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from the Phoenician royal necropolis at Sidon, Lebanon, Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

from Athens; From Attica, Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Photographer: Susan Silberberg-Pierce, Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

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China, Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

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[32] p., Running title reads: The triumphes of truth., Appended, with caption title: The song with the note., Signatures: A-D⁴., Reproduction of the original in the British Library., (DLPS) A07518.0001.001, (stc) STC 17903, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

[16], 189, 290-291, [1], 191-603, [1] p., Printer's name from STC; probably printed by G. Miller as Field died in the fall of 1624--STC., Includes reprint of: An heavenly chariot (STC 15683.5)., The page after the first 291 is numbered 202., Imperfect., Reproduction of the original in the British Library., (DLPS) A05560.0001.001, (stc) STC 15684, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

[20] p., Partly in verse., Signatures: A-B⁴ C² ., Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery., (DLPS) A14871.0001.001, (stc) STC 25175, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

1 broadside., "Given at our court at Whitehall, the twentieth day of November, 1661, in the thirteenth year of our reign.", Reproduction of the original in the Harvard University Library., (DLPS) A32604.0001.001, (stc) Wing C3534, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

[28] p., Partly in verse., Signatures: A-C⁴ D² ., The last leaf is blank., Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery., (DLPS) A20090.0001.001, (stc) STC 6530, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

Shaanxi. Hancheng. Liangdaicun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D09-11392%5DD09-11392, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D09-11392/D09-11392/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15054%5DD08-15054, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15054/D08-15054/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15052%5DD08-15052, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15052/D08-15052/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15053%5DD08-15053, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15053/D08-15053/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Shaanxi. Lintong. Tomb Site Qin Shi Huangdi, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-13329%5DD08-13329, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-13329/D08-13329/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

H: 1 ft. 3 23/64 in.; terracotta, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D14-11002%5DD14-11002, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D14-11002/D14-11002/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

1 vol. (XXIV-263 p.-4 f. de pl. dépl.) ; 20 cm

Jacques Callot; 8 13/16 in. x 11 11/16 in.; etching, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D12-12316%5DD12-12316, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D12-12316/D12-12316/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Référence de l'image dans la banque d'images : medpharma_018935x40x0311. - Nombre d'images dans le lot : 1

Référence de l'image dans la banque d'images : medpharma_018935x40x0312. - Nombre d'images dans le lot : 1

[16], 189, 290-291, [1], 191-603, [1] p., Printer's name from STC; probably printed by G. Miller as Field died in the fall of 1624--STC., Includes reprint of: An heavenly chariot (STC 15683.5)., The page after the first 291 is numbered 202., Imperfect., Reproduction of the original in the British Library., (DLPS) A05560.0001.001, (stc) STC 15684, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

[32] p., Running title reads: The triumphes of truth., Appended, with caption title: The song with the note., Signatures: A-D⁴., Reproduction of the original in the British Library., (DLPS) A07518.0001.001, (stc) STC 17903, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

[20] p., Partly in verse., Signatures: A-B⁴ C² ., Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery., (DLPS) A14871.0001.001, (stc) STC 25175, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

[28] p., Partly in verse., Signatures: A-C⁴ D² ., The last leaf is blank., Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery., (DLPS) A20090.0001.001, (stc) STC 6530, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

1 broadside., "Given at our court at Whitehall, the twentieth day of November, 1661, in the thirteenth year of our reign.", Reproduction of the original in the Harvard University Library., (DLPS) A32604.0001.001, (stc) Wing C3534, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html, To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.

H: 1 ft. 3 23/64 in.; terracotta, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D14-11002%5DD14-11002, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D14-11002/D14-11002/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Jacques Callot; 8 13/16 in. x 11 11/16 in.; etching, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D12-12316%5DD12-12316, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D12-12316/D12-12316/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Shaanxi. Lintong. Tomb Site Qin Shi Huangdi, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-13329%5DD08-13329, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-13329/D08-13329/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Shaanxi. Hancheng. Liangdaicun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D09-11392%5DD09-11392, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D09-11392/D09-11392/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15053%5DD08-15053, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15053/D08-15053/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15052%5DD08-15052, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15052/D08-15052/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15054%5DD08-15054, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15054/D08-15054/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

1 vol. (XXIV-263 p.-4 f. de pl. dépl.) ; 20 cm

Contient une table des matières, Avec mode texte

Avec mode texte

Paper fet a mà, Nombrosses taques d'òxid, Índex

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

U tekstu se raspravlja o pragmatičnoj motivaciji Marka Antonija da sklopi savez sa egipatskom kraljicom Kleopatrom, kao i o političkim razlozima njegovog predstavljanja kao Dionisa u istočnim delovima Rimske države (od 41. godine pre Hrista). Antonije je želeo da povede rat protiv Parćana, ali i da ujedini helenistički i rimski svet - kao Dionis. Pritom, Antonijevi planovi oko Kleopatre i oko rata protiv Parćana susreću se s njegovom namerom da se predstavi kao Cezarov politički naslednik (I, II). Ciceronovo i Plinijevo svedočanstvo o Antonijevom pojavljivanju u Rimu u lavljoj zaprezi nakon Građanskog rata, znatno pre njegovog odlaska na Istok, jeste potvrda da je on svoju dionisku inkarnaciju doživljavao nezavisno od planova za rat protiv Parćana i svog odnosa sa Kleopatrom/Izidom. Naime, nastupajući kao Novi Dionis 49. godine i neposredno posle bitke kod Farsale, Marko Antonije imao je u vidu političku poruku: Liber je bio bog koji je bio blizak plebsu i tako je asocirao na sopstvenu anti-senatorsku, cezarovsku, popularsku politiku (III, IV)., The Dionysian model as anti-senatorial, plebeian, popularis, and at its last political reading Caesarian, was woven into the political profile of Mark Antony and defined before he appeared in Ephesus in 41 BC as a (New) Dionysus. Namely, it is beyond a reasonable doubt that the lion chariots (mentioned by Cicero, Pliny, and Plutarch in the descriptions of Antony's performance between 49 and 47 BC (?)) were part of the performance of the Dionysian triumph. It does not seem likely that the chariots were part of Herculean iconography, as another possible explanation reads. Introducing himself as Liber in Italy, Mark Antony followed in the footsteps of other populares: C. Marius and Julius Caesar, which was of special importance for Antony. Julius Caesar used Liber - a friend of the Roman plebs, an egalitarian God, a liberator - to establish his position among the lower classes, the position which was represented as anti-senatorial. At a time when Mark Antony publicly appeared as Liber on the streets of frightened Rome, in the early 49 BC, his trip to the East, several years later, meeting and alliance with Cleopatra, and propaganda benefits from the Dionysian processions in Ephesus, Alexandria, and elsewhere were totally unpredictable. When new circumstances took him to the Eastern Roman provinces, Antony was perceived as the heir of the Hellenistic ruling tradition, as a triumphant, victorious in the East but also a unifier of the East and West. So, Antony appeared to be the reincarnation of Dionysus.

Se presenta un conjunto de piezas de bronce relacionadas con el gobierno del caballo (cinco camas circulares, un filete, un pasarriendas y cuatro botones cónicos) procedentes de la necrópolis de El Molar (San Fulgencio, Alicante), de la necrópolis de El Llano de la Consolación (Albacete) y de los fondos del Museo Arqueológico de Murcia, junto a un análisis de los registros faunísticos de diversos yacimientos del área alicantina y del curso del Segura. El propósito del trabajo es evaluar la presencia y uso social del caballo en el área de la desembocadura del río Segura durante el periodo Tardo-Orientalizante e Ibérico Antiguo, dado que este tipo de objetos aparecen en este momento de tránsito cultural ex novo y encuentran sus paralelos e influencias en distintos ámbitos del sur y oeste peninsular. Pese a que detectamos evidencia del uso del caballo ya desde el Bronce Final en Peña Negra (Crevillent, Alicante), será en el tránsito entre la Primera Edad del Hierro y el Ibérico Antiguo cuando una serie de individuos adopten elementos como los atalajes para montar a caballo o los equipos para armar carros, incluyéndolos en sus ajuares en necrópolis como la de El Molar, como claros marcadores de estatus. Esta adopción de objetos y modelos de comportamiento foráneos evidencia una necesidad de afirmar la posición social de algunos personajes destacados. Esto ocurre en momentos de fuerte inestabilidad o de cambios, como sabemos que ocurrió en la desembocadura del Segura en la segunda mitad del siglo VI a. C., A set of bronze items related to the management of horses (five circular bit guards, a horse bit, a rein ring and four conical ornamental sewn buttons) from the necropolis of El Molar (San Fulgencio, Alicante province), from the necropolis of El Llano de la Consolación (Albacete) and from the collections of the Archaeological Museum of Murcia are presented. In addition, a review of the existing faunal records from various sites in the Alicante area and along the Segura river is provided. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the presence and social use of the horse in the estuary of the Segura River during the Late Orientalizing and Early Iberian periods. The elements for riding horses appear at this time of cultural transit ex novo and find their parallels and influences in different areas of the south and west of the Iberian Peninsula. Although we have detected evidence for the use of horses as early as the Late Bronze Age at Peña Negra (Crevillent, Alicante province), it was during the transition between the Iron Age and the Early Iberian period when a number of individuals adopted elements such as horse riding gear or equipment for assembling chariots, including them in their grave goods in necropolises such as the one at El Molar, as clear markers of status. This adoption of foreign objects and behavior models is evidence of a need to affirm the social position of certain prominent figures. This occurred at particularly unstable or changing times, as we know was the case at the estuary of the Segura in the second half of the 6th century BC., Vorgestellt wird eine Reihe von Bronzegegenständen, die mit der Führung von Pferden in Zusammenhang stehen (fünf runde Gebissschoner, eine Trense, ein Zügelring und vier konische Zierknöpfe). Diese stammen aus den Nekropolen von El Molar (San Fulgencio, Provinz Alicante) und El Llano de la Consolación (Albacete) sowie aus den Sammlungen des Archäologischen Museums von Murcia. Darüber hinaus wird ein Überblick über die bisherigen Befunde der Fauna aus verschiedenen Fundorten in der Region Alicante und entlang des Flusses Segura gegeben. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Präsenz und sozialspezifische Nutzung von Pferden im Mündungsgebiet des Flusses Segura während der spätorientalisierenden und frühen iberischen Zeit zu untersuchen. Elemente für die Führung von Pferden treten in dieser Zeit des kulturellen Übergangs ex novo auf und finden ihre Parallelen und Einflüsse in verschiedenen Gebieten im Süden und Westen der Iberischen Halbinsel. Obwohl wir bereits in der späten Bronzezeit in Peña Negra (Crevillent, Provinz Alicante) Belege für die Nutzung von Pferden gefunden haben, war es erst während des Übergangs von der Eisenzeit zu der frühen iberischen Periode, dass sich eine Reihe von Individuen u.a. Reitausstattung oder Elemente für den Zusammenbau von Wägen aneigneten. Diese wurden von ihnen auch als Grabbeigaben in Nekropolen, wie in der von El Molar, als eindeutige Statussymbole genutzt. Diese Aneignung fremder Objekte und Verhaltensweisen zeugt von der Notwendigkeit, die soziale Stellung bestimmter Persönlichkeiten zu unterstreichen. Dies geschah in Zeiten besonderer Instabilität und Unbeständigkeit, wie es in der zweiten Hälfte des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. an der Mündung des Segura der Fall war.

A set of 16 block fragments can be distinguished amongst the reliefs from the temple of Thutmose I in Qurna, which was built by Hatshepsut for her father. The blocks are decorated with representations of at least two battle scenes with chariots. However, battle scenes with chariots are very rare in this period and known exclusively from small sets of blocks. This article presents a detailed account of the material in question and discusses its reconstruction and meaning.

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12. © 2021, The Author(s).

A set of 16 block fragments can be distinguished amongst the reliefs from the temple of Thutmose I in Qurna, which was built by Hatshepsut for her father. The blocks are decorated with representations of at least two battle scenes with chariots. However, battle scenes with chariots are very rare in this period and known exclusively from small sets of blocks. This article presents a detailed account of the material in question and discusses its reconstruction and meaning.

This article explores the importance and reliance that rulers in the Canaanite – Levantine region attached to archery during the Amarna period. It argues that the Amarna Letter correspondence of these kings reveals a dependency on archery that was unmatched by Egypt and that was unique, especially in this period. The title phrase of the article or some form of it, “send the archers” is found in the Amarna Letters 84 times. The article demonstrates how this was an exceptional number of requests which far exceeded any request for any other form of military weapon assistance, including troops or chariots, which was minimal and often asked for until archers could arrive. The article examines several representative Amarna letters, both from the International correspondence of the kings outside of Canaan and the Levant and those in Canaan and the Levant, and uses these to demonstrate the contrast between the Canaanite king’s perception and that of the Egyptians and those outside of the region in regards to the use of archers. The examination considers both sides of the correspondence as well as touching on the importance that chariotry had in New Kingdom Egyptian military philosophy and how it came to eclipse other forms of military arms. The article looks at annals, iconographic and orthostatic representations of Egyptian military campaigns to demonstrate that there was a preponderance of reliance on the chariot in the Egyptian military mentality that was not shared by the Canaanites or the Levantine rulers. Canaanite kings sought after the protection of Pharaohs Amenophis III and Amenophis IV (also known as Akhenaten) archers and regularly sent requests asking for their support in facing down an invasion or insurrection of the ‘Apiru. These requests were heavily biased in language and construction towards an emphasis on archers as opposed to charioteers or infantry.

The findings of Librado et al. (2021) show that modern domestic horses (DOM2) emerged in the lower Don-Volga region. They imply that horseback riding drove selection that resulted in these horses and fuelled their initial dispersal, and also that DOM2 horses replaced other horses because they were more suitable for riding due to their more docile temperaments and resilient backs. In this article, I argue that captive breeding of horses leading to their domestication began in about 4500–3000 BC in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and made horseback riding necessary because managing horses, and especially moving them over long distances, required mounted herding. Horseback riding had been experimented with since the second half of the 5th millennium BC, became common around 3100 BC during the early stages of the Yamnaya culture, and necessary by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC at the very latest. As horseback riding became more common, selection for malleable temperaments and resilient backs intensified, resulting in DOM2 horses by about 2300–2200 BC in the lower Don-Volga region. The body size and weight-carrying ability of ancestral and early DOM2 horses were not limiting factors for horseback riding. The initial dispersal of DOM2 horses was facilitated by horseback riding and began by about 2300±150 BC. Chariotry began to spread together with DOM2 horses after 2000 BC, but its high archaeological visibility may have inflated its importance, since chariots are of limited practical use for herding and other daily tasks., L’étude de Librado et al. (2021) montre que les chevaux domestiques modernes (DOM2) ont émergé dans la région inférieure du Don-Volga et impliquent que l’équitation a conduit à la sélection aboutissant à ces chevaux, a alimenté leur dispersion initiale. Cette étude implique que les chevaux DOM2 ont remplacé d’autres chevaux en raison de leurs meilleures aptitudes à l’équitation en raison d’un tempérament plus docile et d’un dos durable. Dans cet article, il est avancé que l’élevage en captivité des chevaux menant à leur domestication a commencé vers 4500–3000 av. J.-C. dans la steppe pontique-caspienne et a rendu l’équitation nécessaire car la gestion et surtout le transport des chevaux sur de longues distances nécessitaient un élevage monté. L’équitation était expérimentée depuis la seconde moitié du Ve millénaire av. J.-C., devenue courante vers 3100 av. J.-C. au début de la culture Yamnaya, et nécessaire au milieu du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. pour la plus récente. Au fur et à mesure que l’équitation devenait plus courante, la sélection des tempéraments malléables et des dos durables s’est intensifiée, ce qui a donné des chevaux DOM2 vers 2300–2200 av. J.-C. dans la région inférieure du Don-Volga. La taille corporelle et la capacité de portage de charges n’étaient pas des facteurs limitants pour l’équitation chez les chevaux ancestraux et les premiers DOM2. La dispersion initiale des chevaux DOM2 a été facilitée par l’équitation et a commencé vers 2300±150 av. J.-C. L’utilisation du char à deux roues s’est dispersée avec les chevaux DOM2 après 2000 av. J.-C., mais une grande visibilité archéologique peut avoir gonflé l’importance du char, qui a une utilité pratique quelque peu limitée dans l’élevage et d’autres tâches quotidiennes.

The south-western Iberian stelae from the Final Bronze Age (FBA) and Early Iron Age (EIA) have long been the centre of archaeological interest. These monuments show representations of human and animal figures, objects such as weapons, ornaments and chariots. Moreover, they provide insights into prehistoric stone working and sculpting techniques. On the downside, petrological studies of the rocks and consequent reflections on suitable tools are still the exception. Due to the lack of analysis and technological studies, this research will put emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach involving petrographic and metallurgic analyses, complemented by experimental archaeology. Firstly, an accurate lithological determination of stelae from Capilla (Spain) has been established with petrographic methods. According to the results, two slabs for replications of stelae were obtained from the identified mono-mineral quartz-sandstone (“quartzite”) outcrop. The experiment involved the trial of chisels made from all expedient materials that were available in the FBA-EIA by a professional stonemason. Considering that such extremely hard rocks require robust tools for carving, a long ignored iron chisel from the FBA site of Rocha do Vigio (Portugal) was studied with metallography and exposed heterogeneous, however surprisingly high-carbon steel. The analysed rocks are amongst the hardest that can be used for sculpting, and in the course of the experiment, bronze and lithic tools could be discarded. The only tool that showed an effect was the replication of the steel chisel from Rocha do Vigio with a hardened edge. The distinct work traces were compared to the original monuments. We hypothesize that the production of carbon steel as well as its hardening were possibly already known at the FBA-EIA transition in Iberia. Hence, only the access to iron technology allowed for the making of stelae from the lithotypes that were frequently used in the Zújar basin around the municipality of Cap

A concise introduction to Ancient Egyptian warfare from the Neolithic period through to the Iron Age, covering everything from battle tactics to weaponry and battle injuries. The excellent preservation of Egyptian artifacts including bows, axes and chariots, means that it is possible to track the changing nature of Egyptian military technology, as well as the equipment and ideas that were adopted from other civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. As well as discussing such crucial issues as military strategy, martial ideology, construction of fortresses and waging of siege warfare, this book includes the study of practical questions of life, death and survival of individual soldiers on the battlefield., A concise introduction to Ancient Egyptian warfare from the Neolithic period through to the Iron Age, covering everything from battle tactics to weaponry and battle injuries. The excellent preservation of Egyptian artifacts including bows, axes and chariots, means that it is possible to track the changing nature of Egyptian military technology, as well as the equipment and ideas that were adopted from other civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. As well as discussing such crucial issues as military strategy, martial ideology, construction of fortresses and waging of siege warfare, this book includes the study of practical questions of life, death and survival of individual soldiers on the battlefield.

Global-scale data management(GSDM) empowers systems by providing higher levels of fault-tolerance, read availability, and efficiency in utilizing cloud resources. This has led to the emergence of global-scale data management and event processing. However, the Wide-Area Network (WAN) latency separating datacenters is orders of magnitude larger than typical network latencies, and this requires a reevaluation of many of the traditional design trade-offs of data management systems. Therefore, data management problems must be revisited to account for the new design space. In this dissertation, we propose theoretical foundations to understand the limits imposed by WAN latency on GSDM, and propose practical systems and protocols to minimize the overhead caused by WAN latency. The presented work spans global-scale transaction processing, communication, analytics, and machine learning. In all these directions, the focus is on the trade-off between consistency and latency, where we ask the question: what is the best performance (often latency) we can achieve without compromising the consistency and integrity of data? For transaction processing, we propose a lower-bound formulation for transaction latency that is imposed by the WAN latency. Also, we propose a new paradigm for transaction processing (proactive coordination) that inspired out two proposed protocols, Message Futures and Helios, which can achieve the lower-bound latency. We also propose a communication framework, called Chariots, to scale multi-datacenter communication. Chariots is carefully designed to allow scaling communication while providing a consistent view of the communicated information. Finally, we explore challenges in global-scale analytics and machine learning. Specifically, we propose Ogre, a scalable system for global-scale heterogeneous transactional and analytics workloads. Also, we propose COP, a system designed to speed up machine learning on globally generated data.

Drummers participating in the festival play a beat together, celebrating the Hindu Festival of Chariots at the last stopping point after making the festival made it's way through the streets of downtown Atlanta.