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In this study, we investigated the athletic experiences of former collegiate Japanese athletes and compared their competitive results and current exercise habits. A questionnaire survey was completed by physical education or health and sports science students via mail. We sent the survey to 9,507 people; 2,141 questionnaires were returned, accounting for a recovery rate of 22.5%. We collected data on the current level of physical activity, history of sports experiences, and type of athletic competitions participated in from childhood until adulthood. An analysis was conducted on 1,999 participants. The results suggested that Japanese collegiate athletes had continued the same sport since elementary school. Conversely, several recent athletes had multiple-sport experiences and had started sports from an early age. There were no differences in athletic history and athletic performance between some age groups. We believe that having experience in a variety of sports has no adverse effect on athletic performance or exercise habits. In conclusion, compared to the past, the number of collegiate athletes with multiple experiences has increased. However, their experience differed from multiple-sport environments observed outside Japan. It is necessary to reconsider the sports environment of Japanese children in the future.

Mucins are large gel-forming polymers inside the mucus barrier that inhibit the yeast-to-hyphal transition of Candida albicans, a key virulence trait of this important human fungal pathogen. However, the molecular motifs in mucins that inhibit filamentation remain unclear despite their potential for therapeutic interventions. Here, we determined that mucins display an abundance of virulence-attenuating molecules in the form of mucin O-glycans. We isolated and cataloged >100 mucin O-glycans from three major mucosal surfaces and established that they suppress filamentation and related phenotypes relevant to infection, including surface adhesion, biofilm formation and cross-kingdom competition between C. albicans and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using synthetic O-glycans, we identified three structures (core 1, core 1 + fucose and core 2 + galactose) that are sufficient to inhibit filamentation with potency comparable to the complex O-glycan pool. Overall, this work identifies mucin O-glycans as host molecules with untapped therapeutic potential to manage fungal pathogens.

Physical fitness evaluation of throwing athletes has been performed based on measurement items for the purpose of power evaluation of the lower limbs and whole body; however, the method for assessing the muscle strength and exertion of the upper body has not been acknowledged extensively. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the evaluation of the explosive muscle performance of the upper body of an athlete using several measurement parameters, including push up jump (PJ), countermovement push up (CMPU) flight time, medicine ball throw (MBT), countermovement medicine ball throw, and one repetition maximum of the bench press (BP-1RM). The relationship between these measurement items and athletic performance as determined using the IAAF score was examined. Eleven male athletes training on a daily basis were enrolled. A significant positive correlation between MBT and athletic performance was observed, indicating the usefulness of physical fitness evaluation in athletes. Conversely, PJ and CMPU were not associated with athletic performance, suggesting that these parameters may be negatively affected by the subject’s weight. Further, BP-1RM did not show a significant correlation with athletic performance, owing to the fact that the exertion characteristics of one repetition maximum do not reflect the shrinkage rate of the muscle required for throwing. It is recommended that athletes select an event wherein their weight positively affects the competitive ability and does not affect measurement parameters. Further, explosive muscle performance without counter movements maybe incorporated into the physical fitness assessment of athletes.

Physical fitness evaluation of throwing athletes has been performed based on measurement items for the purpose of power evaluation of the lower limbs and whole body; however, the method for assessing the muscle strength and exertion of the upper body has not been acknowledged extensively. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the evaluation of the explosive muscle performance of the upper body of an athlete using several measurement parameters, including push up jump (PJ), countermovement push up (CMPU) flight time, medicine ball throw (MBT), countermovement medicine ball throw, and one repetition maximum of the bench press (BP-1RM). The relationship between these measurement items and athletic performance as determined using the IAAF score was examined. Eleven male athletes training on a daily basis were enrolled. A significant positive correlation between MBT and athletic performance was observed, indicating the usefulness of physical fitness evaluation in athletes. Conversely, PJ and CMPU were not associated with athletic performance, suggesting that these parameters may be negatively affected by the subject’s weight. Further, BP-1RM did not show a significant correlation with athletic performance, owing to the fact that the exertion characteristics of one repetition maximum do not reflect the shrinkage rate of the muscle required for throwing. It is recommended that athletes select an event wherein their weight positively affects the competitive ability and does not affect measurement parameters. Further, explosive muscle performance without counter movements maybe incorporated into the physical fitness assessment of athletes.

Toshimi Sato,1 Neil Alles,1,2 Masud Khan,1,3 Kenichi Nagano,1,4 Mariko Takahashi,1 Yukihiko Tamura,1 Asako Shimoda,5,6 Keiichi Ohya,1 Kazunari Akiyoshi,5,6 Kazuhiro Aoki1 1Department of Bio-Matrix (Pharmacology), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; 3Department of Dental Pharmacology, City Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 5Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, 6ERATO Akiyoshi Bio-Nanotransporter Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Katsura Int’tech Center Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Abstract: We investigated the biological activity of W9, a bone resorption inhibitor peptide, using NanoClik nanoparticles as an injectable carrier, where acryloyl group-modified cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHPOA) nanogels were crosslinked by pentaerythritol tetra (mercaptoethyl) polyoxyethylene. Thirty 5-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low calcium diet and received once-daily subcutaneous injections of the carrier alone, W9 24 mg/kg/day alone, W9 24 mg/kg/day incorporated in cholesterol bearing pullulan (CHP) nanogels, or W9 (8 and 24 mg/kg/day) incorporated in NanoClik nanoparticles for 4 days (n=5). Mice that received a normal calcium diet with NanoClik nanoparticle injections without W9 were used as a control group. Radiological analyses showed that administration of W9 24 mg/kg/day significantly prevented low calcium-induced reduction of bone mineral density in the long bones and lumbar vertebrae, but only when the NanoClik nanoparticles were used as a carrier. Histomorphometric analyses of the proximal tibiae revealed that W9 24 mg/kg/day incorporated in NanoClik nanoparticles prevented the increase in bone resorption indices induced b

Toshimi Sato,1 Neil Alles,1,2 Masud Khan,1,3 Kenichi Nagano,1,4 Mariko Takahashi,1 Yukihiko Tamura,1 Asako Shimoda,5,6 Keiichi Ohya,1 Kazunari Akiyoshi,5,6 Kazuhiro Aoki1 1Department of Bio-Matrix (Pharmacology), Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; 3Department of Dental Pharmacology, City Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 5Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, 6ERATO Akiyoshi Bio-Nanotransporter Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Katsura Int’tech Center Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Abstract: We investigated the biological activity of W9, a bone resorption inhibitor peptide, using NanoClik nanoparticles as an injectable carrier, where acryloyl group-modified cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHPOA) nanogels were crosslinked by pentaerythritol tetra (mercaptoethyl) polyoxyethylene. Thirty 5-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low calcium diet and received once-daily subcutaneous injections of the carrier alone, W9 24 mg/kg/day alone, W9 24 mg/kg/day incorporated in cholesterol bearing pullulan (CHP) nanogels, or W9 (8 and 24 mg/kg/day) incorporated in NanoClik nanoparticles for 4 days (n=5). Mice that received a normal calcium diet with NanoClik nanoparticle injections without W9 were used as a control group. Radiological analyses showed that administration of W9 24 mg/kg/day significantly prevented low calcium-induced reduction of bone mineral density in the long bones and lumbar vertebrae, but only when the NanoClik nanoparticles were used as a carrier. Histomorphometric analyses of the proximal tibiae revealed that W9 24 mg/kg/day incorporated in NanoClik nanoparticles prevented the increase in bone resorption indices induced b

本報告では、(独)日本原子力研究開発機構及び(財)産業創造研究所による共同研究「地層処分における微生物影響評価に関する研究」の平成18年度における成果をまとめた。同研究は、地層処分場のバリア性能に及ぼす微生物活動の影響評価技術を高度化し、処分技術の信頼性向上に資することを目的として実施した。数値解析コード(MINT)による解析に供することを目的として、幌延深地層研究センターの調査フィールドに設けた地下水化学・微生物影響評価目的の観測井から地下水・岩石試料を採取し、地下水組成・微生物量の安定性を評価するための解析を実施した。解析の結果、地下水化学・微生物量への影響は比較的低いことを示唆する結果が得られた。特に、溶存メタン・メタン生成菌・硫酸還元菌(SRB)及び硫酸イオンにその傾向が見られることから、評価対象の掘削井は浅い環境にもかかわらず、微生物共存によって低い酸化還元電位の環境が安定であることを示唆するものである。, Results of joint research on fiscal year 2006 between Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and Institute of Research and Innovative (IRI) titled as "Study on investigation of microbial effects for geological disposal" are described in this report. The objective of this study is to develop a method for estimating microbial effects for barrier performance of geological disposal site. The modeling was performed to examine the effect on the change in groundwater chemistry (mainly by electron acceptors) by microbial metabolism as well as microbial activities. In order to use the data (chemical composition, biomass, etc.) in the MINT code, groundwater was collected from the drilled well prepared for chemical and microbial analyses of groundwater. The well was prepared in observation field near Horonobe Underground Research Center of JAEA in fiscal year 2006. Then, numerical modeling using collected data of groundwater with numerical modeling program code "MINT" considering microbial effects was carried out. The modeling was carried out to evaluate the microbial effect for stability of chemical and microbial composition of groundwater. As the result of the modeling, relatively low microbial effect for groundwater composition was observed in particular for the concentration of dissolved methane, methanogen, sulfur reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfur ion. The result shows that low redox potential is stable in the well in spite of shallow depth., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Research 2008-025

本報告では、日本原子力研究開発機構及び産業創造研究所による共同研究「地層処分における微生物影響評価に関する研究」の平成17年度における成果をまとめた。同研究は、地層処分場のバリア性能に及ぼす微生物活動の影響評価技術を高度化し、処分技術の信頼性向上に資することを目的として実施した。平成17年度は、幌延深地層研究センターの調査フィールドに設けた新規の観測井を利用した地下水・岩石試料採取と化学分析、並びに微生物影響を考慮した数値解析コード(MINT)を使用して既存の観測データを用いた感度解析を実施した。前者の成果として、水質・微生物代謝活性等の分析を行い、数値解析コードに反映・活用するためのデータを取得したことが挙げられる。後者では、既存の測定データを初期値として感度解析を行い、微生物影響による地下水水質の変化や、地下水水質の変動による微生物活動への影響を評価するための結果を得ることができた。, Results of joint research on Fiscal 2005 between Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and Institute of Research and Innovative (IRI) titled as "Study for investigation of microbial effects on geological disposal" are described in this report. The objective of this study is constructing advanced method for examining microbial effect for barrier performance of geological disposal site. In fiscal 2005, groundwater and rock core sample have been collected from drilled well on observation field near Horonobe Underground Research Center of JAEA and chemical analysis for collected ground water have been carried out and sensitivity analysis for existing observed data of groundwater with numerical analysis program code "MINT" considering microbial effect have been carried out., 著者所属: 日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA), JAEA-Research 2007-010

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