contracts. Undergraduates and postgraduates in different management fields including organizational theory, innovation, human resources, quality development and entrepreneurship will find this book to be of interest. The empirical results and interdisciplinary approach will appeal to practitioners and policy-makers at national, as well as international levels., Contents:1. Sustainable Development in Organizations: Mattias Elg, Per-Erik Ellström, Magnus Klofsten and Malin Tillmar2. Subsidiarity in the Organization – A Key Issue to Prevent Psychosocial Risk: François Danelliou3. Lean Implementation, Work Environment and Sustainability: Jörgen Eklund, Agneta Halvarsson Lundkvist and Pernilla Lindskog4. Conditions for Presenteeism and Production in Changing Organizations: Kerstin Ekberg, Maria Gustavsson and Anna-Carin Fagerlind Ståhl5. Towards the Collaborative Hospital – Harnessing the Potential of Enabling Care Processes and Structures: Thim Prætorious, Peter Hasle, Kasper Edwards and Anders Paarup Nielsen6. Program Steering by Learning : Agneta Halvarsson Lundkvist and Henrik Kock7. The Role of Customers in the Development of Public Organizations: Jon Engström, Mattias Elg, Bozena Poksinska, Lars Witell and Hannah Snyder8. Developing Knowledgeable Practice at Work: Karen Evans9. Trajcetories of Learning in Practice-Based Innovation – Organizational Roles at Play in Sustainable Innovation Management : Mervi Hasu, Eveliina Saari, Laura Honkaniemi, Tiina Tuominen, Mikko H. Lehtonen, Katri Kallio and Marja Toivonen10. Exploring Evidence-Based Practice in Practice – The Case of Social Work: Gunilla Avby, Per Nilsen and Per-Erik Ellström11. New Forms of Organizations – New Ways to Organize: Lena Högberg, Elisabeth Sundin and Malin Tillmar12. Women Small-Business Owners’ Challenge of Regional Gender Contracts: Birgitta Sköld13. Organizational Formalization in New High Tech Ventures – A Dual-Actor Process: Ingela Sölvell14. The Nordic Model in a Global Company Situated in Norway – Challenging Institutional Orders?: Hege Eggen Børve and Elin Kvande15. The Permeable University – A Study of PHD Student Mobility and Academic Entrepreneurship Intentions: Dzamila Bienkowska, Henry Etzkowitz and Magnus Klofsten