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Prior to the development of pulsed lasers, one assigned a single local temperature to the lattice, the electron gas, and the spins. With the availability of ultrafast laser sources, one can now drive the temperature of these reservoirs out of equilibrium. Thus, the solid shows new internal degrees of freedom characterized by individual temperatures of the electron gas Te, the lattice Tl and the spins Ts. We demonstrate an analogous behavior in the spin polarization of a ferromagnet in an ultrafast demagnetization experiment: At the Fermi energy, the polarization is reduced faster than at deeper in the valence band. Therefore, on the femtosecond time scale, the magnetization as a macroscopic quantity does not provide the full picture of the spin dynamics: The spin polarization separates into different parts similar to how the single temperature paradigm changed with the development of ultrafast lasers., QN/Mol. Electronics & Devices

Prior to the development of pulsed lasers, one assigned a single local temperature to the lattice, the electron gas, and the spins. With the availability of ultrafast laser sources, one can now drive the temperature of these reservoirs out of equilibrium. Thus, the solid shows new internal degrees of freedom characterized by individual temperatures of the electron gas Te, the lattice Tl and the spins Ts. We demonstrate an analogous behavior in the spin polarization of a ferromagnet in an ultrafast demagnetization experiment: At the Fermi energy, the polarization is reduced faster than at deeper in the valence band. Therefore, on the femtosecond time scale, the magnetization as a macroscopic quantity does not provide the full picture of the spin dynamics: The spin polarization separates into different parts similar to how the single temperature paradigm changed with the development of ultrafast lasers., QN/Mol. Electronics & Devices

The laser-driven ultrafast demagnetization effect is one of the long-standing problems in solid-state physics. The time scale is given not only by the transfer of energy, but also by the transport of angular momentum away from the spin system. Through a double-pulse experiment resembling two-dimensional spectroscopy, we separate the different pathways by their nonlinear properties. We find (a) that the loss of magnetization within 400 fs is not affected by the previous excitations (linear process), and (b) we observe a picosecond demagnetization contribution that is strongly affected by the previous excitations. Our experimental approach is useful not only for studying femtosecond spin dynamics, but can also be adapted to other problems in solid-state dynamics., Architecture and the Built Environment, QN/Zwiller Lab

The laser-driven ultrafast demagnetization effect is one of the long-standing problems in solid-state physics. The time scale is given not only by the transfer of energy, but also by the transport of angular momentum away from the spin system. Through a double-pulse experiment resembling two-dimensional spectroscopy, we separate the different pathways by their nonlinear properties. We find (a) that the loss of magnetization within 400 fs is not affected by the previous excitations (linear process), and (b) we observe a picosecond demagnetization contribution that is strongly affected by the previous excitations. Our experimental approach is useful not only for studying femtosecond spin dynamics, but can also be adapted to other problems in solid-state dynamics., QN/Zwiller Lab

Prior to the development of pulsed lasers, one assigned a single local temperature to the lattice, the electron gas, and the spins. With the availability of ultrafast laser sources, one can now drive the temperature of these reservoirs out of equilibrium. Thus, the solid shows new internal degrees of freedom characterized by individual temperatures of the electron gas Te, the lattice Tl and the spins Ts. We demonstrate an analogous behavior in the spin polarization of a ferromagnet in an ultrafast demagnetization experiment: At the Fermi energy, the polarization is reduced faster than at deeper in the valence band. Therefore, on the femtosecond time scale, the magnetization as a macroscopic quantity does not provide the full picture of the spin dynamics: The spin polarization separates into different parts similar to how the single temperature paradigm changed with the development of ultrafast lasers., QN/Mol. Electronics & Devices

Regulation fostering Managed Care alternatives in health insurance is spreading. This work reports on an experiment designed to measure the amounts of compensation asked by the Swiss population (in terms of reduced premiums) for Managed-Care type restrictions in the provision of health care. It finds that restrictions on the freedom of physician choice would require an average compensation of more than one-third of the premium, while generic substitution even meets with a small willingness to pay. Marked preference heterogeneity is an argument against regulation imposing uniformity of contract in Swiss social health insurance

The ultrafast demagnetization process allows for the generation of femtosecond spin current pulses. Here, we present a thermodynamic model of the spin current generation process, based on the chemical potential gradients as the driving force for the spin current. We demonstrate that the laser-induced spin current can be estimated by an easy to understand diffusion model., QN/Zwiller Lab

The ultrafast demagnetization process allows for the generation of femtosecond spin current pulses. Here, we present a thermodynamic model of the spin current generation process, based on the chemical potential gradients as the driving force for the spin current. We demonstrate that the laser-induced spin current can be estimated by an easy to understand diffusion model., QN/Zwiller Lab

Hintergrund: 50-75% der onkologischen Patienten erhalten eine ungenügende Analgesie, obwohl anhand bestehender Richtlinien eine adäquate Behandlung tumorbedingter Schmerzen möglich wäre. Mögliche Gründe dafür sind Vorurteile, die sowohl Patienten als auch Gesundheitsfachpersonen gegenüber Opioiden haben. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Vorurteile von onkologischen Patienten gegenüber Opioiden anhand evidenzbasierter Literatur zu erfassen, diese auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt zu prüfen und daraus einen ersten, unformatierten Entwurf eines Patientenflyers zu gestalten. Methode: Es wird eine systematisierte Literaturrecherche in gesundheitsrelevanten Datenbanken durchgeführt. Die 16 ausgewählten Ergebnisstudien und die zwei Expertenmeinungen werden zusammengefasst, kritisch analysiert und die Fragestellung anhand der gewonnenen Resultate beantwortet. Ergebnisse: Anhand der Ergebnisstudien können folgende sieben Vorurteile seitens der Patienten gegenüber Opioiden identifiziert werden: Abhängigkeit, kognitive Beeinträchtigung, Lebensende, Nausea und Emesis, Obstipation, Sedation und Toleranzentwicklung. Zusätzlich wird Atemdepression, die hauptsächlich Gesundheitsfachpersonen fürchten, auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt geprüft. Es zeigt sich, dass Nausea und Emesis, Obstipation und Sedation tatsächlich auftretende Nebenwirkungen einer Opioid-Therapie sind. Schlussfolgerung: Viele Vorurteile gegenüber Opioiden sind bei sachgemässer Anwendung unter einer Schmerzbehandlung unbegründet. Umso wichtiger ist die Patientenedukation, um Patienten über den Wahrheitsgehalt der Vorurteile aufzuklären, wobei Pflegefachpersonen in der Patientenedukation eine zentrale Rolle zukommt.

Hintergrund: 50-75% der onkologischen Patienten erhalten eine ungenügende Analgesie, obwohl anhand bestehender Richtlinien eine adäquate Behandlung tumorbedingter Schmerzen möglich wäre. Mögliche Gründe dafür sind Vorurteile, die sowohl Patienten als auch Gesundheitsfachpersonen gegenüber Opioiden haben. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Vorurteile von onkologischen Patienten gegenüber Opioiden anhand evidenzbasierter Literatur zu erfassen, diese auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt zu prüfen und daraus einen ersten, unformatierten Entwurf eines Patientenflyers zu gestalten. Methode: Es wird eine systematisierte Literaturrecherche in gesundheitsrelevanten Datenbanken durchgeführt. Die 16 ausgewählten Ergebnisstudien und die zwei Expertenmeinungen werden zusammengefasst, kritisch analysiert und die Fragestellung anhand der gewonnenen Resultate beantwortet. Ergebnisse: Anhand der Ergebnisstudien können folgende sieben Vorurteile seitens der Patienten gegenüber Opioiden identifiziert werden: Abhängigkeit, kognitive Beeinträchtigung, Lebensende, Nausea und Emesis, Obstipation, Sedation und Toleranzentwicklung. Zusätzlich wird Atemdepression, die hauptsächlich Gesundheitsfachpersonen fürchten, auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt geprüft. Es zeigt sich, dass Nausea und Emesis, Obstipation und Sedation tatsächlich auftretende Nebenwirkungen einer Opioid-Therapie sind. Schlussfolgerung: Viele Vorurteile gegenüber Opioiden sind bei sachgemässer Anwendung unter einer Schmerzbehandlung unbegründet. Umso wichtiger ist die Patientenedukation, um Patienten über den Wahrheitsgehalt der Vorurteile aufzuklären, wobei Pflegefachpersonen in der Patientenedukation eine zentrale Rolle zukommt.

The objective of this Families and Communities fact sheet is to provide information on program evaluation. A primary purpose of Cooperative Extension is to provide research based programming for the local community (US Department of Agriculture, 2010).

This families and communities fact sheet discusses writing local program evaluations.

Evaluation is an important component of refining programs and documenting impacts. Evaluation aids the profession as a whole and assists Extension faculty in meeting promotion requirements. Qualitative methods are commonly used in evaluations in order to explore specific facets of programs and to give voice to participants' experiences. These methods provide in-depth information that can assist Extension faculty in enhancing the quality of their programs. This review highlights differences between quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. The elements, processes, and limitations of qualitative evaluation methodology are detailed. In addition, specific guidelines are provided for increasing the trustworthiness of qualitative evaluations.

The objective of this Families and Communities fact sheet is to provide information on program evaluation. A primary purpose of Cooperative Extension is to provide research based programming for the local community (US Department of Agriculture, 2010).

Evaluation is an important component of refining programs and documenting impacts. Evaluation aids the profession as a whole and assists Extension faculty in meeting promotion requirements. Qualitative methods are commonly used in evaluations in order to explore specific facets of programs and to give voice to participants' experiences. These methods provide in-depth information that can assist Extension faculty in enhancing the quality of their programs. This review highlights differences between quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. The elements, processes, and limitations of qualitative evaluation methodology are detailed. In addition, specific guidelines are provided for increasing the trustworthiness of qualitative evaluations.

This families and communities fact sheet discusses writing local program evaluations.

Regulation fostering Managed Care alternatives in health insurance is spreading. This work reports on an experiment designed to measure the amounts of compensation asked by the Swiss population (in terms of reduced premiums) for Managed-Care type restrictions in the provision of health care. It finds that restrictions on the freedom of physician choice would require an average compensation of more than one-third of the premium, while generic substitution even meets with a small willingness to pay. Marked preference heterogeneity is an argument against regulation imposing uniformity of contract in Swiss social health insurance.

Regulation fostering Managed Care alternatives in health insurance is spreading. This work reports on an experiment designed to measure the amounts of compensation asked by the Swiss population (in terms of reduced premiums) for Managed-Care type restrictions in the provision of health care. It finds that restrictions on the freedom of physician choice would require an average compensation of more than one-third of the premium, while generic substitution even meets with a small willingness to pay. Marked preference heterogeneity is an argument against regulation imposing uniformity of contract in Swiss social health insurance.

Garden dormice (Eliomys quercinus L.) were investigated in 1993 and from 1995 to 1997 by trapping and radio tracking in a nature reserve (Petite Camargue Alsacienne, Alsace) in France. The number of captured animals was 463, 118 were trapped for the first time, 345 animals were recaptured. Normal seasonal activity of the population was from April to October in 1993. Newborn animals entered the population in 1993, 1995 and 1996 only in July. Radio tracking results showed a correlation of activity and sun rhythm, a behaviour which is already described for edible dormouse and hazel dormouse., Garden dormice (Eliomys quercinus L.) were investigated in 1993 and from 1995 to 1997 by trapping and radio tracking in a nature reserve (Petite Camargue Alsacienne, Alsace) in France. The number of captured animals was 463, 118 were trapped for the first time, 345 animals were recaptured. Normal seasonal activity of the population was from April to October in 1993. Newborn animals entered the population in 1993, 1995 and 1996 only in July. Radio tracking results showed a correlation of activity and sun rhythm, a behaviour which is already described for edible dormouse and hazel dormouse.

Guaioxide (III) and bulnesoxide (IV) were obtained from guaiol (I) and bulnesol (II), and their structures have been determined. Copyright © 1966 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Regulation fostering Managed Care alternatives in health insurance is spreading. This work reports on an experiment designed to measure the amounts of compensation asked by the Swiss population (in terms of reduced premiums) for Managed-Care type restrictions in the provision of health care. It finds that restrictions on the freedom of physician choice would require an average compensation of more than one-third of the premium, while generic substitution even meets with a small willingness to pay. Marked preference heterogeneity is an argument against regulation imposing uniformity of contract in Swiss social health insurance