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Companies that treat SANDACH waste (Animal By-products Not Intended for Human Consumption), from slaughterhouses, cutting rooms, markets or butchers, among others, need to have written procedures in place for their operation, based on HACCP principles (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) to be Authorized by the competent Administration and to be able to carry out its activity. The development of the HACCP System is favoured and simplified with the establishment of prerequisites (cleaning and disinfection plan, pest control plan...), which are a series of working conditions that allow control of general hazards that affect the entire process. Regarding these prerequisites, although they are established separately from the HACCP Plan, their existence and effectiveness must be assessed during the design and implementation of the HACCP Plan, and must therefore be documented and verified on a regular basis together with the verification of the HACCP System. So, in parallel with the preparation of the documentation for the HACCP implementation at SUBTRANS, SA, the prerequisite plan will also be developed. The application of a HACCP to a company that deals with SANDACH requires knowledge of very specific regulations and the correct knowledge of all the company's processes to correctly identify what dangers there may be in each of them. Following the guidelines for the application of a HACCP, in the company SUBSTRANS, SA, the first thing that has been done is to define the human team that will be part of the design and development of the entire HACCP. This team has described the company's production process step by step, from when the SANDACH waste comes in until the final products, flour and fat, raw material for the manufacture of feed for animal feed, come out. Based on this description, a flow diagram is drawn up with all the stages of the process which is checked and corrected "on site". For each stage of the process, it is analysed what type of danger there m, Las empresas que tratan residuos SANDACH (Subproductos Animales No Destinados al Consumo Humano), procedentes de mataderos, salas de despiece, mercados o carnicerías, entre otros, necesitan tener implantado procedimientos escritos de su funcionamiento, basados en los principios del APPCC (Sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Críticos) para poder estar autorizadas por la administración competente y poder desarrollar su actividad. El desarrollo del Sistema de APPCC, se ve favorecido y simplificado con la instauración de unos prerrequisitos (plan de limpieza y desinfección, plan de control de plagas...), que son una serie de condiciones de trabajo que permiten controlar los peligros generales que afectan al conjunto del proceso. En cuanto a estos prerrequisitos, aunque se establecen separadamente del Plan de APPCC, su existencia y efectividad deben valorarse durante el diseño y la implantación del Plan de APPCC, y deben estar, por tanto, documentados y verificados de forma regular junto con la verificación del Sistema de APPCC. Así pues, paralelamente a la elaboración de la documentación para la implantación del APPCC en SUBTRANS, SA, también se desarrollará el plan de prerrequisitos. La aplicación de un APPCC a una empresa que trata a SANDACH requiere el conocimiento de una normativa muy específica y el correcto conocimiento de todos los procesos de la empresa para identificar correctamente qué peligros pueden existir en cada uno de ellos. Siguiendo las pautas de aplicación de un APPCC, en la empresa SUBSTRANS, SA, lo primero que se ha hecho es definir el equipo humano que formará parte del diseño y desarrollo de todo el APPCC. Este equipo ha descrito paso a paso el proceso productivo de la empresa desde que entran los residuos SANDACH hasta que salen los productos finales, harina y grasa, materia prima para la fabricación de piensos para la alimentación animal. A partir de esta descripción se elabora un diagrama de flujo con todas las etapas del proces, Les empreses que tracten residus SANDACH (Subproductes Animals No Destinats al Consum Humà), procedents d'escorxadors, sales d'especejament, mercats o carnisseries, entre d'altres, necessiten tenir implantat procediments escrits del seu funcionament, basats amb els principis del APPCC (Sistema d’Anàlisi de Perills i Punts de Control Crítics) per poder estar Autoritzades per l'Administració competent i poder desenvolupar la seva activitat. El desenvolupament del Sistema d’APPCC, es veu afavorit i simplificat amb la instauració d’uns prerequisits (pla de neteja i desinfecció, pla de control de plagues...), que són una sèrie de condicions de treball que permeten controlar els perills generals que afecten el conjunt del procés. Pel que fa a aquests prerequisits, tot i que s’estableixen separadament del Pla d’APPCC, la seva existència i efectivitat s’han de valorar durant el disseny i la implantació del Pla d’APPCC, i han d’estar, per tant, documentats i verificats de manera regular juntament amb la verificació del Sistema d’APPCC. Així doncs, paral·lelament a la elaboració de la documentació per a la implantació del APPCC a SUBTRANS, SA, SA, també es desenvoluparà el pla de prerequisits. L'aplicació d'un APPCC a una empresa que tracta SANDACH requereix el coneixement d'una normativa molt específica i el correcte coneixement de tots els processos de l'empresa per identificar correctament quins perills poden haver-hi en cada un d'ells. Seguint les pautes d'aplicació d'un APPCC, a la empresa SUBSTRANS, SA, el primer que s'ha fet és definir l'equip humà que formarà part del disseny i desenvolupament de tot l'APPCC. Aquest equip ha descrit pas a pas el procés productiu de l'empresa des de que entren els residus SANDACH fins que en surten els productes finals, farina i greix, matèria primera per a la fabricació de pinsos per a l'alimentació animal. A partir d'aquesta descripció s'elabora un diagrama de flux amb totes les etapes del procés que es comprova i corregeix "in situ"

Renewable natural gas offers a new and promising energy source that will help decarbonize a portion of Utah's energy mix. RNG feedstocks include waste streams from livestock, landfills, and food. By recycling these waste streams Utah will avoid the release of methane, which has a climate warming potential 25–34 times greater than carbon dioxide. Analysts estimate that Utah RNG volumes could supply 4% of Utah's fossil natural gas demand. In addition, fuel switching in 2025 at the Intermountain Power Plant will increase green hydrogen availability.

Some academic research projects have been developed in Universidad de Guanajuato, in Guanajuato state (México) and in Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, in Catalunya (Spain) related to circular economy applied to pigs, especially in the process developed in slaughterhouses. The project aims to create a proposal for a complete valuation of every waste and for the use of every part of the pig, so the cycle in the pig’s slaughterhouse is completely closed. In this way the projects contribute to the circular economy. To achieve it, two students in Mexico (Master in Water Science and Grade in Environmental Engineering) and three in Catalonia (Master I Environmental Engineering and Master in Sustainability) have completed their theses. They have also helped to initiate a biomass growing pilot plant to test some of the waste valuations. First, some visits to slaughterhouses and to waste valuation facilities in Mexico and Catalonia were held. Afterwards, a flow diagram of the pig’s slaughterhouses was drawn for each country. Then, the attention was paid into wastes and how they were reused, recycled or disposed. The present reuse or recycling of waste is considered an existing synergy. Finally, some proposals were considered in order to close the material cycle in the pig slaughterhouses, so some new synergies were suggested, and the proposed synergies diagram was drawn. Some of the waste valuation proposals were tested in a pilot plant. Although the whole project is still active, there are some preliminary results: 16 existing synergies have been figured out and 27 synergies have been suggested. Some of the proposed synergies are: protein and ferrous products extracted from blood, construction panels and compost made from pig hair, insulin extracted from the pancreas, among others. The waste valuation undertaken was the use of pig slaughterhouses wastewater to grow biomass. This biomass is used afterwards to produce pig food, so the closure for the pig cycle is achieved, Postprint (author's final draft)

This study assessed the subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) of poultry feathers to recover amino acids. Experiments were conducted in a semi-continuous flow-through subcritical reactor (110 mL), which was operated over a range of temperatures (210 – 250 °C) and water flow rates (5 – 15 mL min–1), combined through a 22 central composite design, at constant feed (10 g) and pressure (15 MPa). The results demonstrated that non-essential and essential amino acids were obtained from SWH of poultry feathers. The highest hydrolysis temperature resulted in the highest concentrations of valine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine. Otherwise, threonine, histidine, and arginine were obtained more effectively at lower temperatures. The response surface methodology was adopted to identify the best conditions for amino acid production, and it was possible to identify the ranges of temperatures and water flow rates to be used to recover specific amino acids. This study allowed concluding that SWH is a promising eco-friendly technology to recover amino acids from protein-rich wastes.

In 2010, elevated levels of ecoli were discovered in the north fork of the Virgin River, due to wildlife exclusively grazing near the stream. In 2018 the Natural Resources Conservation Service in partnership with the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and others launched a project to help reinvigorate the vegetation in the surrounding area by removing patches of pinyon juniper trees and planting a new seed bed creating new areas for wildlife forage and eventually lowering the ecoli levels in the stream benefitting wildlife, landowners, and the Utah Wildlife Migration Initiative, and even the land itself for many years to come.

In 2010, elevated levels of ecoli were discovered in the north fork of the Virgin River, due to wildlife exclusively grazing near the stream. Several years ago Utah NRCS, along with several state and local partners, began a project designed to reinvigorate the vegetation in the surrounding area. This project will benefit not only water quality, but wildlife, migration and even the land itself.

El sector agropecuario a nivel mundial, y a nivel de Latinoamérica y de México en específico, es muy importante por el aumento creciente de población, y por tanto de las necesidades de alimentación, pero es uno de los sectores que más funciona con un sistema de producción lineal, en vez de circular. Esto provoca que se genere una gran cantidad de residuos, que por su mala disposición puede provocar contaminación al agua, al suelo y muy especialmente atmosférica. Por tanto, es imprescindible ayudar a que los sistemas agropecuarios tiendan a cerrar el ciclo de materia y así disminuir sus impactos ambientales y obtener un mayor rendimiento en el sistema. Todo ello contribuirá a conocer cómo contribuir a la economía circular desde el sector agropecuario. En este artículo se presenta el estudio hecho con tres granjas experimentales en el estado de Guanajuato (México). Se diagnosticaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente las granjas, se detectaron los aprovechamientos de residuos ya existentes en las granjas y se propusieron nuevos aprovechamientos para cada una de ellas. Con todo ello se propuso una red ecoindustrial agropecuaria entre las tres granjas, formada por 11 entidades, 7 diferentes sectores industriales, 8 sinergias existentes, 18 sinergias propuestas, 22 diferentes residuos valorizados o reusados. Con esta red se plantea una solución para 8 de los 10 residuos más problemáticos de estas granjas y se contribuye a cerrar el ciclo de materia en ellas. También se dan criterios para tender a la economía circular en el sector agropecuario, Postprint (published version)

L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és elaborar un estudi de valorització de residus porcins a Catalunya i Mèxic per contribuir a l'economia circular. Aquest projecte contribuirà a solucionar la problemàtica a mesura que s'implementin propostes alternatives de valorització que tinguin un alt valor afegit per als residus en els quals no s'aprofiten tots els seus beneficis. Per a la realització d'aquesta investigació la metodologia utilitzada va ser una recerca d'informació general d'el procés de producció de la carn porcina de Catalunya i Mèxic, identificació de les entitats localitzada dins dels perímetres dels escorxadors porcins, determinació de sinergies entre els escorxadors de Mèxic i Catalunya i aquestes entitats, anàlisi de la valorització dels residus generats en el procés de producció de el sector porcí a Catalunya i Mèxic, elaboració de diagrama de flux i un estudi de la valorització dels residus generats en el procés de producció de el sector porcí per presentar proposta alternativa que contribueixi a l'economia circular. D'acord als resultats obtinguts, existeixen al voltant de 15 operacions unitària per al procés de producció de la carn porcina i els procediments són els mateixos en els dos països per al maneig d'explotació porcina, Catalunya es troba en un nivell més avançat que Mèxic a causa de que els seus ordenaments es classifiquen en categories les quals determinen la destinació final per a la valorització d'aquests residus. En canvi, a Mèxic només es classifiquen i no es descriuen en categoria, pel que és més difícil determinar la valorització adequada per a cada un dels residus. Es van presentar propostes alternatives de valorització de residus porcins que converteixin aquests en matèria primera per a altres empreses, especialment per als cabells que no tenen gran valor afegit en cap dels dos països, permetent que aquest sector realitzi la seva transició de el model lineal a un model circular ., El objetivo de esta investigación es elaborar un estudio de valorización de residuos porcinos en Cataluña y México para contribuir a la economía circular. Este proyecto contribuirá a solucionar la problemática a medida que se implementen propuestas alternativas de valorización que tengan un alto valor añadido para los residuos en los cuales no se aprovechan todos sus beneficios. Para la realización de esta investigación la metodología utilizada fue una búsqueda de información general del proceso de producción de la carne porcina de Cataluña y México, identificación de las entidades localizada dentro de los perímetros de los mataderos porcinos, determinación de sinergias entre los mataderos de México y Cataluña y estas entidades, análisis de la valorización de los residuos generados en el proceso de producción del sector porcino en Cataluña y México, elaboración de diagrama de flujo y un estudio de la valorización de los residuos generados en el proceso de producción del sector porcino para presentar propuesta alternativa que contribuya a la economía circular. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, existen alrededor de 15 operaciones unitaria para el proceso de producción de la carne porcina y los procedimientos son los mismo en ambos países para el manejo de explotación porcina, Cataluña se encuentra en un nivel más avanzado que México debido a que sus ordenamientos se clasifican en categorías las cuales determinan el destino final para la valorización de estos residuos. En cambio, en México solo se clasifican y no se describen en categoría, por lo que es más difícil determinar la valorización adecuada para cada uno de los residuos. Se presentaron propuestas alternativas de valorización de residuos porcinos que conviertan estos en materia prima para otras empresas, especialmente para el pelo que no tienen gran valor añadido en ningunos de los dos países, permitiendo que dicho sector realice su transición del modelo lineal a un modelo circular., The objective of this research is to prepare a study on the recovery of pig waste in Catalonia and Mexico to contribute to the circular economy. This project will contribute to solving the problem as alternative recovery proposals are implemented that have a high added value for the waste in which all its benefits are not used. To carry out this research, the methodology used was a search for general information on the pig meat production process in Catalonia and Mexico, identification of the entities located within the perimeters of pig slaughterhouses, determination of synergies between slaughterhouses in Mexico. and Catalonia and these entities, analysis of the recovery of waste generated in the production process of the pig sector in Catalonia and Mexico, preparation of a flow chart and a study of the recovery of waste generated in the production process of the pig sector to present an alternative proposal that contributes to the circular economy. According to the results obtained, there are around 15 unit operations for the pig meat production process and the procedures are the same in both countries for the management of pig exploitation, Catalonia is at a more advanced level than Mexico due to that their ordinances are classified into categories which determine the final destination for the recovery of these wastes. On the other hand, in Mexico they are only classified and not described by category, making it more difficult to determine the appropriate valuation for each waste. Alternative proposals were presented for the recovery of swine waste that convert this into raw material for other companies, especially for hair that do not have great added value in either of the two countries, allowing this sector to make its transition from the linear model to a circular model .

In 2010, elevated levels of ecoli were discovered in the north fork of the Virgin River, due to wildlife exclusively grazing near the stream. In 2018 the Natural Resources Conservation Service in partnership with the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and others launched a project to help reinvigorate the vegetation in the surrounding area by removing patches of pinyon juniper trees and planting a new seed bed creating new areas for wildlife forage and eventually lowering the ecoli levels in the stream benefitting wildlife, landowners, and the Utah Wildlife Migration Initiative, and even the land itself for many years to come.

The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.

Modern practices of industrial farming, such as mineral fertilization, caused a widespread degradation of agricultural land and water bodies in Europe. Different farm management strategies exist to reduce the impact of mineral fertilization while preserving soil productivity. The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough systemic review of contemporary literature exploring factors and conditions affecting EU farmers’ adoption of sustainable farming practices. The specific focus is on widely adopted and empirically explored measures, such as organic farming, manure treatment technologies and manure fertilization, as well as soil and water conservation methods. In total, 23 peer-reviewed studies were extracted by means of Google Scholar covering the time period between 2003 and 2019. The main findings show that farmers’ environmental and economic attitudes in addition to their sources of information have a strong effect on the adoption of organic farming, although there is a lack of evidence of their impact on adopting manure treatment and conservation measures. Similarly, farmers’ age and education are found to systemically influence organic farming adoption, but not adoption of other reviewed technologies. While other factors, such as farm physical characteristics or technological attributes, may be important determinants of adoption, it is hard to recognize definite patterns of their impact across technologies given a shortage of empirical evidence. More research utilizing standardized surveys and methods of analysis is needed to formulate qualified guidelines and recommendations for policymakers, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables::12.2 - Per a 2030, assolir la gestió sostenible i l’ús eficient dels recursos naturals, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables::12.5 - Per a 2030, disminuir de manera substancial la generació de residus mitjançant polítiques de prevenció, reducció, reciclatge i reutilització, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables, Postprint (published version)

Senator Scott Sandall talks about one of his favorite bills this session: SB 93, Agricultural Nuisance Amendments.

Пояснювальна записка: 129 с. , 10 рис., 33 табл., 49 посилань. В роботі обрано та обґрунтовано технологію виробництва біогазу з відходів тваринництва з подальшою його очисткою та кондиціонуванням до якості природного газу, для подачі до газорозподільчої мережі. Вибрано вихідну сировину – гній ВРХ та силос кукурудзи, в изначено оптимальне співвідношення сировини для отримання максимального виходу біогазу. Розраховано матеріальний баланс процесу, наведено і описано технологічну схему виробництва біогазу, розроблено схему автоматизації стадії зброджування, вказано точки і параметри контролю етапів процесу, які необхідні для забезпечення якості кінцевої продукції, охорони праці і довкілля., The explanatory note: 129 pages, 10 figures, 33 tables, 49 references. Technology of biogas production from the animal waste for further purification and conditioning to the quality of natural gas for delivery to the gas distribution network are selected and substantiated. Raw materials - manure of cattle and corn silage are chosen, requirements for bio raw materials are given, the proposed optimal ratio of raw materials for obtaining maximum output of biogas, the material balance of the process is calculated, the technological scheme and hardware circuit of biogas production are described, the main and auxiliary equipment are chosen, the specified points and control parameters stages of the process required to ensure the quality of the final product, occupational safety and the environment are mentioned.

Farmers are increasingly concerned about pasture and soil protection and nutrient loss from their farms to receiving surface and ground waters. The practise of standoff using purpose built facilities is one potential solution to these twin problems. However, the adoption of standoff is expensive as it incurs numerous costs such as those associated with the construction of the feed and loafing areas and the handling of the extra volumes of effluent that are produced. This study investigates the implementation of standoff on four case study farms in the Manawatu region. One of the farmers is contemplating adopting standoff for soil and pasture protection, one of the farmers is considering the use of standoff to lower leaching from his farm while two of the case study farms are wondering about the use of standoff for both purposes i.e. soil/pasture and environmental protection. A range of tools was used to simulate the role and impact of standoff in the four cases study farms including; the soil water balance, the Farm Dairy Effluent Storage Calculator, Overseer and the DairyNZ investment tool. The soil water balance was used to identify the timing and extent of standoff, which are in turn important inputs into other the other models. The two major benefits of standoff in winter and spring for farm profitability are a potential increase in milk production and improved utilisation of supplements. Where standoff was practised for soil and pasture protection it was assumed that milk yield would increase by a relatively modest amount (10%) over the months August to October inclusive. The conservative nature of the analysis performed here recognises that the cases study farms are currently well managed. The simulations suggest that standoff for soil/pasture and environmental protection would be effective in helping the farmers meet these objectives. The case study farms with poorly drained soil would stand cows off for significant periods in order to protect soils and pastu

Biomass is one of the largest sources of energy available in agribusiness activities. Anaerobic biological degradation of organic matter, present in swine manure, produces a gaseous mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).Anaerobic biodigestion is one of the most effective methods for the treatment of manure, obtaining as biogas products; Substitute for some fuels; And biofertilizer; Rich in nutrients and applied in agriculture.The conceptual simplicity of biodigestors does not bring light, the great complexity of chemical and physical processes. One of the main reasons for this complexity is the expressive amount of variables that must be monitored to guarantee better efficiency of these equipments. Among these variables, the values of biomass temperature, amount of gas generated, pH, residence time, among others, stand out.Aspects related to the Logistics of transport and storage of biomass to Process Control methods, plus Cultural aspects, Professional Training, Creation of public policies, Maintenance of biodigesters, are challenges in the application of biodigestion for energy generation from waste Pigs on an agroindustrial scale.The objective of this article is to analyze some factors that represent challenges to the application of biodigestion process for energy generation from swine waste on an agroindustrial scale, thus contributing to important reflection on the design and installation of biodigesters in agroindustrial activities.

El següent projecte consta del disseny d’una planta de tractament de purins mitjançant el sistema de digestió anaeròbia en una explotació porcina a petita escala. En primer lloc s’explica quina és la situació de la problemàtica dels purins a Catalunya per tal d’entendre i justificar la necessitat de realitzar el projecte en el qual s’escull el tractament digestiu com a opció més adequada. La digestió anaeròbia és un mètode bioquímic en el qual els microorganismes presents en els purins, en unes condicions de temperatura i temps de residència adequats, destrueixen la matèria orgànica per tal de convertir-la en biogàs; un combustible amb un poder calorífic equivalent a un 65 % de metà. Doncs bé, es decideix dissenyar un reactor de mescla completa sense recirculació per la facilitat de construcció i el conseqüent baix cost que presentaria per una explotació domèstica. Un cop definit l’element principal, es dissenyen la resta de components tals com el dipòsit de recepció de les fosses dels purins, les bombes hidràuliques, el gasòmetre, etc. Amb el biogàs obtingut, s’aconsegueix cobrir la demanda tèrmica de la granja de porcs de cicle tancat, mitjançant una caldera mural de condensació, més la calor requerida pel bescanviador de calor del serpentí del reactor. Amb l’excés de biogàs s’alimenta un generador de gas i es ven l’energia elèctrica a la xarxa de subministrament. No es realitza autoconsum per dues raons: la primera és que per les hores de funcionament del generador no és aconsellable pagar el peatge corresponent i, en segon lloc, perquè seria difícil controlar els consums elèctrics de la granja i, al mateix temps, cobrir la demanda tèrmica. El producte digerit se separa en dues fraccions mitjançant un tamís vibratori. Les dues fases es venen com a fertilitzant nitrogenat i aigua de reg. Finalment es realitza la valoració econòmica obtenint un temps d’amortització baix amb uns ingressos complementaris a l’activitat ramadera. Dels principals avantatges se’n destaca

En aquest article es fa una revisió de treballs de recerca i desenvolupament sobre gestió i tractament de dejeccions ramaderes fets per un grup de recerca des de mitjan anys noranta. Amb un enfocament orientat a trobar solucions, ha calgut combinar els treballs més bàsics, orientats a conèixer els fonaments dels processos, amb els més aplicats, orientats a optimitzar la seva aplicació en condicions de camp reals. En aquesta combinació s’han mostrat molt útils les eines de biologia molecular per a conèixer la dinàmica de les poblacions de microorganismes en processos biològics, tant a escala de laboratori com industrial, i les eines de modelització matemàtica i simulació numèrica, tant per a entendre els fenòmens observats com per a optimitzar el disseny i l’escalat de les instal·lacions. Com a resultat dels diferents treballs, es conclou que les dejeccions són un subproducte de la producció animal i no un residu, que és possible la recuperació de nutrients per a substituir fertilitzants minerals i que la digestió anaeròbia és un procés clau en qualsevol estratègia tecnològica sostenible., Postprint (published version)

Aimed at studying the potential of the use of hen manure, in comparison to conventional fertilization in relation to the productivity of Brachiaria brizantha in the Zona da Mata of Rondônia, an experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Rondônia, Campus Rolim de Moura. The implemented experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The treatments consisted of fertilization with six hen manure rates (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 t ha-1) and conventional fertilization with 120 kg ha-1 N, 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 60 kg ha-1 of K2O. Seven evaluation cuts were made in the period from January to July 2014, leaving a 25-days interval between each cut and at a 15 cm from the ground height, with a floor portion of 0.25 m2. The dosages of 40 and 80 t ha-1 EP which had the highest production of fresh mass and dry weight were statistically higher than the ones from conventional fertilization, while the doses of 10 and 20 t ha-1 EP did not differ from the conventional treatment. Since the test sample and a dose of 5 t ha-1 of EP the production of dry matter in the Brachiaria brizantha linearly responded to the increase in the organic fertilizer, the highest cumulative production during the seven collections was estimated at 24 720 kg ha-1 MS at a dose of 80 t ha-1 EP. Thus it is concluded that the fertilization of Brachiaria brizantha with hen manure proved to be efficient in comparison to conventional fertilization when an equable dosage or greater than 10 t ha-1 in the soil and climatic conditions of the forest area of Rondônia., Com o objetivo de avaliar a potencialidade do uso de esterco de poedeira, comparativamente à adubação convencional na produtividade da Brachiaria brizantha na Zona da Mata Rondoniense, foi desenvolvido um experimento na Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Rolim de Moura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos constavam de adubação com seis doses de esterco de poedeira (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 e 80 t ha-1) e adubação convencional com 120 kg ha-1 de N, 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 60 kg ha-1 de K2O. Foram realizados sete cortes de avaliação no período de janeiro a julho de 2014, com intervalo de 25 dias entre cada corte e a uma altura de 15 cm do solo, com uma parcela útil de 0,25 m2. As dosagens de 40 e 80 t ha-1 de EP obtiveram as maiores produções de massa fresca e seca sendo superior estatisticamente a adubação convencional, enquanto as doses de 10 e 20 t ha-1 de EP não diferiram do tratamento convencional. Já a testemunha e a dose de 5 t ha-1 de EP foram inferiores ao tratamento com adubação convencional. A produção de matéria seca da Brachiaria brizantha respondeu linearmente ao incremento de adubação orgânica, a maior produção acumulada durante as sete coletas foi estimada em 24720 kg ha-1 MS na dose de 80 t ha-1 de EP. Desta forma conclui-se que a adubação da Brachiaria brizantha com esterco de poedeira se mostrou eficiente comparativamente à adubação convencional quando utilizado dosagem igual ou superior a 10 t ha-1, nas condições edafoclímaticas da zona da mata rondoniense.

The direct variable costs for heat and electricity production based on solid biomass fuel combustion is approximately 3-5 times lower than the costs in a fossil fuel-oil based boiler in Sweden. In addition waste derived biomass fuels are typically much cheaper than biomass not classified as waste. The introduction of the waste derived fuels; wastewater treatment sludge, demolition wood, and animal waste in a 50MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) biomass boiler located in Perstorp, Sweden, led to rapid deposit buildup in superheaters, heavy ash accumulation in economizers and failing boiler tubes and vortex finders that forced frequent boiler shutdowns. This in turn increased the use of expensive oil (fossil fuel) in backup boilers and the CO2 footprint of the on-site energy conversion system. This work aims to increase the general mechanistic understanding of combustion systems using complex fuels, and includes: A mapping of the boiler failure and preventive maintenance statistics; elemental composition analysis of ash, deposits and fuel fractions; flue-gas composition measurements; chemical speciation analysis; an attempt to describe the overall ash transformation reactions and mass balance throughout the combustion process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the elemental composition of ash and deposits. The SEM-EDS results were used together with data from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermodynamic phase data, and equilibrium calculations in an attempt to quantify the crystalline phases and the overall ash transformation of the process. Based on the findings concerning ash transformation and the failure statistics, it has been possible to identify generic key parameters regarding boiler design and process parameters, enabling major improvements of the CFB boiler availability, a lower overall energy conversion cost and a reduced CO2 footprint., Den direkta rörliga kostnaden för värme-och elproduktion baserad på fast biobränsle är ungefär 3-5 gånger lägre än kostnaden för fossiloljebaserad produktion. Avfallsklassade fasta biobränslen är vidare oftast betydligt billigare än fasta biobränslen som inte är klassade som avfall. Införandet av de avfallsklassade bränslena; reningsslam, rivningsvirke, och animaliskt avfall i en 50MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB) -panna, ledde till kraftig beläggningstillväxt i överhettare och ackumulering av aska i ekonomisers, samt haveri av panntuber och centrumrör i cyklonerna, som tvingade fram frekventa pannstopp. Detta ökade i sin tur användningen aveldningsolja (fossilt bränsle) i reservkrafts-pannor vilket resulterade i ett större CO2 utsläpp och en högre kostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten. Detta arbete syftar till att öka den allmänna mekanistiska förståelsen av förbränningssystem som använder komplexa bränslen, och omfattar; haveri- och underhållsstatistik, elementarsammansättningsanalys av aska, beläggningar och bränslefraktioner, rökgasens sammansättning, kemisk specificering av askor och beläggningar, ett försök att beskriva de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna, samt en massbalans för förbränningsprocessen. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) utrustat med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS) användes för att analysera den elementära sammansättningen av aska och beläggningar. SEM-EDS-resultaten användes tillsammans med pulverröntgendiffraktionsanalys (XRD), termodynamiska fasdata, och jämviktsberäkningar i ett försök att kvantifiera de kristallina faserna och de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna i processen. Baserat på resultaten rörande askomvandling och haveristatistik, har det varit möjligt att identifiera generiska nyckelparametrar gällande panndesign och processparametrar, som möjliggjort stora förbättringar av CFB pannans tillgänglighet, en lägre totalkostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten samt ett minskat CO2-utsläpp.

Circle Four Farms of Milford, Utah received the 2013 pork industry Environmental Stewards Award for its steps to care for the land while being Utah's largest pork producer.

Postprint (published version)

Two identically designed studies were conducted in separate years at the UNL Haskell Agricultural Laboratory using 192 crossbred heifers (96/study). Within a study heifers (initial weight = 386kg) were randomly assigned to 2 groups (3 42.4 m × 14.6 m pens/group/year): 1) treatment (TRT) animals were administered synthetic hormones via subcutaneous implants [d 1, 36 mg zearalonal; d 35, 140 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 14 mg of 17β-estradiol benzoate (Revalor-H)] and fed Melengesterol Acetate (MGA), and 2) control (CON) animals with no synthetic hormone provided. Throughout each study, feedlot pen surface samples were obtained from 4 equally-sized zones (5 surface sub-samples obtained/zone) within each pen. Runoff to waste water collection basins was also sampled. Run-off water and pen surface samples, including fresh manure, were analyzed for 16 natural and synthetic steroid hormones and their metabolites. Statistical model included year, treatment, replicate and year x treatment interaction. In pen surface samples, obtained at trial termination (d 109 for study 1 and d 138 for study 2), 4-androstenedione, andosterone, 17β-estradiol, estrone, α-zearalanol, and MGA were greater (P < 0.05) for TRT while progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were greater for CON. With the exception of androsterone, average hormonal concentrations in pen surface samples were less than 11 ng/g. In runoff samples, 4-androstenedione was greater for TRT and progesterone was greater for CON. Low (55 ng/g) concentrations of 17α-trenbolone, a metabolite of TBA, was detected in fresh manure from TRT group samples collected shortly after implanting, however no TBA metabolites were detected in pen surface samples. Gains and feed conversions were 18.6 (P < 0.05) and 7.2% better, respectively, for TRT, while CON had 16.7% greater choice and prime carcasses. Results indicate that low levels of both natural and synthetic hormones are found in cattle waste, although TBA metabolites were not foun

Animal waste from animal feeding operations (AFOs) is a significant contributor to nitrate contamination of groundwater. Some animal waste also contains heavy metals and salts that may build up in cropland and underlying aquifers. This thesis focuses on pollution reduction from the largest AFOs, in particular, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), which present the greatest potential risk among all AFOs to environmental quality and public health. To find cost-effective policies for controlling pollution at the field level and at the farm level, a dynamic environmental-economic modeling framework for representative CAFOs is developed. The framework incorporates four models (i.e., animal model, crop model, hydrologic model, and economic model) that includes various components such as herd management, manure handling system, crop rotation, water sources, irrigation system, waste disposal options, and pollutant emissions. The operator maximizes discounted total farm profit over multiple periods subject to environmental regulations. Decision rules from the dynamic optimization problem demonstrate best management practices for CAFOs to improve their economic and environmental performance. Results from policy simulations suggest that direct quantity restrictions of emission or incentive-based emission policies are much more cost-effective than the standard approach of limiting the amount of animal waste that may be applied to fields; reason being, policies targeting intermediate pollution and final pollution create incentives for the operator to examine the effects of other management practices to reduce pollution in addition to controlling the polluting inputs. Incentive-based emission policies are shown to have advantages over quantity restrictions over multiple years when seasonal or annual emissions fluctuate either due to inherent operation practices or the accumulation of precursors to the pollution. My approach demonstrates the importance of taking into ac

Runoff from improperly stored or managed manure can lead to contamination of groundwater and surface water. Land application of manure at proper agronomic rates or composting of manure conserves nutrients contained in the manure and minimizes leaching and runoff of contaminants. Manure storage in an appropriate structure increases a producer's flexibility regarding the timing of land applications. Storage is also valuable during extended periods of bad weather and when crops are actively growing, making application impractical. Proper management of stored manure depends on proper design and construction of the storage facility, a good knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and subsurface geologic materials within the storage area, and proper land application of manure once it leaves the storage facility..

Livestock yards, such as barnyards, holding areas and feedlots, are areas of concentrated livestock manure. They can be a source of nutrient and bacterial contamination of surface or ground water. This is especially true if there is no system to divert clean water flow from the livestock yard or to collect and divert polluted runoff from the yard to an area where it will have minimal effect on ground water or surface water. The potential for livestock yards to affect water quality is greatest if the yard is located over coarse-textured permeable soils, if the water table is at or near the surface, if bedrock is within a few feet of the surface or if polluted runoff reaches surface water sources.

Morgan Ranching Company, located in Morgan, Utah, is a local cattle and beef producer who's ranch has been in operation since 1962. Over the last several years the Morgans have not only improved their local operations, but they've gone a long way in conserving local natural resources, too. The creek near the Morgan Ranch runs into the Weber River, and the Morgans have put in several conservation practices designed to keep contaminants our of the water while keeping their operation more efficient.

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido la confección de una herramienta informática que permita evaluar, mediante balances de materia y energía, las diferentes combinaciones de procesos de tratamiento de deyecciones ganaderas conducentes a la producción de energía, mediante digestión o codigestión anaerobia, o a la obtención de productos que permitan una mejora en la gestión de los nutrientes, mediante la aplicación de sistemas de separación, concentración o eliminación biológica de nitrógeno. Para ello se han utilizado herramientas computacionales simples, básicamente hojas de cálculo. Se han definido y caracterizado cuatro de los procesos mencionados, y después de dimensionarlos, en función de la bibliografía publicada consultada, se han evaluado posibles combinaciones entre ellos. Los procesos estudiados han sido: balsa de almacenamiento, separadores sólido-líquido (tornillo prensa,centrífuga y DAF-PAM), nitrificación-desnitrificación y la digestión anaerobia. Como objetivo básico, se ha planteado la creación de una estructura que sea la base de nuevos trabajos de mejora y afinamiento, y que permita futuras ampliaciones con otros procesos. En algunos procesos se han tomado hipótesis simplificadoras, las cuales podrían merecer por ellas mismas todo un TFM, como es el caso de la nitrificación-desnitrificación. Así, ha quedado pendiente para nuevos estudios ahondar en el resto de procesos unitarios, como el compostaje, la digestión aerobia, la evaporación y secado, el stripping y absorción, la filtración por membrana, la osmosis inversa y la ozonización. También sería interesante pasar a valorar los costes asociados a cada uno de los tratamientos. Para esta “demo” se han escogido valores medios publicados y sus resultados no tienen por qué coincidir con sistemas reales, y se recomienda al usuario de esta herramienta que sea meticuloso a la hora de introducir los valores de las concentraciones de los parámetros de sus diferentes sustratos, para que los resultados s

This agriculture environmental management systems fact sheet discusses the application of biosolids.

La gestió de les dejeccions ramaderes del sector porcí és un procés molt tecnificat però on encara es poden millorar alguns processos o proposar-ne de nous. Aquest és el cas de la crioconcentració. Concentrant els purins podem disminuir-ne el seu volum i, per tant, el preu del seu transport. Però per a poder aplicar la crioconentració primer cal trobar el punt de congelació dels purins ja que intervé en el dimensionament de la màquina i en el cost del tractament.

Los cambios de nomenclatura que se han apreciado en los últimos años indican cambios positivos en la orientación de la visión del problema, y por tanto de sus soluciones: el término “deyecciones ganaderas” ha sustituido al de “residuos ganaderos”. El término “vertido al terreno” dio lugar a “aplicación al suelo”, y finalmente a “fertilización con deyecciones”. Faltan estudios de análisis económicos y de sensibilidad de los costes netos de producción finales en función de factores ambientales (por ejemplo, mejora de la productividad mediante mejora del ambiente en las naves, por cambios en la gestión de deyecciones). Faltan estudios sobre dinámica de patógenos, efectos y dinámica de productos farmacéuticos, y en general zoosanitarios, contenidos en las deyecciones. Faltan estudios de análisis de ciclo de vida de la producción ganadera y desarrollo de herramientas de diagnosis y de ayuda a la toma de decisiones. La gestión de las deyecciones ha de ser integral: desde la minimización en origen hasta la fertilización, pasando por la alimentación de precisión y la adecuación de los tratamientos a cada realidad local. La comunicación y en general el intercambio y transferencia de conocimiento ha de potenciarse., Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

Proper management of livestock yards helps reduce potential contamination of surface and ground water. Utah now requires that all animal feeding operations (AFOs) control runoff to surface waters. Even if your yard does not meet the legal definition of an AFO, good management of the yard will help protect our waters and also can improve herd health and improve the quality of milk and/or meat production.

This survey asks a series of questions dealing with common risks from livestock yard runoff to water quality. The questions are designed to help you identify specific practices or conditions on your farmstead or acreage that should be addressed to reduce risk of water contamination. The results of this survey are intended to provide general information and recommendations regarding practices and potential risks to water quality. Keep this survey as your private record and use it as a guide to taking action to reduce these risks. For more information, refer to Fact Sheet 8 in this series: "How to Manage a Livestock Yard and Protect Your Water."

This agriculture environmental management systems fact sheet discusses lagoon systems designed to treat livestock wastewater.

Management of odorous and polluting gases from wastes is a world-wide challenge. Gaseous losses of nitrogen and sulphur from stored manure and sewage biosolids can be considerable, and these gaseous are offensive and undesirable. Hence, it is necessary to quantify these gas emissions from waste to determine the impact on air quality as well as to find out the efficient and effective control measures. A field observation indicated that amendment of dairy manure with natural materials, such as soil and wood shavings can reduce gaseous emission. To understand the mechanism for reduction of gaseous emissions and to select an optimum natural medium, laboratory incubation studies were conducted to measure the gaseous loss of ammonia (NH3 ) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) from stored manure and biosolids under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for a period of about 7 weeks. Natural materials such as soil, untreated pine bark, sawdust and wood savings, were evaluated for their potential to reduce these gaseous emissions. Ammonia emission rate was typically peak within two days of the experiment and declined rapidly under aerobic and anaerobic condition from stored manure and sewage biosolids. NH3 emission was higher during aerobic than anaerobic incubation but in the case of biosolids the difference was very small. The total nitrogen loss due to NH3 emission was very low. It was around 1.23% from manure and 1.87% from biosolids under aerobic incubation. Around 49 mg NH3 was emitted from a kg of cattle manure during aerobic incubation and it was 1155 mg from biosolids. H2 S emissions were higher during anaerobic than aerobic incubation from manure and biosolids. Around 9.2 mg H2 S was emitted from a kg of manure and it was around 150.7 mg from biosolids under anaerobic incubation. All materials tested were found to have an effect on the NH3 and H2 S emission. However, pine bark and top soil amendment reduced the emission efficiently. NH3 emission was reduced by 78% under anaerobi

A retrospective diagnosis of a massive fish mortality in an aquaculture facility was performed following a cattle waste effluent spill to a river used as source for the fish farm. The level of suspended solids and non-ionised ammonia (NH3) reaching the farm were estimated based on concentrations in the animal waste and the dilution factor in the river. The calculations indicate that both concentrations were higher in the fish farm after the leakage than the lethal concentrations reported in water quality criteria for freshwater fish. Therefore, these calculations tie the cattle waste leakage to the fish kills observed.

The most cost effective treatment scheme for effluent from Midfield Meats, an abattoir in Warrnambool, Australia, was evaluated via a series of laboratory and commercial scale experiments. Effectiveness was measured in terms of suspended solids (SS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction. Economic assessment was based on predicted reduction in trade waste charges versus infrastructure and running costs. From the range of potential treatment technologies, those deemed most appropriate for trialling included pre-screening, sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation treatment and dissolved air floatation (DAF). Prior to evaluation of treatment types, flow, loads and contaminant characterisation of the waste streams was conducted to aid in selection of treatment type and capacity. Prescreening was found to be the most cost effective, followed by sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation treatment and finally DAF. The most economical treatment scheme that satisfied the requirements of Midfield Meats included a combination of prescreening and sedimentation. DAF and coagulation and flocculation treatment satisfactorily treated the wastewater, however were not cost effective under the current trade waste agreement.

RIVM rapport:RIVM heeft een generiek model ontwikkeld waarmee emissies van persistente contaminanten bij Rendac destructiebedrijven gekwantificeerd kunnen worden. Het model is gebaseerd op de principes van massabalans en partitionering van stoffen over verschillende matrices. Er wordt verondersteld dat de contaminanten via de grondstoffen (o.a. slachtafval en kadavers) in het destructieproces komen. Invoergegevens voor het model zijn diverse procesparameters en stofeigenschappen. Met het model zijn berekeningen uitgevoerd voor ca. 40 persistente contaminanten. Een groot deel van de geevalueerde stoffen komt normaal niet voor in de aangevoerde grondstoffen. De modelexercitie is daarom uitsluitend een theoretische analyse van de emissies. Uit de resultaten van de berekeningen blijkt dat de meeste van de geselecteerde stoffen vooral emitteren naar de producten vet en meel. Slechts een kleine fractie van de totale emissie komt terecht in het afvalwater en de afgas. Voor beide afvalstromen bestaan nageschakelde technieken, die voor een verdere reductie van de emissies zorgen., The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment has developed a generic model for quantifying emissions of persistent contaminants at Rendac destruction plants. The model is based on two principles: mass balancing and partitioning of compounds over various matrices. An important limiting condition in the model is that contaminants enter the destruction process via the raw materials (animal corpses and offals). Input to the model is formed by parameters signifying processing conditions and properties of the contaminants considered. Model calculations for 40 different persistent contaminants were performed. The majority of the contaminants, however, are not common in the raw materials used at Rendac so model exercises are strictly theoretical. From the modeling results it can be deduced that most compounds evaluated may emit to the products, 'fat' and 'animal meal'. A small fraction of the total emission may find its way into waste water and the exhaust of gaseous compounds. Post-plant treatment is operative for both the waste-water and exhaust routes, thereby ensuring a further reduction of emissions in the environment.

The solution to environmental problems associated with livestock wastes requires a broad integrated approach, Postprint (published version)

Estudi base per la realització de plans de gestió de dejeccions ramaderes a les comarques de l'Alt Urgell i la Cerdanya. Amb el finançament del Patronat de Promoció Econòmica de la Diputació de Lleida, Fons Social Europeu, Cooperativa Cadí i els Departaments de Medi Ambient i d'Agricultura, Ramaderia i Pesca de la Generalitat de Catalunya., La intensificació de la ramaderia dictada per l'europeïtzació i la globalització, la creixent consciència social de la necessitat d'un maneig integral de qualsevol explotació que inclogui els seus residus, la necessitat de regular el sistema productiu per a garantir la seva sostenibilitat, i la legislació en aquests sentits fan necessària l'elaboració i aplicació dels plans de gestió dels residus ramaders., Preprint

S'estima que a Catalunya es produeixen uns 19 milions de tones anuals de residus ramaders, essent la tipologia de residu que es produeix en més quantitat. La consideració de residu o de subproducte d'aquests materials depen de molts factors: escala geografica d'analisi, ús correcte com adobs o esmenes, tractaments que s'hi apliquin, etc., Postprint (published version)