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In this paper we discuss a change in the auxiliary selectional pattern of Brazilian Venetan, a heritage Italo-Romance variety spoken in southern Brazil. Venetan varieties display a default form of the past participle in constructions with postverbal subjects and a fully agreeing form in constructions with preverbal subjects: this is true both for the homeland varieties of the language, spoken in northern Italy, as well as for the heritage variety under analysis in this paper, spoken in southern Brazil. A crucial difference emerges in unaccusative constructions: while Italian Venetan uses the same form of the auxiliary be in presence of preverbal and postverbal subjects, Brazilian Venetan uses a specialized form of the auxiliary in the constructions with default agreement on the past participle, when postverbal subjects are present. We argue that the specialized auxiliary form emerges as a necessary resumption in the case of lack of agreement. The heritage variety becomes, therefore, morphosyntactically more complex than the non-heritage counterpart.

This thesis report is about designing a prototype and establishing audio communication between a computer and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) using two preamp circuits using both auxiliary and USB connection. The paper gives the reader an overview on how audio is transmitted from a computer, through the system and to the desired output. The reader should also get a better understanding of how an AD-converter samples the incoming signal to the Discrete plane and how an AUX or phone connector works. This information can be used for designing preamp circuits to communicate between a computer and the DSP. The DSP circuit uses an STM32 processor to control the incoming and outgoing signals with the use of ADC and DAC conversion. The DSP also uses microphones to capture surrounding sound. An addition is to make a prototype on how to use these microphones to send the signal upstream to the computer. The microphone is then benchmarked with the use of Matlab, calculating Total Harmonic Distortion. Management and optimization of code structure and resources is done in the source files of the project. Using imperative C programing, large functions are broken down into smaller functions to ease readability and control flow. The result is a prototype circuit that can communicate audio signals with both audio jack and USB between computers input and output to the DSP. Using CubeMX in conjunction with CubeIDE to add additional ADC channels to be able to incorporate an automatic source control when the audio jack or USB is connected., Denna avhandling handlar om att designa en prototyp och etablera ljudkommunikation mellan en dator och en digital signalprocessor (DSP) med hjälp av två förstärkarkretsar genom både aux- och USB-anslutning. Rapporten ger läsaren en översikt över hur ljud skickas från en dator, genom systemet och till önskad utgång. Läsaren bör också få en bättre förståelse för hur en AD-omvandlare fungerar för att sampla den inkommande signalen till tidsdiskreta planet och hur en AUX- eller telekabel fungerar. Målet är att använda denna information för att skapa förstärkare som kan kommunicera mellan en dator och DSP:en. DSP-kretsen använder en STM32-processor för att hantera de inkommande och utgående signalerna med användning av ADC- och DAC-omvandling. DSP:en använder också mikrofoner för att fånga omgivande ljud. Ett tillägg är att skapa en prototyp för hur man kan använda en av mikrofonerna för att skicka signalen till datorn. Mikrofonen jämförs sedan med hjälp av Matlab genom att beräkna total harmonisk distorsion. Hantering och optimering av kodstruktur och resurser görs i projektets källkodsfiler. Genom att använda imperativ C-programmering bryts stora funktioner ned i mindre funktioner för att underlätta läsbarheten och styrningen av flödet. Resultatet är en prototypkrets som kan kommunicera ljudsignaler med både ljuduttag och USB mellan datorns in- och utgång och DSP:en. Genom att använda CubeMX tillsammans med CubeIDE läggs ytterligare ADC-kanaler för att möjliggöra automatisk källkontroll när ljuduttaget eller USB-anslutningen är ansluten.

The irregular nature of the verb haber ('to have') and its high frequency of use derived from its primary function as an auxiliary make it a linguistic object heavily subject to morphological variation, as evinced by the dialectal Spanish literature. In the absence of a specific work on the non-standard variants of haber in the formation of compound tenses, this paper explores more than 300 samples of spontaneous speech taken from the Audible Corpus of Spoken Rural Spanish for the first time using a global perspective with the aim of unveiling possible geolectal spread areas of each variant. The results reveal that the distribution of the dialectal forms is not aleatory, but rather conforms to geographic patterns that shed new light to the observations of traditional dialectology and explain why certain variants settled down only in specific areas., La condición irregular del verbo haber y su elevada frecuencia de uso derivada de su función primordial como auxiliar lo convierten en un objeto lingüístico fuertemente sujeto a variación morfológica, tal como ponen de manifiesto los estudios dialectales del español. A falta de un trabajo específico sobre las variantes no estándares que despliega haber en la formación de los tiempos compuestos, este artículo las explora por primera vez desde un prisma de conjunto con el propósito de desenmascarar las eventuales áreas de dispersión geolectal de cada variante. Para ello se analizarán más de 300 muestras de habla espontánea procedentes del Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural. Los resultados revelan que la distribución de las formas dialectales no es aleatoria, sino que se ajusta a patrones geográficos que permiten matizar con nueva luz las observaciones de la dialectología tradicional y explicar por qué ciertas variantes triunfaron solo en áreas concretas.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the construction of Verb Phrase ellipsis in both English and French. More specifically, the paper examines whether English and French form the verbal ellipsis in a same way. The study also tests an assumption, stating that the semantic opposition between deontic and epistemic modal auxiliaries distinguishes English and French VP-ellipsis. In doing so, a number of French and English elliptical verb phrases have been examined using the contrastive method. After analysing several examples gathered from some studies in the existing literature, it is argued that these elliptical VPs are differently conventionalized in the two languages. What has been found is, English often expresses VP-ellipsis using an auxiliary or a modal verb followed by a gap (e.g. absence of the past participle or main verb) while this is rarely acceptable in French. Exceptions only exist after modal verbs. French on the other hand, has various means to form VP-ellipsis. The analysis finally confirms that ellipsis is possible in English after both deontic and epistemic modal verbs while French only accepts ellipsis after deontic modals such as devoir ‘must, should’ and pouvoir ‘can, may’.

This paper examines the degree of grammaticalization of the periphrasis -andar + gerund-. For that purpose, its syntactic and semantic evolution is studied in a diachronic corpus of examples that covers the period from the 13th century until the 21st century. The quantitative analysis of a number of syntactic features, specifically the adjacency of the auxiliary verb and the gerund, the internal order of the two verb forms and the movement of the clitic toward the auxiliary, shows that on a formal level grammaticalization of the periphrasis is complete, while, at the same time, its relative frequency has remained stable. On the other hand, in the semantic range the periphrasis displays a less consistent behaviour. Although in the course of time the verb andar loses its lexical meaning of physical movement and the subject of the construction is faced with a weakening of control, phenomena that point at a complete grammaticalization of the periphrasis, the existence of selective restrictions regarding the gerund suggests that the grammacalization process has not come to an end yet. Therefore, the case of -andar + gerund- reveals the stratification and gradualness of the grammaticalization process, which does not affect every linguistic level in the same way and at the same time, but gradually spreads through the different features that make up a construction, El presente trabajo examina el grado de gramaticalización de la perífrasis andar + gerundio. Para ello, se estudia su evolución sintáctica y semántica en un corpus de ejemplos diacrónico que abarca los siglos xiii-xxi. El análisis cuantitativo de ciertos rasgos sintácticos, a saber, la adyacencia del auxiliar y el gerundio, el orden interno de ambas formas verbales y la subida de clíticos, muestra que en el plano formal la gramaticalización de la perífrasis es completa, mientras que, al mismo tiempo, su frecuencia relativa se ha mantenido estable. Por otra parte, en el plano semántico, la perífrasis exhibe un comportamiento menos consistente. Si bien con el paso del tiempo el verbo andar va perdiendo su significado léxico de movimiento físico y se produce un debilitamiento de control por parte del sujeto de la construcción, fenómenos que apuntan a que la perífrasis ha llegado a una gramaticalización completa, la existencia de restricciones selectivas respecto del gerundio sugiere que el proceso de gramaticalización no se ha consumado totalmente. El caso de andar + gerundio, por lo tanto, pone de manifiesto la estratificación y gradualidad del proceso de gramaticalización, que no afecta a cada nivel lingüístico de manera igual y simultánea, sino que se propaga gradualmente a través de los distintos rasgos que integran una construcción

Se hacen unas reflexiones acerca de la hipotética recuperación del “delito de fuga” en el ámbito de la circulación. Sin embargo, se comprueba que en la legislación penal española nunca ha existido un delito de fuga en sentido estricto. Lo que tipificaban las leyes de 9 de mayo de 1950 y 122/1962 eran especiales omisiones de auxilio a la víctima del delito. El propuesto nuevo artículo 382 Bis CP, va a incorporar en 2019 un delito de fuga fundamentado en criterios morales tales como “la maldad intrínseca” del que abandona al lesionado o fallecido en el acciente, ajenos por completo incluso a aquellos ordenamientos jurídicos como el alemán que históricamente incluyen un delito de abandono del lugar del accidente sin victima como un delito contra la administración encargada de investigar el accidente., Reflections are made on the hypothetical recovery of the failing to stop offence in the field of traffic. However, in the Spanish Criminal Law there has never existed a failing to stop offence in a very real sense. What was included into Laws 9th of May 1950 and Law 122/1962 were special failure to rescue cases. The new proposed article 382 bis of the Penal Code is going to incorporate a failing to stop offence based on moral criteria such as the “intrinsic evil” of the person who leaves the one who becomes died or injured in the accident. These criteria are completely far-removed from even those legal systems, such as the German one, which historically include a failing to stop offence without a victim as an offence against the Administration which is in charge of investigating the road accident.

This letter deals with message passing receiver design for joint channel estimation and decoding in MIMO-OFDM with unknown noise variance. The conventional factor graph representation for the system involves observation factors, which are functions of a number of variables in the form of multiplication and summation. In this work, by introducing some auxiliary variables, we further break each of the observation factors into several factors, which enables the use of hybrid mean field (MF), belief propagation (BP), and expectation propagation (EP) message passing to tackle the observation factors. It turns out that our approach is much more efficient than the existing approaches, leading to remarkable performance improvement as shown by simulation results.

Second Language (L2, hereafter) learning and teaching is an interesting field of research. During the past few decades, extensive researches have been conducted in this area in an effort to find out a universal model of language teaching and learning. In these substantial efforts, the learners’ errors are put under the great consideration. Learners’ errors are not the sign of inability of learners but are the evidences of learners’ strategies of second language learning.

The article is an attempt at a different look at aiding and abetting in criminal law. The provisions of the Penal Code of 1997 are analysed against the background of model solutions of criminal liability for aiding and abetting and the modern modifications of this crime. It deals with deviations from the theory of crime, the participation in criminal acts committed by others and criminal acts perpetrated by individuals acting independently. While analysing the current wording of the provisions governing criminal liability for aiding and abetting, the author proposes that they be classified as certain types of criminal acts. Further, proposing a different view on the construction of types of prohibited acts, he identifies provisions of the existing Penal Code that ought to be amended., Artykuł stanowi próbę odmiennego spojrzenia na konstrukcję podżegania i pomocnictwa. Autor analizuje przepisy k.k. z 1997 r. na tle modelowych rozwiązań odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępne współdziałanie i ich współczesnych modyfikacji. W publikacji przedstawiono odstępstwa od teorii postaci zjawiskowych przestępstwa, udziału w cudzym czynie i jednolitego sprawstwa. Analizując aktualne brzmienie przepisów regulujących odpowiedzialność karną za podżeganie i pomocnictwo, autor proponuje ich ujęcie jako typów zjawiskowych przestępstwa. Proponując odmienne spojrzenie na konstrukcję typ typów czynów zabronionych, przedstawia propozycję zmian w przepisach obowiązującego kodeksu karnego.

Viruses of marine cyanobacteria frequently contain auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that augment host metabolism during infection, but little is known about their adaptive significance. We analyzed the distribution and genomic context of 33 AMGs across 60 cyanomyovirus genomes. Similarity in AMG content among cyanomyoviruses was only weakly correlated with phylogenetic relatedness; however, AMG content was generally conserved within the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU). A virus' AMG repertoire was also correlated with its isolation host and environment (coastal versus open ocean). A new analytical method based on shared co-linear blocks revealed that variation in the genomic location of an AMG was negatively correlated with its frequency across the genomes. We propose that rare AMGs are more frequently gained or lost as a result of fluctuating selection pressures, whereas common AMGs are associated with stable selection pressures. Finally, we describe a unique cyanomyovirus (S-CAM7) that lacks many AMGs including the photosynthesis gene psbA.

Authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocols allow two parties communicating over an insecure network to establish a common secret key. They are among the most widely used cryptographic protocols in practice. In order to resist key-leakage attacks, several leakage resilient AKE protocols have been proposed recently in the bounded leakage model. In this paper, we initiate the study on leakage resilient AKE in the auxiliary input model. A promising way to construct such a protocol is to use a digital signature scheme that is entropically-unforgeable under chosen message and auxiliary input attacks. However, to date we are not aware of any digital signature scheme that can satisfy this requirement. On the other hand, we show that in the random oracle model, it is sufficient to use a digital signature scheme that is secure under random message and auxiliary input attacks in order to build a secure AKE protocol in the auxiliary input model, while the existence of such a digital signature scheme has already been proven. We will also give a comparison between the existing public-key encryption based and digital signature based leakage resilient AKE protocols. We show that the latter can provide a higher level of security than the former.

The topic of this thesis is the evolutionary history of werden in German with reference to its four functions – as full verb, as copula and as auxiliary verb in combination with the past participle in the Vorgangspassiv and also in combination with the infinitive to denote future and, in some circumstances, epistemic modal events. On the basis of scrutiny of diachronic results and a discussion of views put forward in the synchronic literature and empirically corroborated by a detailed analysis of a corpus, it is argued that the unique position of werden in the German verb arena was made possible by its non-specified meaning of dynamic existence, by its medial, non-agentive diathesis and, crucially, by its additivity, and its actional and aspectual underdetermination. The unique combination of these characteristics is the prerequisite for weerden´s special developmental strategy, i.e. connecting with diverse partners, e.g. noun, adjective participle, infinitive. These interactions with various partners made it possible for werden to acquire a developmental history characterised by increasing complexity and diversity. The outcome was a development that extends into the areas of aspect, voice, tense and mood. The thesis shows how that development progressed, differing from the ‘normal’ course of a grammaticalization in that it involved no morphological, scarcely any phonological and no true lexical impoverishment of the verb werden. All that was required of the verb was its extreme adaptability, and this property was inherent in its complex of characteristics. As to the lexical meaning of the verb, werden seems to manifest itself as a marker of dynamic existence, that may appear in any of the verb’s functions partly as an inherent change element and partly as a confirmation effect implying speaker-guaranteed confirmation of the statement.

In North Sámi, inceptives can be formed with the inceptive verb álgit, with the morphologically bound form -goahtit, or by changing the theme vowel of the base verb. The syntactic properties of these inceptives indicate that -goahtit is an auxiliary, and so is álgit when it takes a verbal complement. These inceptive auxiliaries are located below tense, and also below obligational and permissive modals, conditional mood, negation, and the head encoding progressive aspect,while they are located above causative, passive and frequentative aspect. The position of inceptive auxiliaries in North Sámi is not in accordance with neither of the two positions for inceptives suggested by Cinque (2006),since on Cinque’s proposal, inceptives that are below modals should also be below the causative and the passive. The North Sámi inceptives álgit and -goahtit are also problematic for Fukuda (2008), since they are located higher that any of the two inceptive positions identified by him. The inceptives involving change of theme vowels could however be associated with Fukuda’s higher inceptive position, since they take VP as their complement. Notably, álgit can also appear with only nominal dependents, and I argue that it is then the main verb of the clause.

Individuals exposed to extreme heat may experience reduced physiological and cognitive performance, even during very light work. This can have disastrous effects on the operational capability of aircrew, but such impairment could be prevented by auxiliary cooling devices. This hypothesis was tested under very hot-dry conditions, in which eight males performed 2 h of low-intensity exercise (similar to 30 W) in three trials, whilst wearing biological and chemical protective clothing: temperate (control: 20A degrees C, 30% relative humidity) and two hot-dry trials (48A degrees C, 20% relative humidity), one without (experimental) and one with liquid cooling (water at 15A degrees C). Physiological strain and six cognitive functions were evaluated (MiniCog Rapid Assessment Battery), and participants drank to sustain hydration state. Maximal core temperatures averaged 37.0A degrees C (+/- 0.1) in the control trial, and were significantly elevated in the experimental trial (38.9A degrees C +/- A 0.3; P < 0.05). Similarly, heart rates peaked at 92 beats min(-1) (+/- 7) and 133 beats min(-1) (+/- 4; P < 0.05), respectively. Liquid cooling reduced maximal core temperatures (37.3A degrees C +/- A 0.1; P < 0.05) and heart rates 87 beats min(-1) (+/- 3; P < 0.05) in the heat, such that neither now differed significantly from the control trial (P > 0.05). However, despite inducing profound hyperthermia and volitional fatigue, no cognitive degradation was evident in the heat (P > 0.05). Since extensive dehydration was prevented, it appears that thermal strain in the absence of dehydration may have minimal impact upon cognitive function, at least as evaluated within this experiment.

Currently the United States Navy (USN) and Military Sealift Command (MSC) have four ships of the T-ARS class (Rescue & Salvage): Safe guard (T-ARS 50), Grasp (T-ARS 51), Salvor (T-ARS 52), and Grapple (T-ARS 53). These agencies also operate four ships of the T-ATF class (Fleet Ocean Tug): Catawba (T-ATF 168), Navajo (T-ATF 169), Sioux (T-ATF 171), and Apache (T-ATF 172). These ships were commissioned during the 1980 s and will begin to reach the end of their forty-year life expectancy in 2019. The Navy, and more specifically the Center for Innovation in Ship Design (CISD) at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD), is exploring the design space for a single platform to fulfill the mission capabilities of both the T-ARS and T-ATF. A major component of this project is utilization of modularity. This will include modularity in construction; hull, mechanical, and electrical (HM&E) systems; mission specific systems; and crew accomadations. The goal of modularity is to allow a single platform to be equipped quickly with the tools, machinery, and equipment necessary to perform an array of missions more efficiently than multiple mission tailored ship classes. The missions of the combined platform include but are not limited to, towing, dive support, salvage, submarine rescue, oil spill clean up, and humanitarian aid., The original document contains color images.

We reported previously that sensory neurons isolated from mice with a heterozygous mutation of the Nf1 gene (Nf1+/-) exhibited greater excitability and increased sodium current densities compared to wildtype mice. This raises the question as to whether the increased current density resulted from post-translational modifications or increased expression of sodium channels. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure expression levels of the nine different voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunits and the four associated auxiliary subunits in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) obtained from wildtype and Nf1+/- mice. The Relative Expression Software Tool indicated that Nav1.1, Nav1.3, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8 were significantly elevated in DRG isolated from Nf1+/- mice. Expression of Nav1.2, Nav1.5, Nav1.6, and Nav1.9 were not significantly altered. The gene transcript for Nav1.4 was not detected. There were no significant changes in the relative expression levels of beta subunits. The Nav1.9 subtype was the most abundant with Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 being the next most abundant subtypes, whereas Nav1.3 was relatively less abundant. For the beta subunits, B1 was by far the most abundant subtype. These results demonstrate that the increased expression levels of Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and perhaps Nav1.1 in the Nf1+/- DRG make the largest contribution to the increased sodium current density and thus give rise to the enhanced excitability., The original document contains color images.

At the turn of the century and with the end of the cold war traditional twentieth century combat methods underwent a radical change. Armies no longer faced off over strategic pieces of land, but fought asymmetrical battles involving small-scale raids against one another in urban environments. This change required a smaller, more agile force that could respond to small-scale insurgent attacks. In order to achieve this smaller force, the services started to contract out auxiliary services, freeing up soldiers for combat. With the rise of contracted auxiliary support came the need for experienced and qualified contracting personnel who could deploy with combat troops around the world to quickly provide the needed auxiliary support. In response to this need, Congress mandated the implementation of joint contingency contracting policies for combat operations in January 2008 (10 USC 2333). With the new role of Navy personnel as Individual Augmentees (IA) supporting combat ground forces for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in Iraq, the need for experienced and qualified Navy Contracting Officers has increased. This report examines to what extent the Navy has implemented 10 USC 2333 and the impact it is having on Navy contracting officers.

A collaborative program was successfully conducted by Humaware and the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) (managed by U.S. Army International Technology Center- Atlantic (USAITC-A)) between October 2010 and February 2011 to assess the performance of the Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Autotrend dynamic alert detection technology as an augmentation to the Apache Modernized Signal Processor Unit (MSPU) fault detection technology. After an initial setup and optimization of the processing parameters, these results were achieved with a single set of parameters to control the CFAR and Autotrend processing, indicating a robustness that should result in a low overhead for data management. The evaluation data set contained events for all Condition Indicators (CIs) and for a large number of modules for the MSPU equipped AH-64D Apache helicopter. There was one set of CIs for the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) that clearly indicated significant data quality issues, and these are being investigated by the Army. The principal findings of the assessment are that the CFAR Autotrend technology- (1) Exceeds the fixed threshold detection accuracy; (2) provides a significantly earlier detection than the fixed thresholds; (3) detects maintenance events (material faults) that are not identified by fixed thresholds; and (4) is ready for use as na engineering tool in its current form., The original document contains color images.

Power deficiencies have developed and presently continue to exist in numerous remote applications thus limiting mission effectiveness. The warfighter, first responder, personnel stationed in remote location as well as shelters, and command posts have been burdened with exhaustive amounts of electronics and demand for power has increased beyond the capability of supply and re-supply. The only viable solution to this problem is to equip the user with advanced battery technology, specifically high energy lithium-ion batteries, designed for this application. This paper will discuss the development of a man portable auxiliary power unit designed specifically to address these issues.

NPS Technology Focus Areas: Small Engines, Reformation/Fuel Cells and Robotic Power. Mission goals for each focus area: High power density engine APU that can provide up to 45 kWe auxiliary power to meet increasing onboard vehicle power demands without reducing mobility. Silent Watch (undetectable at 50m) through the use of a fuel cell based APU that power mission equipment with main engine off while the vehicle is stationary with reduced acoustic and thermal signature. Small UGV power through small engine and fuel cell based solutions that can extend the mission duration and range of UGVs, reducing risk to soldiers., The original document contains color images.

In dieser Dissertation wurden Verfahren für die konvergente Synthese von Peptide entwickelt. Für die erweiterte native chemische Ligation kamen bisher raumbeanspruchende Auxiliare zum Einsatz, die anspruchsvolle Ligationen behinderten. Zudem waren die drastischen säure-basierten Abspaltbedinungen mit vielen post-translationalen Modifikationen nicht vereinbar. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein neuartiges Auxiliargerüst mit geringerem Raumanspruch untersucht, dass eine erheblich mildere Abspaltung unter basischen Bedingungen ermöglichte. Dazu wurde ein kleiner Elektronenakzeptorsubsituent eingeführt, durch den nach der Ligation eine das Zielpeptid freisetzende Eliminierungsreaktion induziert werden konnte. Weiterhin konnte die Verwendung des kommerziell verfügbaren Penicillamins als Vorläufer in der Ligations-Entschwefelungs-Strategie demonstriert werden. Abschließend wurde die Ligation mit sequenz-internem Cystein untersucht. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass Peptide mit Cystein in einer bestimmten Position bevorzugt in thioester-basierten Kondensationen reagierten., In this thesis approaches for convergent synthesis of peptides have been developed. In the extended native chemical ligation so far space demanding auxiliaries encumbered challenging condensations. Furthermore the required drastic acidolytic cleavage conditions were furthermore incompatible with many post-translational modifications. In the thesis a nouvelle less space demanding scaffold was scrutinized which allowed a milder basic cleavage. Therefore a small electron-accepting substituent was introduced that enabled the induction of an elimination reaction liberating the target peptide after the peptide ligation had taken place. Furthermore the applicability of the commercially available penicillamine as precursor of valine in the ligation-desulfurization strategy could be demonstrated. Finally the ligation with sequence internal cysteines was scrutinized. Herein it could be shown that certain peptides with cysteine in a distinctive position of the sequence preferable reacted in thioester-based condensation reactions.

Under support from TARDEC, an effort to develop a 10 kWe compact reliable robust power system for combat-vehicle applications is well underway. This system operates on battlefield-spec JP-8 to provide silent auxiliary power for the vehicle. The reformer converts JP-8 into a hydrogen rich reformate. The power system combines the reformer with a High-Temperature PEM (HTPEM) fuel-cell stack that retains the quick startup time of a PEM fuel-cell stack while dramatically improving the tolerance to fuel impurities to levels closer to that of SOFC stacks. The paper covers the power system development with the emphasis on the 300-hour demonstration of the 10 kWe reformer operating on JP-8 and its current integration with the fuel cell to produce the 10 kWe power system for 1000 hour demonstration and delivery to TACOM., Presented at the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS 2009), held in Troy, MI on 18-20 August 2009. The original document contains color images.

There are many applications for fuel cell electric generators. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) to provide secondary power start up of the larger aircraft main engines. APU to provide power to large trucks' cabins during stops to run air conditioning and refrigeration equipment to minimize CO2 emissions. Distributed power generation, where quiet electric generators are distributed to strategic locations to provide power to residential subdivisions and industrial compounds to cut down on transmission cost, power losses, and emissions are applications well suited for fuel cells technology. For practical reasons, these power generators would use the fuel available in the applications. APUs will use the same fuel of the main engine which is jet fuel (kerosene) in the case of aircraft and diesel or biodiesel in the case of large trucks; distributed power fuel cells will use available fuel such as natural gas (methane) or propane. The ability to reform multitude of fuels can accelerate the introduction of more efficient and quiet fuel cell electric generators into power applications. This report describes the demonstration of the direct steam reforming technology and its results in reforming of JP-8, Synthetic jet fuel (S-8), diesel, biodiesel, and propane., The original document contains color images.

This report presents the results of a limited investigation and characterization of an Auxiliary Tasking during Boundary Avoidance Tracking (AT BAT). The pilot-aircraft system was evaluated with 3 different lateral-directional control models on 3 different tasks. Approximately 20 hours of simulation and 10 test flights were accomplished. Sims were accomplished in the Large Amplitude Multi-mode Aerospace Research Simulator (LAMARS). Sorties were flown on the NF-16D Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft (VISTA)., The original document contains color images.

This paper presents a prototype real time clock ensemble designed for semi-autonomous operation at unmanned Loran-C radionavigation transmitting stations. This clock is designed to mitigate a doomsday scenario where all space-based timing assets are lost. It is implemented using three free-running commercial cesium oscillators, a traditional measurement system, and an Auxiliary Output Generator (AOG) phase-locked to the weighted mean of the cesium ensemble. A relatively inexpensive rubidium oscillator is used as the AOG with Proportional Integral (PI) compensator steering. A robust design ensures continuous clock operation when several components have failed or are otherwise unavailable. Measurements are made to multiple external timing sources, any one of which may be used to discipline the clock. The clock maintains a plus-or-minus 15 nanosecond phase difference relative to UTC via GPS without user interaction. Additionally, it has been shown to maintain plus-or-minus 50 nanoseconds for 70 days upon loss of all external timing reference. The clock is currently disciplined using one-way GPS broadcasts. Future implementation may include the ability to discipline using all-in-view GNSS and Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT)., See also ADM002186. Presented at the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting (40th) held in Reston, Virginia on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting (40th), p227-240, 2008. The original document contains color images.

The management at the Defense Security Service (DSS) and personnel concerned with property accountability should read this report because it discusses accountability for assets that contain personally identifiable information (PII) and the requirements for reporting unauthorized disclosure of PII. DSS provides the Secretary of Defense, DoD Components, and Defense contractors security support services. In February 2005, DSS transferred responsibility for the personnel security investigation function to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), along with 1,567 DSS employees. The former Director of DSS also transferred common access cards (CACs), safes, laptops, and auxiliary hard drives to OPM. DSS management in place during the transfer of the personnel security investigation function to OPM created a lack of accountability for assets, posing an undue risk of compromising PII for military, civilian, and contractor employees who were investigated for personnel security clearances between 1997 and 2005. Through substantial efforts of its current management, DSS located and confirmed by unique identifier 308 of an estimated 501 initially unaccounted-for laptops. DSS obtained additional information demonstrating reasonable assurance that the remaining 193 laptops did not leave control of Government personnel; therefore, PII contained on the laptops is not at risk. Although DSS has accounted for the 501 initially unaccounted-for laptops, the initial listing of 501 laptops was not accurate. Additional laptops may still need to be accounted for. DSS demonstrated to the Defense Privacy Office that there was no indication the unaccounted-for laptops had left the control of Government personnel. Based on the information provided by Defense Security Service, the Defense Privacy Office concluded that the risk of unauthorized disclosure of PII was not high enough to warrant public notification. Consequently, DSS did not issue a public notification. Although the Defense Privacy O

The U.S. Coast Guard lacks the personnel and resources to fill critical gaps in its safety and security missions without help from its volunteer arm, the Coast Guard Auxiliary. It is for this reason that Department of Homeland Security and Coast Guard leaders have become dependent on the Auxiliary to achieve a number of Coast Guard missions, a reliance that has become more tenuous as Auxiliary membership dropped 20.61% since 2003 to the current 28,635. This trend is in sharp contrast to membership trends in other large volunteer groups in the U.S. Further, at its current strength, the Auxiliary is far from the 48,000 member goal declared mission-critical by 2000 in the 1987 Coast Guard report to the U.S. Congress. This thesis describes the Auxiliary's 69-year history and examines the reasons for the organization's decreasing membership. In this process, the thesis also revealed the absence of a systematic, quantitative tool to assess Auxiliary recruiting and retention practices. This thesis proposes the use of the Coast Guard Organizational Assessment Survey, already administered to all other components of the Coast Guard and which, tailored to the Auxiliary, would be extremely effective in stimulating a genuinely useful approach to increasing Auxiliary membership.

We wish to solve fluid flow problems in only a portion of a large or infinite domain. By restricting our area of interest, we effectively create a boundary where none exists physically dividing our computational domain from the rest of the physical domain. The challenge we must overcome, then, is defining this boundary in such a way that it behaves computationally as if there were no physical boundary. Such a boundary definition is often called a non-reflecting boundary, as its primary function is to permit wave phenomena to pass through the open boundary without reflection. In this dissertation we develop several non-reflecting boundary conditions for the linearized Euler equations of inviscid gas dynamics. These boundary conditions are derived from the Higdon, Givoli-Neta, and Hagstrom-Warburton boundary schemes for scalar equations and they are adapted here for a system of first-order partial differential equations. Using finite difference methods, we apply the various boundary schemes to the gas dynamic equations in two dimensions, in an open domain with and without the influence of gravity or Coriolis forces. These new methods provide significantly greater accuracy than the classic Sommerfeld radiation condition with only a modest increase to the computation time., The original document contains color images.

Comprehensive nuclear-test-ban monitoring in terms of location and discrimination has progressed significantly in recent years. However, the characterization of sources and the estimation of low yields remains a particular challenge. As the recent Korean shot demonstrated, we can probably expect to have a small set of teleseismic, far-regional and high-frequency regional data to analyze in estimating the yield of an event. Since stacking helps to bring signals out of the noise, it becomes useful to conduct comparable analyses on neighboring events, earthquakes in this case. If these auxiliary events have accurate moments and source descriptions, we have a means of directly comparing effective source strengths. Although we will rely on modeling codes, 1D, 2D, and 3D, we will also apply a broadband calibration procedure to use longer periods (P >5 s) of waveform data to calibrate short-period (P between 0.5 to 2 Hz) and high-frequency (P between 2 to 10 Hz) as path-specific station corrections from well-known regional sources. We have expanded our basic cut-and-paste (CAP) methodology to include not only timing shifts but also amplitude (f) corrections at recording sites. The name of this method was derived from source inversions that allow timing shifts between "waveform segments" (or cutting the seismogram up and re-assembling) to correct for crustal variation. For convenience, we will refer to these f-dependent refinements as CAP+ for (short period, SP) and CAP++ for still higher frequency. These methods allow the retrieval of source parameters using only P-waveforms where radiation patterns are obvious as demonstrated in this report and are well suited for explosion P-wave data. The method is easily extended to all distances because it uses Green's function although there may be some changes required in t* to adjust for offsets between local vs. teleseismic distances., Presented at the Monitoring Research Review (29th): Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies held in Denver, Colorado on 25-27 September 2007. Published in the Proceedings of the Monitoring Research Review (29th): Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies, p80-90, 2007. Sponsored by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Performed in cooperation with the California Institute of Technology, Padadena, CA.The original document contains color images.

The purpose of this report is to summarize the work conducted to explore the feasibility of using commercial chartered heavy lift ships for auxiliary naval operations. The premise is that the Navy cannot afford a series of unique classes of ship to provide all the required auxiliary naval operations. Therefore, the concepts developed in this study focused on methods of using existing technology and systems as modular platforms that will act in conjunction with a commercial chartered heavy lift ship. This study focuses on three specific concepts that involve using a heavy lift ship to serve as either a maintenance and repair ship, a mobile casualty receiving ship or a disaster relief ship. Each concept is presented with a space analysis and a 3-D CAD model. Sea keeping is not assessed as part of this study., The original document contains color images.

Although the U.S. Border Patrol is the largest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in the country, its resources appear to be far short of what is required to truly accomplish its mandate. Most of the Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) 30,000 officers operate in the nation's 314 land, air, and seaports of entry, where they admit an average 1.2 million legal visitors a day. A majority of the border remains void of barriers, surveillance, and the presence of Border Patrol agents. The government demonstrated its commitment to improved border security in 2006 with an 11% increase in the CBP's budget, now over $7 billion. But the new money is dedicated to several initiatives and only pays for an additional 1,500 border patrol agents. Public demand for action to meet border patrol requirements compelled the President to order the deployment of 6,000 National Guardsmen to the Mexican border as part of "Operation Jump Start." While fences and new technologies such as ground sensors and unmanned aerial vehicles will enhance the "reach" of existing agents, nothing would close the gap better than creating a program to increase the number of agents along the border. Citizen auxiliaries have ample precedence in assisting law enforcement agencies. The Coast Guard Auxiliary, Civil Air Patrol, and many other police auxiliaries have long and successful histories. Several volunteer groups have sprung up in recent years to help patrol the border. The Border Patrol has publicly welcomed their efforts as observers but operationally kept them at arms length. This paper evaluates the feasibility of establishing a civilian auxiliary within the Border Patrol. By examining the missions, authorities, costs, legal foundations, and organizational cultures of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary and the Florida Highway Patrol Auxiliary, The authors can identify elements key to developing a successful auxiliary program.

This report presents the second part of our analysis of color use in Air Traffic Control displays. Part I of the study focused on operational displays, while this investigation focuses on auxiliary information displays with which controllers acquire additional information to make decisions. We chose three frequently used decision-support displays for the analysis. Those are: User Request Evaluation Tool (URET), Traffic Management Advisor (TMA), and Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS). For each display, we documented the background and default colors, color-coding, color usage, associated purposes of color use, and color complexity. With this systematic documentation, we were able to assess compatibility across displays. Using the color checklists we developed earlier, we also analyzed the effectiveness and shortcomings of color use in these displays. The results revealed a number of instances where the use of color might not be effective for its given purpose and where a color could have potential negative effects on task performance. The results of this study can benefit design prototypes and acquisition evaluation for new Air Traffic Control technologies., Work was accomplished under approved task AM-HRRD522.

The aerodynamic performance of rotorcraft designed for heavy-lift and high-speed cruise is examined. Configurations considered include the tiltrotor, the compound helicopter, and the lift-offset rotor. Design conditions are hover and 250-350 knot cruise, at 5k/ISA+20 degrees Celsius (civil) or 4k/95 degrees Fahrenheit (military); with cruise conditions at 4000 or 30,000 ft. The performance was calculated using the comprehensive analysis CAMRAD II, emphasizing rotor optimization and performance, including wing-rotor interference. Aircraft performance was calculated using estimates of the aircraft drag and auxiliary propulsion efficiency. The performance metric is total power, in terms of equivalent aircraft lift-to-drag ratio L/D = WV/P for cruise, and figure of merit for hover., Presented at the American Helicopter Society (AHS) International Forum on Rotorcraft Multidisciplinary Technology held in Seoul, Korea on 15-17 October 2007. Published in the Proceedings of the AHS International Forum on Rotorcraft Multidisciplinary Technology, p1-28, 2007. Performed in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

When exposed to environmental heat stress, one’s ability to perform physical and mental tasks can be compromised. In relation to a helicopter pilot, a slight decrement in flight performance can result in devastating consequences. Previously, Froom et al. (1993) found environmental heat stress elevated pilot error, whilst Caldwell et al. (2005) have described impaired flight simulator performance during progressive hyperthermia. Such changes can reflect reduced cognitive function, and Faerevik and Reinertsen (2003) have shown that heat stress can contribute to deficits in both vigilance and multi-choice reaction time. Presumably, the use of biological and chemical (BC) protective clothing will exacerbate this state.

This thesis examines the use of Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) in auxiliary shipboard systems, such as a low pressure air system, to determine the state of equipment in larger connected systems, such as the main propulsion engines. Using data collected on previously installed NILM's at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philadelphia DDG-51 Land Based Engineering Site (LBES), major event changes were analyzed and diagnosed using power data collected from the in-service low pressure air compressor (LPAC) and the in-service fuel oil pump. Events investigated include main propulsion engine starts and loadings, gas turbine generators starts, major electrical load shifts, and leak insertions into the low pressure air system. An additional NILM was installed on the General Electric LM2500 Universal Engine Controller (UEC) in order to assist in the diagnosis of various state changes. The UEC provides the appropriate interfaces to monitor and control each LM2500 GTM. The UEC controls the application of starter air, ignition power, and fuel to the engine while also receiving feedback of engine parameters from sensors on the engine. Using the combined data received by the LPAC, fuel oil pump, and UEC, a diagnosis system is derived that can detect major events in the engineering plant described above., The original document contains color images.

The Pulse Detonation Engine offers the Department of Defense a new low cost, light weight, and efficient solution to supersonic flight on many of its small airborne platforms. In the past, both liquid fuel and gaseous fuel designs have been partially developed and tested. Several aspects of these configurations have led to the need for the development of a new design, in particular the reduction of total pressure losses, and the removal of auxiliary oxygen system previously required to initiate a detonation wave in fuel-air mixtures within practical distances. Furthermore, higher repetition rates are required for practical thrust levels, as well as the use of liquid fuels, as these are more attractive due to their higher energy densities. A new PDE configuration was designed to operate on the liquid fuel, JP-10. The fuel injection system was characterized using laser diagnostics so that the fuel injection strategy could be optimized for the specified operating conditions. The timing parameters for the fuel-air injection profile were characterized as well in order to deliver the desired amount and duration. This was a concurrent effort with computational simulations of the internal flow paths, design/integration of a novel transient plasma ignition system, and ongoing developments of a performance measurement test rig., The original document contains color images.

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Fuel cells are currently being evaluated for many applications, including portable power transportation, and large stationary systems. The US military is looking at fuel cells to help reduce its use of fuel in the battlefield, and to more adequately address the vehicle electrical power demands not being fulfilled by batteries and on-board generators. Hydrogen will not be used in the battlefield for a long time, if ever, and so the primary concern for introduction of military vehicle fuel cells is on-board fuel processing. Because of the military's decision to implement the Single Fuel Forward policy, JP-8 (and JP-5) is the primary fuel used in the battlefield. When acquired outside of the US where fuel quality is not necessarily regulated, this can lead to sulfur levels of up to 3000 ppm, which are several orders of magnitude above the tolerance of current fuel cell and reformer systems. The Army has several fuel cell programs for vehicle applications currently underway, ranging from successful processing of JP-8 to vehicle demonstration programs, with the hope that those two areas will eventually converge during the technology evolution process.

Elimination or reduction of auxiliary oxygen use in Pulse Detonation Engines (PDEs) is necessary if the technology is to compete with existing Ramjet systems. This thesis investigated a Transient Plasma Ignition (TPI) system and found that the technology can at least reduce and may be able to completely remove the auxiliary oxygen requirement of current PDE systems. TPI was tested and compared with a traditional capacitive discharge spark plug system in a dynamic flow, ethylene/air mixture combustor. Ignition delay time, Deflagration-to-Detonation transition (DDT) distance and time, detonation wave speed and fire success rate performance were analyzed for various mass flow rates and stoichiometric ratios. A transient plasma dualelectrode concept was also employed and analyzed. Results show that TPI is more effective and reliable than the spark plug ignition with considerable improvements to DDT performance. The TPI dual-electrode concept was proven to be the most effective configuration with average reductions in DDT distance and time of 17% and 41% respectively when compared to the capacitive discharge spark plug system configuration., The original document contains color images.

The UK Government supports the introduction of wind turbine farms as part of its alternative energy strategy. However, Ministry of Defense (MoD) guidelines restrict planning consent for wind turbine farms within line of sight (LoS) from Primary Surveillance Radars and in close proximity to Royal Air Force (RAF) Airfields. The validity of these guidelines has been the subject of close scrutiny by the wind farm developers. Consequently, a trial was conducted by the Air Command and Control Operational Evaluation Unit (Air C2 OEU) in response to a tasking from Headquarters No 3 Group (HQ 3 Gp), to determine the effects of wind turbine farms on Air Traffic Control (ATC) Primary Surveillance Radars. Stage 1 of the Trial was a scoping exercise over the period 3-4 Nov 04, utilizing the Watchman radar at RAF Valley and the Trysglwyn and Rhyd-y-Groes wind turbine farms. Stage 2, the start of the main trial, was conducted in the period 23-25 Nov 04 utilizing the Llandinam (P&L) wind turbine farm in South Wales. A Watchman Radar was deployed to a privately owned site in Shropshire, slightly south of the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) Radar Site at Clee Hill. This deployment provided medium-range data from within the main beam of the radar. Stage 3 was conducted during the period 13-14 Dec 04, again utilizing the P&L wind turbine farm but with the Watchman Radar on a soft-field site at Llanbister. This provided short-range data from within the auxiliary beam of the radar., The original document contains color images.

Trucks at idle have very low fuel economy and create high levels of exhaust emission. Also while on highway the main engine has to supply the power to all accessories. This is particularly important in the case of the military trucks that have a very high accessory power demand. One of the solutions to these issues is to provide a power source independent of the main engine, the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU). The APU could operate when the vehicle is parked with the main engine shut off, or work on demand while driving to provide electricity to support any utility or recreational or operational needs (refrigerator, air conditioning, TV, communication, detection etc.). This paper offers the insight on development of an APU powered by a new, high power density two stroke engine. The device comprises a unique Opposed Piston and Opposed Cylinder (opoc(trademark)) engine and a high speed rotary generator. Extensive investigation has been conducted during the engine development program to create a special uni-flow scavenging process for this two stroke engine. As the result, it realizes zero fresh charge loss with high scavenging efficiency. This paper describes the technical challenges and solutions for achieving the engine design targets and the resulting APU.

This report describes the Detector and Extractor of Fileprints (DEF) process for data protection and automatic file identification. The DEF process generates binary images from an arbitrary data file that are unique to the data file. These visual hashes, or fileprints as referred to herein, are based on spectral characteristics of the data. The DEF employs the patented Adjustable Bandwidth Concept Signal Energy Detector., The original document contains color images.

This Phase I SBIR Final Report addresses the development of a novel rapid scanning radar interferometer designed to map the surface topography of the ocean surface within several hundred meters of an unmanned surface vehicle (USV). A system capable of mapping local sea conditions can help stabilize a USV in high seas by providing input data to an adaptive vessel control system. The proposed interferometer will operate in much the same way as conventional marine radar, enclosing a rotating pair of fan beam antennas in a radome near the top of the USV to provide 360-degree coverage. The system described in this report is based on proven radar interferometry technology developed for oceanographic research applications. As part of this contract we developed a software simulation of the mapping process, accounting for realistic sea states and expected radar parameters. Based on the results of these simulations we designed a prototype system, including the radar, data system, and auxiliary sensors and interfaces necessary to implement real-time stabilization of a USV., The original document contains color images.

The Non-Intrusive Load Monitor (NILM) provides a method of measuring component performance and source power quality through a single point of entry in the power distribution system. A study was performed utilizing the NILM onboard three different ships (along with experimentation in the laboratory) to determine its effectiveness in determining the state of mechanical systems through analysis of electrical power data. Data collected from the Auxiliary Seawater System onboard the USCGC SENECA indicate that the NILM is able to predict several faults (clogged pump inlet strainers, faulty motor/pump coupling, fouled heat exchangers) as well as provide a backup indication of flow levels to heat loads. Data collected from the Sewage System of the SENECA indicate several metrics which can be applied to cycling systems in general to differentiate between periods of heavy usage and fault conditions. Finally, data collected from the Steering System of the SENECA as well as a yard patrol boat operated by the Office of Naval Research shows the potential of the NILM to be used as a control system without the need for separate mechanical transducers.

We describe a new corpus of over 180,000 hand- annotated dialog act tags and accompanying adjacency pair annotations for roughly 72 hours of speech from 75 naturally-occurring meetings. We provide a brief summary of the annotation system and labeling procedure, inter-annotator reliability statistics, overall distributional statistics, a description of auxiliary files distributed with the corpus, and information on how to obtain the data.

Modern military ground vehicles are dependent not only on armor and munitions, but also on their electronic equipment. Advances in battlefield sensing, targeting, and communications devices have resulted in military vehicles with a wide array of electrical and electronic loads requiring power. These vehicles are typically designed to supply this power via a main internal combustion engine outfitted with a generator. Batteries are also incorporated to allow power to be supplied for a limited time when the engine is off. It is desirable to use a subset of the battlefield electronics in the vehicle while the engine is off, in a mode called silent watch. Operating time in this mode is limited, however, by battery capacity unless an auxiliary power unit (APU) is used or the main engines are restarted. Integration of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) auxiliary power unit into a military vehicle has the potential to greatly extend silent watch operating time and capabilities while significantly reducing fuel use. In this paper the results of a study are presented which show the fuel usage and capability impacts of incorporating a fuel cell APU into the electrical system of a Bradley M2A3 Diesel Infantry Fighting Vehicle. Several APU sizes are presented with varying levels of electrical equipment and engine-off capability. Complete off-loading of engine-driven accessories is also studied as a scenario with the resulting impact on available engine power presented. The silent watch operating scenario shows an 86% reduction in fuel use. With fuel costing several hundred dollars per gallon as deployed on the battlefield, such a reduction is valuable. Furthermore, the SOFC APU offers 36 days of continuous silent watch using the same JP-8 fuel tank as the M2A3 without the need for a secondary fuel supply., Submitted to 2003 SAR International. Paper no. 04ANNUAL-524.

An auxiliary ladder is disclosed which can be stored as part of the tailgate of a large truck. The ladder can be rotated into position with its lowest step into ground and a handle deployed to allow easy access to and from the elevated bed of truck.