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The purpose of this article is to present an unpublished document: «Relation made by the nuns of the convent of Santa Catharina de Sena in the city of San Francisco de Quito, province of Peru, in the Indies», guarded by the Bartolomé March Library in Palma de Mallorca. The report succinctly describes a case that caused enormous scandal in 1679: the flee of the nuns from the convent of Saint Catherine of Siena in Quito to place themselves under the protection of ordinary justice and thus avoid continuing to be mistreated by the prior of the order of the Preachers of Quito. Now, the relevance of the document lies in the fact that it helps clear up a doubt that King Charles II had regarding who sent the news of the Quito scandal to Pope Clement X, El propósito de este artículo es dar a conocer un documento inédito: «Relación que hicieron las religiosas del convento de santa Catharina de Sena de la ciudad de San Francisco de Quito, provincia del Perú, en las Indias», procedente de los papeles del nuncio en Madrid Savo Millini, custodiado por la Biblioteca Bartolomé March en Palma de Mallorca. La relación describe sucintamente un caso que causó enorme escándalo en 1679: la salida de las monjas del convento de santa Catalina de Siena de Quito para ponerse bajo el amparo de la justicia ordinaria y evitar así seguir siendo maltratadas por el prior de la orden de los Predicadores de Quito. Ahora bien, la relevancia del documento estriba, también, en que permite despejar una duda que tenía el rey Carlos II respecto de quién envió la noticia del escándalo quiteño al papa Clemente X

The article discusses the specific, both sociologically and geographically determined Polish language of Kyiv, perceived by the author as a “territorial variation of the Polish literary language existing within the circle of Polish and Ruthenian intelligentsiain Kyiv in the 17th century around the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, represented by the prints of the typography of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.” The key was the application of linguistic criteria (phonetic, inflectional and syntactic ones) and answering the question of which variation of the borderland Polish we are dealing with: the northern or the southern one. However, a review of linguistic features shows that the Kyiv Polish language situates itself between the north and south borderlands. At every level of the language, features characteristic of both the southern and northern borderlands are noticeable, with the majority accounting for features common to both regions.

This thesis demonstrates that feminist, practice-led methodologies can expand the archive by revealing important latent performance and biographical traces of women that dominant epistemologies miss. Each case study reveals significant re-readings of performances by Nell Gwyn, Mary Lee, and Elizabeth Barry, and my central question is in two parts: 'What is happening onstage?’ and ‘Can we see more if we look differently?’ My approach to the work is autoethnographically informed; the neurodivergent impulse for variety and discovery has influenced my cross-disciplinary approach as my multiple selves (feminist, burlesque performer, academic, historian, theatre practitioner) bring their insights to the work. The application of a feminist lens has oriented my approach to this study and informed my detailed archive work prompting previously unasked questions about the biographies, work and influence of Nell Gwyn, Mary Lee, Elizabeth Mallet, and Elizabeth Barry, and demonstrates the importance of creative, embodied, and cross-disciplinary working methods that are inclusive and comprehend the value of previously excluded voices. My work on reading between performances and reconnecting lost performance contexts offers a corrective to the slippage arising from the canonical view of Restoration plays. The restoration of context through the synergy of artistic and archival methodologies reveals meaning, tone and wit latent in the text; perceived tropes can be revealed as references to a real person or event and the seemingly obscure as a topical joke. This has implications for our understanding about the work and lines of individual actresses, as well as virtuosic and bravura performances, possible casting, and additionally informs readings of characters, scenes, and plays.

En este ensayo se examinan los conflictos jurisdiccionales entre el octavo arzobispo de Manila, Miguel de Poblete, y la orden de los agustinos durante el periodo final de su gobierno (1663-1667), lo que obliga en primer lugar a repensar la compleja dinámica del poder diocesano en sentido vertical, generada por las desavenencias entre los prelados y las órdenes religiosas en una región tan alejada de los centros de decisión. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, la gobernación de Filipinas vivió un período de gran inestabilidad. En este contexto, los comportamientos deshonestos del padre agustino Alonso Quijano nos permiten identificar otros aspectos importantes del entramado de poder que mantuvo a la élite religiosa del archipiélago en un estado de permanente conflictividad. A partir de fuentes de archivo y coetáneas, se efectúa un análisis micro-histórico para comprender la importancia de las redes familiares y de los grupos de poder de Manila de acuerdo con un sistema de normas sociales interiorizadas, entendimientos y patrones de comportamiento. Al situar a los obispos, arzobispos y órdenes religiosas en sintonía con los grupos de poder locales, se plantea la cuestión de cómo relacionar un enfoque microanalítico, entendido como una reducción de la escala de observación, con procesos globales o historias conectadas (connected history) de mayor calado (Subrahmanyam, 1997). En segundo lugar, el caso del arzobispo Poblete revela otro tipo de conflictividad horizontal en los cabildos eclesiásticos, es decir, los debates existentes entre «criollos» y «peninsulares» que se produjeron en los virreinatos de la América hispánica y la gobernación de Filipinas., This essay examines the jurisdictional conflicts between the eighth archbishop of Manila, Miguel de Poblete, and the Augustinian order during the final period of his rule (1663-1667), which forces us in the first place to rethink the complex dynamics of diocesan power in a vertical sense, generated by the disagreements between the prelates and the religious orders in a region so far away from the centers of decision making. During the second half of the seventeenth century, the government of the Philippines experienced a period of great instability. In this context, the Augustinian Father Alonso Quijano’s misconduct allow us to identify other important aspects of the power structure that kept the religious elite of the archipelago in a state of permanent conflict. Drawing on archival and contemporary sources, a micro-historical analysis will be undertaken to understand the importance of family networks and power groups in Manila according to a system of internalized social norms, understandings, and patterns of behavior. By situating the bishops, archbishops, and religious orders in tune with local power groups, this paper raises the question of how to relate a micro-analytical approach, understood as a reduction of the scale of observation, to larger global processes or connected histories (Subrahmanyam, 1997). In the second place, the case of Miguel de Poblete reveals another type of horizontal conflict in the ecclesiastical councils, that is, the existing debates between «criollos» and «peninsulares» that took place in the Viceroyalties of the Spanish America and the Government of the Philippines.

Durante el siglo XVII más de la mitad de los municipios valencianos de realengo −al menos una treintena− llegaron a recabar la intervención de la Corona para que esta facilitara por la vía de gracia su rescate financiero, ante la situación de bancarrota a que se vieron abocados. Solicitaban, además del cese inmediato de las ejecuciones judiciales, la concesión de una demora para las liquidaciones, una rebaja temporal de los intereses corridos y corrientes, el secuestro de las rentas en manos de un gestor o −lo más frecuente− la aprobación de una concordia previamente pactada con los acreedores, que solía contener elementos de las otras modalidades mencionadas y, a menudo, incluía también planes de amortización de capitales. En sus peticiones al monarca los municipios acostumbraban hacer referencias explícitas a una amplia gama de circunstancias adversas que habían precipitado su estado de insolvencia. A partir de este tipo de informaciones, es objeto del presente trabajo analizar los elementos discursivos contenidos en las retóricas justificadoras de la deplorable situación financiera en que se encontraban las arcas locales; lo que permite distinguir dos niveles distintos pero complementarios. Por un lado, el que se nutría de todo tipo de calamidades de origen climático y natural; por otro el que remitía a las consecuencias, directas o indirectas, de la política de la monarquía. Entre las primeras, se destacaban los efectos catastróficos de las sequías, inundaciones y granizadas, así como de las epidemias de peste de 1648 y 1677. Entre las segundas, se referían los alojamientos de tropas y las secuelas de la guerra de Cataluña en los municipios más próximos a la frontera, además de los cuantiosos servicios a la Corona., During the 17th century, more than half of the Valencian royalist municipalities −at least thirty− sought the intervention of the Crown to facilitate their financial rescue through grace, given their state of bankruptcy. They requested, in addition to the immediate cessation of judicial executions, a delay for settlements, a temporary reduction of accrued and current interest, the sequestration of revenues by a trustee, or −most commonly− the approval of a concord previously agreed with creditors. This often included elements of the other mentioned modalities and frequently encompassed capital amortization plans. In their petitions to the monarch, the municipalities often made explicit references to a wide range of adverse circumstances that had precipitated their insolvency. Based on this information, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the discursive elements contained in the justifying rhetorics of the deplorable financial situation of local treasuries; this allows distinguishing two different but complementary levels. On one hand, those fueled by all kinds of climatic and natural calamities; on the other, those referring to the direct or indirect consequences of the monarchy’s policies. Among the former, the catastrophic effects of droughts, floods, and hailstorms were highlighted, as well as the epidemics of plague in 1648 and 1677. Among the latter, the quartering of troops and the aftermath of the Catalan War in municipalities near the border were noted, in addition to the substantial services to the Crown.

Este estudio en clave local pretende mostrar el potencial de los archivos municipales para tratar de comprender mejor cómo afectaron las sublevaciones de 1640 a localidades como Alcalá de Henares. En este sentido, abordamos dos objetivos fundamentales. El primero, profundizar en el irregular conocimiento del nivel de cooperación de los distintos territorios de la Monarquía respecto a su política militar a partir de las sublevaciones de Cataluña y Portugal de 1640. En segundo lugar, se pretende exponer el impacto económico que tuvo sobre la villa la política hacendística de Felipe IV en este periodo y qué medidas se tomaron en el concejo para poder satisfacer estas necesidades. Para conseguirlo, hemos analizado los libros de actas del concejo del Archivo Municipal de Alcalá de Henares, tratando de razonar sobre las deliberaciones y los acuerdos que se tomaron durante el periodo investigado para presentar una explicación lógica a los objetivos planteados. Las fuentes analizadas recogen las sesiones celebradas en las salas capitulares en las que participaron los principales actores de la vida política municipal. También se han podido consultar algunos documentos como cartas e instrumentos remitidos al municipio por el monarca o por sus oficiales reales. El resultado final de este trabajo demuestra las dificultades que atravesó el concejo para aportar los recursos económicos y humanos en una etapa tan convulsa. Con el transcurrir del tiempo la villa se vio incapacitada para remitir más milicianos, soldados e hijosdalgo. Intentar sustituir estos hombres por dinero obligó a tomar medidas a la administración municipal que pusieron al límite su capacidad económica., This local study aims to show the potential of municipal archives to try to better understand how the uprisings of 1640 affected towns such as Alcalá de Henares. In this regard, we address two fundamental objectives. The first is to deepen the irregular knowledge of the level of cooperation of the different territories of the Monarchy with respect to its military policy since the uprisings in Catalonia and Portugal in 1640. On the other hand, it is intended to expose the economic impact that the fiscal policy of Philip IV had on the town in this period and what measures were taken in the council to meet these needs. To achieve this, we have analysed the minutes books of the council of the Municipal Archive of Alcalá de Henares, trying to reason about the deliberations and agreements that were taken during the period under investigation in order to present a logical explanation for the objectives set. The sources analysed include the sessions held in the chapter houses in which the main actors of municipal political life participated. It has also been possible to consult some documents such as letters and instruments sent to the municipality by the monarch or by his royal officials. The final result of this work demonstrates the difficulties that the council went through to provide economic and human resources in such a convulsive period. With the passage of time, the town was unable to send more militiamen, soldiers and hidalgos. Trying to replace these men with money forced the municipal administration to take measures that put its economic capacity to the limit.

Equestrian portraits have long been studied regarding questions of power and masculinity. In these studies equestrian portraits depicting women have, perhaps due to their small numbers, been regarded as a few exceptions whose existence do not disturb the general conclusion of what an equestrian portrait means or what its purpose is. The genre is so characterized by its portrayal of masculinity that it is almost synonymous with the early modern ideal male attributes, such as valor, physical strength, leadership and military ability. When a woman is portrayed riding a horse we can safely assume that it is not with the same meaning as when a man is, still it is to me inevitable not to ask oneself what purpose the portrayal of a woman in a genre so closely linked to masculinity serves. For obviously there are many alternative, less masculine, ways of portraying a woman. What made this alternative attractive enough and socially acceptable? The aim of this comparative study is therefore to describe in what way women in equestrian portraiture were depicted and to compare this to their male counterparts in order to further discuss what might lie behind their similarities and differences and how this affects our interpretation of these artworks. Through iconographic analysis and interpretation this study concludes that equestrian portraiture of women in many ways follow the same artistic conventions and uses the same expressions of power and superiority as their male counterparts. The metaphor of the rider as the worthy leader can be applied to the women as well but not without a compromise of what characteristics distinguish a good, or even great leader and the characteristics associated with femininity and female virtue. Women could generally not be portrayed in a military leadership nor be attributed the male characteristics of valor and physical strength. Due to these two traits being thought of as necessary (although not enough on their own) for a completed leadership

This thesis aims to examine how the philosophy of Arcadia is portrayed compared to three paintings from Nationalmuseums exhibition Arkadien: ett förlorat paradis? Firstly, the essay creates a frame for what Arcadia should look like and communicate by analyzing three established Arcadia-motifs with the same title, Et in Arcadia ego by Nicolas Poussin from 1638 and 1627, and Guercino from ca 1620. The framework shows that Arcadia contains three dominating themes, which are the presence of antiquity, the pastoral ideal and the presence of Death. The framework also shows that Arcadia aims to have a clear communication with the viewer by using direct symbols and double linguistic messages. Secondly, the essay compares Poussins and Guercino's Arcadia with Nationalmuseums Claude Lorrains Landskap med Argus som vaktar Io (ca 1644–1645), Francois Només (1593-ca 1645) Trojas brand med Aeneas och Anchises flykt (u.å) and Thomas Blanchets Kleobis och Biton (1650). The results are that Nationalmuseum has a different view of Arcadia compared to Poussin and Guercino, and uses it as an elastic concept, which can categorize paintings that don't fully communicate Arcadia's original thoughts and ideas as truthfully Arcadia-motifs.

In 1602, after the so-called “Curalaba disaster” in 1598, the monarchy established a subsidy to support the army of the kingdom of Chile settled on the Bío-bío frontier. This annual subsidy of 212,000 maravedíes, called situado real, lasted throughout the 17th century and part of the 18th century. However, during the second half of the 17th century there was a progressive increase in complaints from governors, officials and the army due to the continuous problems surrounding the arrival of the situado to Chile. Fraud and corruption on various scales, the insufficiency of the Lima treasury for the remittance of the situado, as well of the shipments themselves were just some of the problems that the Crown tried to control. The purpose of this article is to analyze the period prior to the royal decree of 1687, investigating the various erosions suffered by the Real Situado through three levels of analysis: viceroyalty, governorship and local spheres. We propose that the corruption committed by various actors was the main cause of the loss of the wealth that was sent from the treasury in Lima. Based on the study of administrative documentation we propose that the fraud committed by actors at different levels was the main cause of the loss of the resources that were sent from the royal treasury in Lima., En 1602, luego del llamado “desastre” de Curalaba ocurrido en 1598, la monarquía estableció un subsidio con la finalidad de socorrer el ejército del reino de Chile asentado en la frontera del Bío-bío. Este socorro anual de 212.000 ducados, llamado situado real, perduró durante todo el siglo XVII y parte del siglo XVIII. No obstante, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII hubo un aumento progresivo de quejas por parte de gobernadores, funcionarios y el ejército debido a los continuos problemas en torno al arribo del situado a Chile. Los fraudes y la corrupción en diversas escalas, la insuficiencia de la caja de Lima para la remisión del situado, así como la irregularidad misma de los envíos fueron sólo algunos de los problemas a los que la corona intentó poner freno. El presente artículo tiene por finalidad analizar el período previo a cédula real de 1687, indagando en las diversas erosiones que sufrió el situado a través de tres niveles de análisis: virreinato, gobernación y la frontera. Gracias al estudio de documentación administrativa proponemos que los fraudes cometidos por actores en diferentes escalas fueron la principal causa de la pérdida de los caudales que eran enviados desde la caja de Lima.

This article analyzes the project undertaken in the mid-seventeenth century by the hermit Salvador de Victoria, which involved establishing a new reformed religious order and constructing a shrine dedicated to Our Lady of the Saints, an Andalusian virgin he was deeply devoted to. It also explores why he undertook these foundations in Santa Fe de México, and the motives of his supporters, including Archbishop Mateo Sagade Bugueiro of Mexico., El presente artículo analiza el proyecto que emprendió –a mediados del siglo XVII– el ermitaño Salvador de Victoria, el cual consistía en la institución de una nueva orden religiosa reformada y la construcción de un santuario dedicado a Nuestra Señora de los Santos, una virgen andaluza de la que era muy devoto. Asimismo, examina las causas por las cuales este personaje decidió llevar a cabo ambas fundaciones en el pueblo de Santa Fe de México, así como los motivos que tuvieron aquellos que lo secundaron, empezando por el propio arzobispo de México Mateo Sagade Bugueiro.

For most of the 17th century, the profitable trade in Asian goods led the silver merchants of Mexico City, in complicity with the viceroys of New Spain and the governors of the Philippines, to weave dense networks of mercantile contraband. In particular, we analyze the way in which the Viceroy Conde de Paredes and the Governor Juan de Vargas Hurtado, with the credit support of the wealthy merchants José de Retes Largacha and Domingo de Leyva Cantabrana, articulated an intricate mesh of illegal contracts involving the Castilians and official royal judges of the ports of Acapulco, Cavite and Manila, the generals and main officers of the galleons, as well as the merchants of Manila, among other officials and agents. We will see how the main Philippine authorities denounced Governor Vargas Hurtado for the excesses he incurred and the monarchy's efforts to try him and find more evidence of the clandestine negotiations carried out by the powerful network., En el siglo XVII, el redituable tráfico de bienes asiáticos dio lugar a que los mercaderes de plata de la ciudad de México, en complicidad con los virreyes de Nueva España y los gobernadores de Filipinas, tejieran densas tramas de contrabando y fraude fiscal. Analizamos la forma en que el virrey conde de Paredes y el gobernador Juan de Vargas Hurtado, con el apoyo crediticio de los acaudalados mercaderes José de Retes Largacha y Domingo de Leyva Cantabrana, articularon una intrincada malla de contrataciones ilícitas en la que involucraron a los castellanos y jueces oficiales reales de los puertos de Acapulco, Cavite y Manila, a los generales y principales oficiales de los galeones, así como a los comerciantes de Manila, entre otros funcionarios y agentes. Veremos cómo las principales autoridades de Filipinas denunciaron al gobernador Vargas Hurtado por los excesos en que incurrió y los esfuerzos de la monarquía por juzgarlo y encontrar mayores evidencias de las negociaciones clandestinas que realizaba la poderosa red.

During the second half of the 17th century, profound changes took place in the viceroyalty of Peru, both politically and in the fiscal and commercial sphere. Through the study of the case of the corregidor of Guayaquil, Don Gaspar de Argandoña, in the 1670s, this investigation will demonstrate that there was a gear between the business of the members of the peninsular administration linked to America and the commercial operations of American officials, which modified the American metropolitan policies decided in the court of Madrid. Along the way, the businesses of this corregidor revealed that new circuits had emerged and more products had been added to the Atlantic exchange, all directly linked to the slave trade route in the Caribbean., Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII se producirán profundos cambios en el virreinato del Perú, tanto a nivel político como en la esfera fiscal y comercial. A través del estudio del caso del corregidor de Guayaquil, don Gaspar de Argandoña, en la década de 1670, esta investigación demostrará que existía un engranaje entre los negocios de los miembros de la administración peninsular vinculados a América y las operaciones comerciales de los funcionarios americanos, que modificaron las políticas metropolitanas americanas decididas en la corte de Madrid. En el camino, los negocios de este corregidor dejan al descubierto que habían surgido nuevos circuitos trans-imperiales y se habían agregado más productos al intercambio atlántico, todo ello vinculado a las rutas del comercio de esclavos en el Caribe.

La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Casar de Cáceres, Cáceres, es una construcción realizada en mampostería y sillares de granito perfectamente escuadrados con recios contrafuertes, construida en los años finales del siglo XV la primitiva iglesia, que sería ampliada a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVII. Este trabajo pretende ser un estudio histórico artístico de esta construcción., The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Casar de Cáceres, Cáceres, is a construction made of masonry and perfectly squared granite ashlars with strong buttresses, built in the final years of the 15th century, the primitive church, which would be enlarged throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. This work pretends to be an artistic historical study of this construction.

The Chiriguanos or Chiriguanaes Indians constituted one of the groups of Tupi-Guarani language, which, coming from the Amazon, spread to the lands of the current states of Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, in the messianic search for the "Land without evil", that is, new lands for their settlement and crops. They were sedentary farmers, who cultivated the land using the technique of the “milpa”, typical Amazonian, of felling trees, burning and cultivating on land Burned. The task was shared between men and women, they were in charge of the felled and burned, they sow, care and harvest. They used hunting and fishing as secondary subsistence activities and they knew pottery. At first they lived in houses with a circular floor plan and roofs conical, which were communal housing up to one hundred individuals. Little by little they were using smaller houses, with a rectangular floor plan and gabled roofs, perhaps under the influence of other peoples, and even the Spanish, already in the 17th century. A group of dwellings formed a village, generally located in the vicinity of a river, presided over by a hereditary chief. They were inbred to the point of incest and their women could be all of the family, mother, daughters or sisters., Los indios chiriguanos o chiriguanaes constituían uno de los grupos de lengua Tupi-guaraní, que, procedentes del Amazonas se extendieron hacia tierras de los actuales estados de Paraguay, Bolivia y Argentina, en la búsqueda mesiánica de la "Tierra sin mal”, es decir nuevas tierras para su asentamiento y cultivos. Eran agricultores sedentarios, que cultivaban la tierra utilizando la técnica de la “milpa”, típica amazónica, de talado de árboles, quema y cultivo sobre terreno quemado. La tarea era compartida entre hombres y mujeres, ellos se encargaban del talado y quema, ellas del sembrado, cuidado y cosecha. Utilizaban la caza y la pesca como actividades secundarias de subsistencia y conocían la alfarería. En principio habitaban en viviendas de planta circular con techos cónicos, que eran comunales albergando hasta cien individuos. Poco a poco fueron utilizando viviendas más pequeñas, de planta rectangular y techos a dos aguas, quizás por influencia de otros pueblos, e incluso de los españoles, ya en el siglo XVII. Un conjunto de viviendas formaba una aldea, ubicada generalmente en las cercanías de un río, presidida por un jefe de carácter hereditario. Eran endogámicos hasta el incesto y sus mujeres podían ser todas las de la familia, madre, hijas o hermanas.

The Baroque composer Christoph Graupner (1683-1760) worked as the Kapellmeister for the Hesse-Darmstadt court from 1709 to his death in 1760. A prolific composer of several genres of music, including operas, concertos, sinfonias and many other instrumental works, Graupner wrote over 1,400 sacred cantatas for use in the court chapel’s weekly services. In this study I will examine a small, but significant, segment of Graupner’s cantata oeuvre; the forty-eight solo soprano cantatas. The purpose of this study is to examine Graupner’s compositional techniques for these cantatas and to report on his progressive style, particularly in regards to stile galant. Using John White’s methodology, a detailed musical analysis of thirteen solo soprano cantatas is given in chapters two and three, along with broader structural and stylistic analysis of all forty-eight solo soprano cantatas. Chapter three also highlights the instrumentation of several solo soprano arias within selected SATB chorus cantatas. Chapter four considers the six sopranos employed during Graupner’s tenure and examines the tessitura and range of a selection of cantatas. Chapter four also investigates the role of the basso continuo in solo soprano cantatas and the influence of opera on Graupner’s cantata compositional style. Chapter five details the performative considerations for the thirteen solo soprano cantatas presented over four public recitals during this study. Performance methodology by Sarah Fuller, Brad Haseman, and Margaret Kartomi is employed in order to reflect on the aspects of both listening and performing the music of Graupner, in a modern twenty-first century setting.

German nationalism in the Schleswig and Holstein duchies that predates the German Unification Wars of the Nineteenth Century continuously transformed in response to Danish encroachment, civic disputes regarding treaty legitimacy, and war. The Germans in the duchies fought to retain their ancestral homelands and, in doing so, embraced a pan-Germanic consciousness that is the foundation for early modern nationalism. This consciousness dates back hundreds of years. This case study examines the Germans of Schleswig and Holstein and their experiences with the consistent and pressing Danish encroachment. Despite the encroachment, the Germans remained connected with their culture, traditions, religion, and their respective national consciousness. This long-term struggle to maintain their identity and autonomy led to increased unity with themselves and other German states. Later, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, modern nationalism spread, causing the “Denmark to the Eider” movement, igniting the nationalist sentiments from the Germans in the duchies and starting the 1848 Schleswig-Holstein Conflict. This dissertation draws from the nationalist approach to identify and define German nationalist sentiment in the duchies from cultural, religious, and political perspectives.

La precaria situación de oficiales y soldados en los ejércitos españoles de la Edad Moderna, unida a los problemas de meritocracia y venalidad, causaron la desafección dentro de la profesión y su desprestigio fuera de ella. Este estudio plantea el problema de la representación colectiva de la gente de guerra y las soluciones propuestas desde la administración. Nos centramos en dos de las múltiples respuestas posibles: la figura institucionalizada del «protector del soldado» de los Habsburgos y la práctica de la protección desarrollada por los inspectores de los Borbones. Las conclusiones avanzan que el «protector del soldado» fue una respuesta vacía de contenido y de poco calado; los inspectores, por su parte, se enfrentaron a una dura oposición en su práctica de la protección y en sus intentos de extensión de su jurisdicción sobre todos los cuerpos del ejército. Los límites a la representación colectiva —la reivindicada desde las tropas, por una parte, y la ofrecida desde las instituciones, por otra— nos permiten avanzar en una lectura política de la protección asistencial y la falta de recursos para cubrir las necesidades y expectativas de los militares., The precarious situation of officers and soldiers in Early Modern Spain, and the problems of meritocracy and venality, caused professional disaffection and loss of social prestige. This contribution raises the problem of collective representation of the military and the administrative solutions proposed. We focus on two of the many possible responses: the Habsburg institutionalized figure of the ‘Protector of Soldiers’, and the protection praxis by the Bourbon military inspectors. Conclusions confirm that the ‘Protector of Soldiers’ was an answer empty of legal content, while Bourbon inspectors faced a stiff opposition in their attempts to extend their jurisdiction all over the army. Limits to collective representation claimed by the military, on the one hand, and solutions offered by the institutions, on the other, allow us to advance in a political approach to social assistance, and the lack of resources to cover the healthcare needs and professional expectations of the military., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, European Regional Development Fund, Depto. de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

This is a work about the acquisition of foreign news in Russia, an attempt to determine its significance not only for government decision making but also for the cultural changes which were underway there during the seventeenth century. The core material for the study is the 'kuranty', the Russian translations from periodical newspapers and separates, most of them published in Dutch or German in the major European commercial centers. However, the Muscovite government regularly acquired foreign news from many other sources, both written and oral. Their analysis is essential too if one is to understand the importance of the kuranty. What was the institutional context within which such news was being obtained and processed? Who were the individuals involved? How accurate were the translations, and how accurate was the news? Contextualization also invites serious consideration of how the foreign news was treated and understood in Europe, where there was a communications ‘revolution’ underway. Might there not be some similarities with what was happening in Russia, at the same time that there are significant differences? Do we see here evidence of ‘influence’, or might it not be better to think of ‘creative adaptation’ within a framework of existing pragmatic solutions to the challenges of obtaining essential information? The book thus has a broad comparative aspect which should offer new insights into the cultural, intellectual, and social history of early modern Russia and contribute as well to the study of the information revolution elsewhere in Europe.

Unga lättkränkta ynglingar och pojkar med vapen i hand är i dag ett högaktuellt ämne. Så var fallet även i 1600-talets patriarkala hederskultur. Misogyna skymford saknades inte i 1600-talets duelljargong, men till skillnad från idag var anspelningar på pojkaktighet minst lika gångbara som skymford. Bland dessa intog morsgrisen en särställning. Men strider utkämpades också på andra slagfält än det militära under barocken. Ett sådant var kärleken, ofta skildrad som ett krig mellan könen. Här härskade en liten naken pojke eller pilt under namn av omväxlande Cupid, Astrild och Amor som tyranniserade alla och envar med sin pil och båge och sina eldbloss. Vilka föreställningar om manlighet och omanlighet återspeglades i dessa till synes motsägelsefulla pojkgestalter? Det är ämnet för den här artikeln., Images of young, easily offended youths and boys, with weapons in hand, are today rarely out of thenews cycle. Interestingly, this was also the case in the patriarchal honour culture during the 17thcentury. Misogynistic insults were not lacking in 17th-century duelling jargon, but unlike today, allusionsto boyishness were not solely pejorative. Among these, mama’s boy occupied a special position. Battleswere also fought in arena other than the military during the Baroque period. Love, was, for example,often depicted as a war between the sexes. Here ruled a little naked boy, referred to as Cupid, Astrildand Amor, tyrannizing everyone with his bow and arrow. The questions to be explored in this article arethe following: what notions of masculinity and unmanliness were reflected in these contradictory boyfigures? And what was it about the boy’s alleged character that actualized these contradictory rhetoricalfigures of the boy as submissive versus his tyrannical omnipotence?

In this paper, after giving a brief approach about the historical question of how different authors and cultures handled approximations of the n-th root of N := An + R, we consider the particular case of the approximation of n v N by A + R d (here n, A, d are positive integers, with n = 2, d = (A + 1)n - An - 1, and 0 < R = d), explicitly considered by Viète in his De Numerosa Potestatum. Viète established in one of the precepts of his work that the n-th root is placed between A + R d+1 and A+ R d . Indeed, it is easily seen that, of course, A + R d+1 = n v N , but unfortunately n v N can be greater than A + R d when n = 3. Then the question arises whether we are able or not of determining what values of R (fixing the integer values n and A, so also d) give a true approximation by excess when n v N is estimated as A + R d , that is, to find those values of R producing an excess in relation with the exact value of the root. We give a complete answer to the cases n = 7, and we present without proof the main result for a general n., This work has been supported by the grant MTM2017-84079-P (AEI/FEDER, UE) from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain)., Postprint (published version)

The objective of this research is to analyze the indigenous vocabulary that refers to the materia medica in the Tesoro de Medicinas (Mexico, 1672), written by the Spaniard Gregorio López (1542-1596). The sociocultural interest of this work is confirmed because it was published posthumously, despite the fact that the author was not a physician but a hermit revered for his reputation of sanctity. In the seventeenth century, the sociocultural history that accompanies the works on medicines, the constant suspicion of the idolatry of the Indians through their curative remedies arises in the sociocultural history. Writers could choose to keep a distance from the information provided by the Indians, for fear of being branded as idolaters, as happened in the General History of the Things of New Spain, by the Franciscan Sahagún, or give priority to aboriginal information and designations, as Monardes did in his Medicinal History. With a methodology based on the analysis and comparison of texts, it is concluded that Tesoro is a work that is not influenced by the prejudices of the Franciscans, but rather it is a compilation closer to the work of the Sevillian physician., Esta investigación tiene como objetivo el análisis de la actitud del autor ante el vocabulario indígena que designa la materia médica en el Tesoro de Medicinas (México, 1672), escrita por el madrileño Gregorio López (1542-1596). El interés sociocultural de esta obra se confirma porque fue publicada de manera póstuma, a pesar de que el autor no era médico sino un ermitaño venerado por su fama de santidad. En el siglo XVII surge en la historia sociocultural que acompaña a las obras sobre las medicinas, la sospecha constante de la idolatría de los indios a través de sus remedios curativos. Los escritores podían optar por mantener una distancia con la información suministrada por los indígenas, por miedo a ser tachados de idólatras, como ocurrió en la Historia General de las cosas de Nueva España, del franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún, o dar prioridad a la información y designaciones aborígenes, como hizo Nicolás de Monardes en su Historia medicinal. Con una metodología fundamentada en el análisis y comparación de textos se concluye que Tesoro es una obra que no está influenciada por los prejuicios de los franciscanos, sino que se trata de una recopilación más cercana a la obra del médico sevillano.

La romana Margherita Sarrocchi se propuso escribir, como muchos de sus contemporáneos, una obra comparable a los grandes poemas épicos de la Antigüedad. A diferencia de ellos, la autora quiso dotar a sus personajes femeninos de una autoridad y prevalencia como no se había visto hasta entonces. Las guerreras Rosmonda y Silveria encarnaron el deseo de Sarrocchi de crear personajes femeninos con voz propia, portavoces de injusticias y capaces de rebelarse contra el destino que normalmente les aguardaba, bien rechazándolo, bien aceptándolo en sus propios términos.

La romana Margherita Sarrocchi se propuso escribir, como muchos de sus contemporáneos, una obra comparable a los grandes poemas épicos de la Antigüedad. A diferencia de ellos, la autora quiso dotar a sus personajes femeninos de una autoridad y prevalencia como no se había visto hasta entonces. Las guerreras Rosmonda y Silveria encarnaron el deseo de Sarrocchi de crear personajes femeninos con voz propia, portavoces de injusticias y capaces de rebelarse contra el destino que normalmente les aguardaba, bien rechazándolo, bien aceptándolo en sus propios términos., The Roman Margherita Sarrocchi intended to write, like many of her contemporaries, a work comparable to the great epic poems of Antiquity. Unlike them, the author wanted to give to her female characters an authority and prevalence that had not been seen before. The warriors Rosmonda and Silveria embodied Sarrocchi’s desire to create female characters with their own will, a voice for social injustices and capable of rebelling against the fate that normally awaited them, either rejecting it or accepting it on their own terms.

Este trabajo de fin de grado es una investigación que intenta indagar en la figura femenina como artista y en los estudios realizados sobre ella. En primer lugar, se profundiza en el contexto histórico, político, social y cultural del siglo XVII para llegar a comprender como era el ascenso femenino en el oficio artístico. Posteriormente se muestra la nueva tendencia de pensamiento a la hora de analizar estos periodos dentro de la historia del arte, tratando el origen, los beneficios y problemas de este tipo de estudios. El trabajo culmina con el análisis de la figura de Luisa Roldán, tanto en el ámbito de los estudios realizados sobre su figura y como la perspectiva feminista ha favorecido su estudio. Por tanto se realiza un estado de la cuestión sobre investigaciones y atribuciones a su figura, junto al análisis de las actuaciones de los museos, mencionando todas las adquisiciones que se han realizado de obras de Luisa Roldán., This final degree project is an investigation that tries to investigate the female figure as an artist and the studies carried out on it. In the first place, it investigates the historical, political, social and cultural context of the 17th century to understand what the rise of women in the artistic profession was like. Subsequently, the new trend of thought is shown when analyzing these periods within the history of art, dealing with the origin, benefits and problems of this type of study. The work culminates with the analysis of the figure of Luisa Roldán, both in the field of studies carried out on her figure and how the feminist perspective has favored her study. Therefore, a state of the question is carried out on investigations and attributions to his figure, together with the analysis of the actions of the museums, mentioning all the acquisitions that have been made of works by Luisa Roldán., Departamento de Historia del Arte, Grado en Historia del Arte

The collections of the Vasa Museum in Stockholm Sweden not only include the world’s only complete 17th century warship, the famous Vasa who sank on her maiden voyage outside Stockholm in the summer of 1628, but also a unique and extensive collection of dress artifacts, fragments from clothes in textile and leather recovered during the excavation of the ship. This study aims to present historical narratives about the labour, knowledge of craft and everyday life of the ship’s crew by analysing leather mittens and other types of artifacts related to the work on board as material culture, aided by early modern Dutch depictions in art showing work being done on large ships contemporary with Vasa. Two types of leather mittens in the Vasa museum’s collections have been identified as having parallels in similar mittens also from maritime context. These mittens are further investigated regarding the mystery of their making and specific traces of use. The results indicate that some of the mittens could potentially be of a particular Dutch style or origin, perhaps worn as a fashion statement among Dutch sailors. Other mittens of an unusually dark and heavy leather bear the signs of hard labour and work with scolding hot pitch and tar from caulking wooden ships. These mittens are also characterised by an economic model of cutting the leather that may connect them with the making of simple leather shoes found on Vasa, as the left-over material for one is highly suitable for the other. Both types of mittens reveal something about the sailor’s life before they enlisted on Vasa and prove that mittens could have distinct functions within the spectra of labour in a maritime context.Most importantly the results of this study suggest that the crowns attempt to force professional practitioners of craft to move from the countryside into the cities in the early 1600’s are not only connected to the development of guilds for leatherworkers in Stockholm, but also to the navy’s need for sailo

This study examines German illustrated broadsheets that were manufactured and published in the Holy Roman Empire between 1630-1633. They were part of a pro-Swedish media campaign launched soon after the arrival of the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf and the Swedish army in the Holy Roman Empire in June 1630 with the intention to legitimate the Swedish king’s presence in the Holy Roman Empire. Inspired by Jan Glete’s notion about the early fiscal-military states as protection-selling enterprises, this study uses pro-Swedish illustrated broadsheets as a source material in order to examine how they were used to encourage German Protestants to buy Swedish protection. By looking for protection-selling arguments, this study wants to find out how Swedish protection was portrayed in the illustrated broadsheets. This study also makes a distinction between confessional and non-confessional protection-selling arguments, making it possible to distinguish which aspects of the protection-selling arguments that had a more religious character and vice versa. After the analysis of the source material, the protection-selling arguments are organised into various categories of representation, which enables the study to establish how Sweden and Gustav II Adolf were portrayed, and what they were claimed to represent in terms of protection. The study concludes that the illustrated broadsheets portrayed Sweden and Gustav II Adolf as competent seller of protection who had the ability to protect its allies and co-religionists against aggression, religious oppression, plundering, murdering, destruction, the Devil and his collaborators, and consequences of the Edict of Restitution. Gustav II Adolf represents the Swedish state, and the illustrated broadsheets highlight his courage, competence as a political and military leader, and his Protestant devotion. Their enemies are portrayed as dissident aggressors who represented religious oppression, plundering, murdering, destruction, heresy, devil

L’article és una aproximació a la figura de la dona penitent i a la construcció de la reputació de santedat femenina al segle XVII emmarcada en territori valencià, a través d’una de les manifestacions més habituals d’època moderna com ara les autobiografies espirituals i la posada per escrit de les confessions sota el manament del pare espiritual. El manuscrit &-IV-3 de la Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial amb el títol Favores que Dios hizo a Doña Isabel de Trilles, valenciana, escritos por ella misma, y relación de sus virtudes y milagros / por el P. Ginés Berenguer, su confesor, de la Compañía de Jesús en servirà d’exemple., This contribution is an approach to the figure of the penitent woman and the construction of the reputation of female sanctity in the 17th century framed in Valencian territory, through one of the most common manifestations of the modern era such as the spiritual autobiographies and the writing of confessions under the command of the Confessor. Favores que Dios hizo a Doña Isabel de Trilles, valenciana, escritos por ella misma, y relación de sus virtudes y milagros / por el P. Ginés Berenguer, su confesor, de la Compañía de Jesús, manuscript &-IV-3 Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, will serve as an example.

La expresión «notre sainte princesse» se registra en textos que habían escrito las religiosas de algunos conventos de Flandes poco después de la muerte de Isabel Clara Eugenia. Estos manuscritos recogían la representación y la imagen que estas religiosas habían ido construyendo de quien fuera su soberana y gobernadora antes, en el transcurso de su vida. Ese enunciado –«notre sainte princesse»– contiene tres dimensiones fundamentales en la configuración de la imagen y la comprensión histórica de Isabel Clara Eugenia que son las que van a constituir el objetivo del trabajo. Están aludidas en ese enunciado dos nociones poderosas –reginalidad y santidad– y se añade un interesante sentido de pertenencia o de apropiación («nuestra»). Nos interesa el estudio de ese entramado como tal y pretendemos analizar cómo se trenzaron históricamente las tres realidades y mostrar también cómo la propia infanta se implicó de forma activa y trabajó en la configuración y elaboración de esa imagen de sí misma como gobernante «digna de veneración», muy especialmente tras su viudedad y en una atmósfera de exaltación de la santidad. Es posible ver cómo hagiografía y vida formaron históricamente parte de una misma realidad. Combinamos el estudio de documentación y textos escritos elaborados desde los conventos femeninos acerca de quien fuera soberana en Flandes, Isabel Clara Eugenia, con el análisis de otras iniciativas de la propia infanta y otras operaciones que ella puso en marcha. Nuestro trabajo pretende contribuir a la incorporación de la noción de reginalidad a los marcos interpretativos que están guiando los estudios sobre las soberanas en la Edad Moderna., «Notre sainte princesse» is an expression that appears in writings by the nuns of some convents in Flanders shortly after the death of Isabel Clara Eugenia. These writings included the representation and the image these nuns had been building of their sovereign and governor well before, during the course of her life. These words –«notre sainte princesse» (our holy princess)– contain three fundamental dimensions in the configuration of the image and the historical understanding of Isabel Clara Eugenia that will be the focus of this essay. Two powerful notions are alluded to in this statement –queenship and sanctity– and an interesting sense of belonging or appropriation («ours») is added. We are interested in the study of that framework as such, and we also intend to analyze how these three realities were historically interrelated and also show how the princess herself was actively involved and worked on the configuration and elaboration of that image of herself as a ruler «worthy of veneration», especially after her widowhood and in an exaltation of sanctity context. It is possible to see how hagiography and life were historically part of the same reality. We combine the study of sources from the female convents about the one who was sovereign of Flanders, Isabel Clara Eugenia, with the analysis of other initiatives of the princess herself and other operations that she performed. Our work aims to contribute to the incorporation of the notion of queenship to the interpretative frameworks that guide the studies on queens in the Modern Age.

Si bien Diego Sarmiento de Acuña (1567-1626), primer conde de Gondomar, ha sido celebrado desde el siglo XIX como uno de los más brillantes embajadores de la Edad Moderna hispana, muy poco se ha reflexionado sobre el papel que jugó su segunda esposa, Constanza de Acuña y Avellaneda (1570-1632), en el marco de sus embajadas londinenses. A partir del estudio del epistolario oficial y privado de la pareja e informaciones contenidas en otras fuentes, se aspira a identificar las vías de actuación autónoma de doña Constanza como agente histórico diferenciado, aunque inexorablemente asociado a Gondomar en el desempeño de labores de diplomacia en función del modelo teórico de la Diplomatic Working Couple. Nuestro análisis se concentra en sus cometidos como esposa de embajador durante la primera legación del conde (1613-1618), a quien acompañó personalmente a Inglaterra. En particular se hace hincapié en la gestión de los asuntos dinásticos, el gobierno de la embajada y su capilla, el cultivo de amistades aristocráticas en la corte, el desempeño de funciones de representación y las relaciones con la pareja regia –aspectos compartidos con otras «embaxadoras». Finalmente se ofrece un primer acercamiento a un episodio singular y eventualmente malogrado, pero que brinda perspectivas de gran interés en lo relativo a las posibilidades de agencia femenina en la diplomacia de Felipe III: la propuesta de que doña Constanza quedase sola como esposa de embajador en París en 1618 al servicio de la reina de Francia Ana María Mauricia de Austria (1601-1666). Nuestros resultados permiten empezar a perfilar a la condesa como actor diplomático, al tiempo que invitan a revisar desde nuevas perspectivas las actividades diplomáticas desarrolladas por el conde de Gondomar en Londres. Asimismo, nuestras conclusiones enfatizan el temprano reconocimiento de la figura de la «embaxadora» en el ceremonial cortesano jacobita, identifican las distintas modalidades de actuación de la pareja diplomática, Whereas Diego Sarmiento de Acuña (1567-1626), 1st Count of Gondomar, hast been hailed since the Nineteenth Century as one of the most remarkable ambassadors of the Spanish Early Modern period, little to no attention has been paid to the role played by his second wife Constanza de Acuña y Avellaneda (1570-1632), during his embassies in London. By studying the couple’s private and public correspondence, plus other additional sources, it is our intention to identify the avenues of autonomous agency explored by doña Constanza as an independent yet closely linked with her husband historical agent within the theoretical framework of the Diplomatic Working Couple. Our analysis focuses on her tasks as ambassadress during the count’s first embassy (1613-168), whom she personally accompanied to England. In particular, we delve into how she administered lineage affairs, managed both the ambassadorial household and its chapel, fostered aristocratic friendships at court, acted as a diplomatic representative and interacted with the royal couple – tasks that other «ambassadresses» also undertook. Lastly, we offer a first look at a distinctive yet aborted episode, which gives us an enticing perspective with regards to the possibilities of female agency in Philippe III’s diplomacy: the proposal that doña Constanza remained by herself as the ambassador’s wife in Paris in 1618 serving the queen of France Anne of Austria (1601-1666). Our findings begin to outline the countess as a diplomatic agent and at the same time prompt us to reconsider from new perspectives the diplomatic activities performed by the count of Gondomar in London. Furthermore, our conclusions emphasize the early recognition of the «ambassadress» within the Early Jacobean court ceremonial, identify the various modes of operation of the diplomatic couple, highlight the countess’ service to both King and husband and, by doing so, question the way ambassadress’ task tend to be viewed as part of the «informal» realm of E

El presente trabajo busca analizar la aportación de las mujeres de la Casa de Castellnovo al proceso ascensional experimentado por esta familia durante el siglo XVII. Mujeres poderosas, señoras propietarias y verdaderas estrategas, sus ámbitos de actuación trascendieron los marcos del espacio doméstico para desplegarse en las esferas del prestigio y del patrimonio, portadoras de los bienes y los lazos sociales que hicieron posible la progresión del linaje. Un estudio que se aborda desde una perspectiva biográfica y microanalítica, atendiendo a las trayectorias de las condesas de Laconi y Erill, de doña Jerónima de Alagón y sus hijas –Juana y María–, de doña Teresa del Milà e, indirectamente, a la de doña Beatriz de Borja. Con ello, pretendemos entender las estrategias matrimoniales y patrimoniales llevadas a la práctica en cada generación, relacionándolas con las necesidades experimentadas por la Casa en cada momento histórico y con sus oportunidades de medro. Es desde esta perspectiva que puede apreciarse la verdadera capacidad de la mujer noble para ser portadora de un importante legado material e inmaterial, indispensable para explicar la rápida trayectoria ascensional de los Cardona y Borja, ya fuese dentro del matrimonio o tras los muros del convento. En suma, un estudio que busca extraer de los márgenes a la mujer y situarla en el epicentro del interés investigador para resaltar su papel central en el devenir de su estirpe. Un rol al que podemos aproximarnos mediante la consulta de fuentes documentales de tipología y temática muy diversa y albergada en varios archivos de la geografía hispana y austriaca., This paper aims to analyze the contribution of the women of the House of Castellnovo to the process of upward mobility experienced by this family during the 17th century. Powerful women, landowning ladies and true strategists, their fields of action transcended the borders of the domestic space to unfold in the spheres of prestige and patrimony, carriers of the assets and social networks that made the progression of the lineage possible. A study that is approached from a biographical and mircoanalytical perspective, focusing on the paths of the Countesses of Laconi and Erill, of Doña Jerónima de Alagón and her daughters –Juana and María–, of Doña Teresa del Milà and, indirectly, that of Doña Beatriz de Borja. We intend to understand the matrimonial and patrimonial strategies deployed in each generation, relating them to the needs felt at each historical moment and their chances to rise. From this perspective, it’s possible to appreciate the true capacity of the noblewoman to be the bearer of an important material and immaterial legacy, essential to explain the rapid rise of the Cardona and Borja family, whether within marriage or behind convent walls. In short, a study that seeks to extract women from the margins and place them at the epicentre of research interest in order to highlight their central position in the evolution of their lineage. A role that we can approach through the consultation of documentary sources of diverse typology and thematic and housed in several archives of Hispanic and Austrian geography.

El artículo analiza la visita del monarca Felipe IV a Sevilla en el año 1624, en la que es acompañado de un numeroso séquito que cuenta entre otros personajes con el poderoso conde-duque de Olivares. El traslado del rey, al poco de comenzar su reinado, obedeció a la necesidad de convencer a las ciudades andaluzas con voto en Cortes, en especial a la capital hispalense, para lograr su participación y ayuda económica en el entonces proyecto de restauración de la monarquía. De otro lado, la ocasión fue motivo para la exhibición del poder y la celebración en Sevilla de las innumerables celebraciones propias al tiempo barroco., This article assesses the visit of King Philip IV of Spain to Seville in 1624, accompanied by a large entourage, which featured some relevant personalities of that time, such as the influential Count-Duke of Olivares. The trip took place at the beginning of Philip’s reign with the objective of persuading Andalusian cities with the right to vote in the Spanish Courts, especially Seville, to join in and support his project to restore the Monarchy. The occasion served as a display of power, as well as a pretext for yet another Baroque style festivity, this time in Seville.

The article deals with the conflicts between spaniards and indians over the exercise of power in the city of Tehuacán in the Viceroyalty of New Spain between 1660 and 1808. During this period it is possible to observe how the population processes of spaniards and mestizos confronted the governments of Indian cities. Despite the attempts for the city to be governed by Spanish landowners, the king tried to keep the indian elite in their right, giving prominence to their merits and services. For this, the renewed studies on political practice are followed from the review of actas, representations sent to the Council of the Indies and news that account for the disputed territory. The vision of the Indians as passive agents in the decisions and developments of the Monarchy is questioned, as is the separation between the so-called repúblicas de españoles and repúblicas de indios., O artigo trata dos conflitos entre espanhóis e índios pelo exercício do poder na cidade de Tehuacán no Vice-Reino da Nova Espanha entre 1660 e 1808. Nesse período é possível observar como os processos populacionais de espanhóis e mestiços confrontaram os governos das cidades indianas. Apesar das tentativas para que a cidade fosse governada por latifundiários espanhóis, o rei tentou manter a elite indiana em seu direito, dando destaque aos seus méritos e serviços. Para isso, os estudos renovados sobre a prática política são acompanhados a partir da análise de atas, representações enviadas ao Conselho das Índias e notícias que dão conta do território disputado. Questiona-se a visão dos índios como agentes passivos nas decisões e desdobramentos da Monarquia, assim como a separação entre as chamadas repúblicas de espanhóis e repúblicas de índios., El artículo trata sobre los conflictos entre españoles e indios por el ejercicio del poder en la ciudad de Tehuacán en el virreinato de Nueva España entre 1660 y 1808. Durante este periodo es posible observar cómo los procesos de poblamiento de españoles y mestizos confrontaron los gobiernos de las ciudades de indios. A pesar de los intentos para que la ciudad fuera gobernada por hacendados españoles, el rey procuró mantener en su derecho a la élite india dándole preeminencia a sus méritos y servicios. Para esto, se siguen los estudios renovados sobre la práctica política a partir de la revisión de actas, representaciones enviadas al Consejo de Indias y noticias que dan cuenta del territorio en disputa. Se cuestiona la visión de los indios como agentes pasivos en las decisiones y devenires de la Monarquía, como también la separación entre las denominadas repúblicas de españoles y repúblicas de indios.

Antonio del Castillo (1616-1668) is one of the most unique and outstanding artists of Andalusian Baroque painting. His artistic style and his fame quickly spread in Cordova from 1640, making him the main artist in Cordova during the 17th Century and an example of a generation of painters indebted to the late-Baroque aesthetic. In this work we will analyze his professional career and main personal circumstances that gave his work a very particular character, from the origins of the profession during his childhood, to the triumph of his naturalistic production achieved in his stage of artistic maturity., Antonio del Castillo (1616-1668) es uno de los artistas más relevantes y significativos de la pintura barroca andaluza. Su rica personalidad artística y su fama rápidamente proyectada en Córdoba a partir de la década de 1640, lo convirtieron en la principal figura del panorama artístico cordobés durante el Seiscientos y en modelo de una generación de pintores deudores de la estética tardobarroca. En el siguiente trabajo analizaremos su trayectoria profesional y principales circunstancias personales que confirieron un matiz muy particular a su obra, desde los orígenes de la profesión durante su infancia, hasta el triunfo de su producción naturalista alcanzado en su etapa de madurez artística.

Este artigo centra-se no estudo e na documentação da técnica e dos materiais da pintura sobre tela Santa Rosalía na Glória intercede pelo fim da peste em Palermo, da coleção Epiarte, a fim de contribuir para o seu conhecimento e conservação, assim como para aprofundar a sua relação com o pintor flamengo Anton van Dyck e a sua oficina, a quem é atribuída. Para o efeito, o exame visual direto da obra foi complementado com dados do relatório de intervenção mais recente, análises químicas e fontes documentais relacionadas. Os resultados foram comparados com os correspondentes de outras duas pinturas que Van Dyck realizou na Itália por volta de 1624 com o mesmo tema e composição e, para chegar a conclusões mais precisas, também foram contrastados com as informações obtidas de outras obras que realizou em diferentes locais e períodos de sua atividade., Este artículo se centra en el estudio y documentación de la técnica y materiales del óleo sobre lienzo Santa Rosalía en Gloria intercede por el fin de la plaga en Palermo, de la colección Epiarte, con el fin de contribuir a su conocimiento y conservación, así como de profundizar en su relación con el flamenco Anton van Dyck y su taller, a quienes está atribuido. Con estos propósitos, el examen visual directo de la obra se ha complementado con datos de su informe de intervención más reciente, análisis químicos y fuentes documentales al respecto. Los resultados se han cotejado con los correspondientes a dos pinturas que, con el mismo asunto y composición, hizo Van Dyck en Italia hacia 1624 y, para lograr conclusiones más precisas, también se han contrastado con la información obtenida de otras obras que realizó en diferentes lugares y periodos de su actividad., This paper focuses on the study and documentation of the technique and materials of the oil on canvas Saint Rosalie Interceding for the Plague stricken of Palermo, belonging to the Epiarte Collection, in order to contribute to its knowledge and conservation, as well as to delve into its connection with the Flemish Anthony van Dyck and his workshop, to whom it is attributed. To these purposes, the direct visual examination of the work has been complemented with data from its most recent restoration report, chemical analysis and documentary sources on the matter. The results have been compared with those related to two paintings with the same subject and composition, made by Van Dyck around 1624 in Italy and, so as to achieve more precise conclusions, this information has also been checked against that obtained from other works he made in different places and periods of his activity.