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Background: In the digital era, the streetwear fashion industry has undergone significanttransformation due to the rise of social media. Traditional marketing methods have shiftedtowards direct consumer engagement through digital platforms, where brand authenticity andexclusivity are crucial for maintaining perceived value and consumer loyalty. Streetwearfashion, rooted in urban subcultures, relies heavily on these elements to establish and maintainits brand identity.Purpose: This thesis aims to critically examine how streetwear fashion brands utilize socialmedia to manage the authenticity paradox while driving exclusivity. It investigates the impactof these strategies on consumer behavior and brand loyalty within digital spaces.Method: The research employs a qualitative, exploratory design within an interpretivistparadigm. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of12 participants, including influencers, brand managers, and consumers actively engaged withstreetwear brands on social media. Thematic analysis was used to identify key patterns andinsights from the data.Conclusion: The findings reveal that streetwear brands effectively use social media to projectauthenticity through transparent communication and cultural engagement, while strategicexclusivity is maintained through limited releases and exclusive collaborations. Thesestrategies not only enhance perceived brand value but also foster strong community ties andconsumer loyalty. The study highlights the importance of balancing authenticity withexclusivity to navigate the competitive digital landscape and sustain brand appeal

Background: H. pylori is a gram-negative, spiral shaped, Microaerophile pathogenic bacterium that specifically colonizes on the gastric epithelium, it is one of the most common human bacterial pathogens and is the main etiological factor for peptic ulcer disease, simple gastritis and gastric malignancy. The immune status of diabetic patients is compromised, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to H. pylori infection. The aim of this study is to assess Association between Helicobacter pylori and Diabetes Mellitus. Methods and Material: This was a cross-sectional study with 102 diabetic patients (both IDDM and NIDDM). H.pylori was assessed through the determination of stool antigen by Immunochromatography. Results: Out of 102 samples were collected from diabetic patients, 58 were male and 44 were female. 52.9% of them are positive for H.pylori and 47.1% are negative. The mean ages of H.pylori positive patients were 44.01 years where the mean age of negative patients were 42.47 years. There was a statistically significance association (p=0.007) between the diabetes and H.Pylori infection, also there was association between history of GIT disorder and H. pylori infection, between smoking and H. pylori infection. Conclusion: The study showed that Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly higher in diabetes Mellitus. Keywords: H.pylori, Diabetes Mellitus, T1DM, T2DM

Background: H. pylori is a gram-negative, spiral shaped, Microaerophile pathogenic bacterium that specifically colonizes on the gastric epithelium, it is one of the most common human bacterial pathogens and is the main etiological factor for peptic ulcer disease, simple gastritis and gastric malignancy. The immune status of diabetic patients is compromised, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to H. pylori infection. The aim of this study is to assess Association between Helicobacter pylori and Diabetes Mellitus. Methods and Material: This was a cross-sectional study with 102 diabetic patients (both IDDM and NIDDM). H.pylori was assessed through the determination of stool antigen by Immunochromatography. Results: Out of 102 samples were collected from diabetic patients, 58 were male and 44 were female. 52.9% of them are positive for H.pylori and 47.1% are negative. The mean ages of H.pylori positive patients were 44.01 years where the mean age of negative patients were 42.47 years. There was a statistically significance association (p=0.007) between the diabetes and H.Pylori infection, also there was association between history of GIT disorder and H. pylori infection, between smoking and H. pylori infection. Conclusion: The study showed that Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly higher in diabetes Mellitus. Keywords: H.pylori, Diabetes Mellitus, T1DM, T2DM

The isothermal gas sphere is well known as a powerful tool to model many problems in astrophysics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. This singular differential equation has not an exact solution and solved only by numerical and approximate methods. In the present paper and within the framework of the Newtonian hydrostatic equilibrium, we have developed general analytical formulations for the fractional isothermal gas sphere. To obtain analytical expressions for mass, radius, and density, besides the fractional isothermal gas sphere, we used the conformable fractional calculus. Using the series expansion method, we obtained a general recurrences relation, which allows us to determine the series coefficients. The comparison of the series solution with the numerical ones for the fractional parameter \alpha=1 is good for dimensional parameters up to x=3.2, beyond this value, the series diverges. We applied a combination of Euler-Abel and Pade techniques to accelerate the series, therefore accelerated series converge to the numerical desired value. We analyzed some physical parameters of a typical model of the neutron stars such as the mass-radius relation, density, and pressure ratio for different models. We found that the current models of the conformable neutron stars had smaller volumes and masses than both stars in the context of modified Rienmann-Liouville derivatives as well as the integer one., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

Abdullah Laher,1 Shavania Ragavan,2 Puja Mehta,2 Ahmed Adam2 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2Division of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaCorrespondence: Abdullah LaherDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 Jubilee Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaTel +27 84 840 2508Email abdullahlaher@msn.comAbstract: Testicular torsion is a challenging and time-sensitive diagnosis that is encountered frequently in daily practice, especially in the emergency room. A thorough history, the presence of a painful and swollen testis and testicular ultrasonography plays a vital role in the prompt diagnosis of testicular torsion. Prompt diagnosis is essential to prevent complications of testicular torsion which include testicular infarction, necrosis, and sub/infertility. This can be challenging as there are various other conditions that may mimic the presentation of testicular torsion. Since testicular torsion is an extremely time-sensitive diagnosis, it may also be a subject of many medicolegal challenges. This review article serves as a guide for clinicians involved with the diagnosis and management of testicular torsion. We review and discuss detection and management strategies based on their validity, statistical significance, and effectiveness in enabling prompt diagnosis and management of testicular torsion. Medicolegal implications of testicular torsion are also highlighted.Keywords: testis torsion, scrotal pain, acute scrotum, emergency room, orchidectomy

The isothermal gas sphere is well known as a powerful tool to model many problems in astrophysics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. This singular differential equation has not an exact solution and solved only by numerical and approximate methods. In the present paper and within the framework of the Newtonian hydrostatic equilibrium, we have developed general analytical formulations for the fractional isothermal gas sphere. To obtain analytical expressions for mass, radius, and density, besides the fractional isothermal gas sphere, we used the conformable fractional calculus. Using the series expansion method, we obtained a general recurrences relation, which allows us to determine the series coefficients. The comparison of the series solution with the numerical ones for the fractional parameter \alpha=1 is good for dimensional parameters up to x=3.2, beyond this value, the series diverges. We applied a combination of Euler-Abel and Pade techniques to accelerate the series, therefore accelerated series converge to the numerical desired value. We analyzed some physical parameters of a typical model of the neutron stars such as the mass-radius relation, density, and pressure ratio for different models. We found that the current models of the conformable neutron stars had smaller volumes and masses than both stars in the context of modified Rienmann-Liouville derivatives as well as the integer one., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

Abdullah Laher,1 Shavania Ragavan,2 Puja Mehta,2 Ahmed Adam2 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2Division of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaCorrespondence: Abdullah LaherDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 Jubilee Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaTel +27 84 840 2508Email abdullahlaher@msn.comAbstract: Testicular torsion is a challenging and time-sensitive diagnosis that is encountered frequently in daily practice, especially in the emergency room. A thorough history, the presence of a painful and swollen testis and testicular ultrasonography plays a vital role in the prompt diagnosis of testicular torsion. Prompt diagnosis is essential to prevent complications of testicular torsion which include testicular infarction, necrosis, and sub/infertility. This can be challenging as there are various other conditions that may mimic the presentation of testicular torsion. Since testicular torsion is an extremely time-sensitive diagnosis, it may also be a subject of many medicolegal challenges. This review article serves as a guide for clinicians involved with the diagnosis and management of testicular torsion. We review and discuss detection and management strategies based on their validity, statistical significance, and effectiveness in enabling prompt diagnosis and management of testicular torsion. Medicolegal implications of testicular torsion are also highlighted.Keywords: testis torsion, scrotal pain, acute scrotum, emergency room, orchidectomy

All-optical signal regeneration have been the active research area since last decade due to evolution of nonlinear optical signal processing. Existing all-optical signal regeneration techniques are agitated in producing low Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-10 at below than -10 dBm power received. In this paper, a new all-optical signal regeneration technique is developed by using phase sensitive amplification and designed optical phase locked signal mechanism. The developed all-optical signal regeneration technique is tested for different 10 Gb/s Differential Phase Shift Keying degraded signals. It is determined that the designed all-optical signal regeneration technique is able to provide signal regeneration with noise mitigation for degraded signals. It is analyzed that overall, for all degraded test signals, average BER of 10-13 is achieved at received power of -14 dBm. The designed technique will be helpful to enhance the performance of existing signal regeneration systems in the presence of severe noise by providing minimum BER at low received power.

All-optical signal regeneration have been the active research area since last decade due to evolution of nonlinear optical signal processing. Existing all-optical signal regeneration techniques are agitated in producing low Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-10 at below than -10 dBm power received. In this paper, a new all-optical signal regeneration technique is developed by using phase sensitive amplification and designed optical phase locked signal mechanism. The developed all-optical signal regeneration technique is tested for different 10 Gb/s Differential Phase Shift Keying degraded signals. It is determined that the designed all-optical signal regeneration technique is able to provide signal regeneration with noise mitigation for degraded signals. It is analyzed that overall, for all degraded test signals, average BER of 10-13 is achieved at received power of -14 dBm. The designed technique will be helpful to enhance the performance of existing signal regeneration systems in the presence of severe noise by providing minimum BER at low received power.

BACKGROUND In an era of HIV/AIDS many children are growing up without parents. In rural Hlabisa District, KwaZulu Natal the rate of orphanhood has increased with HIV prevalence rates. Orphanhood increases with age and peaks at the adolescent range of 15-18 years. Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolescence is a very critical stage of life when the Adolesce