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Data for the publication: Calorimeter with Bayesian unfolding of spectra of high-flux broadband X-rays Containing: - Raw datasets - Source code for extracting calibrated energy information from datasets - Source code for simulations - Source code for unfolding of spectra

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range.

Objective.The Office of Radiological Security, U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, is implementing a radiological risk reduction program which seeks to minimize or eliminate the use of high activity radiological sources, including137Cs, by replacing them with non-radioisotopic technologies, such as x-ray irradiators. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the equivalence of the dose delivered by gamma- and x-ray irradiators in mice using experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. We also propose a novel biophantom as anin situdose calibration method.Approach.We irradiated mouse carcasses and 3D-printed mouse biophantoms in a137Cs irradiator (Mark I-68) and an x-ray irradiator (X-Rad320) at three voltages (160 kVp, 225 kVp and 320 kVp) and measured the delivered radiation dose. A Geant4-based Monte Carlo model was developed and validated to provide a comprehensive picture of gamma- and x-ray irradiation in mice.Main Results.Our Monte Carlo model predicts a uniform dose delivered in soft-tissue for all the explored irradiation programs and in agreement with the absolute dose measurements. Our Monte Carlo model shows an energy-dependent difference between dose in bone and in soft tissue that decreases as photon energy increases. Dose rate depends on irradiator and photon energy. We observed a deviation of the measured dose from the target value of up to -9% for the Mark I-68, and up to 35% for the X-Rad320. The dose measured in the 3D-printed phantoms are equivalent to that in the carcasses within 6% uncertainty.Significance.Our results suggest that 320 kVp irradiation is a good candidate to substitute137Cs irradiation barring a few caveats. There is a significant difference between measured and targeted doses for x-ray irradiation that suggests a strong need forin situcalibration, which can be achieved with 3D-printed mouse biophantoms. A dose correction is necessary for bone doses, which can be provided by a Monte Car

The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) and Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) II are extremely intense sources of X-rays capable of generating Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX) data at megahertz (MHz) repetition rates. Previous work has shown that it is possible to use consecutive X-ray pulses to collect diffraction patterns from individual crystals. Here, we exploit the MHz pulse structure of the European XFEL to obtain two complete datasets from the same lysozyme crystal, first hit and the second hit, before it exits the beam. The two datasets, separated by <1 µs, yield up to 2.1 Å resolution structures. Comparisons between the two structures reveal no indications of radiation damage or significant changes within the active site, consistent with the calculated dose estimates. This demonstrates MHz SFX can be used as a tool for tracking sub-microsecond structural changes in individual single crystals, a technique we refer to as multi-hit SFX.

In the last two decades, the use of portable intraoral X-ray devices, stabilized by the operator, has increased. While all radiographic devices present an inherent risk from ionizing radiation, improper use of portable devices can increase operator exposure. Use of portable devices on a tripod or powered from a protected area is recommended. However, in highly justified cases, for using without these accessories, recommendations should be followed to reduce operator exposure. Because radioprotection is essential when using X-rays, fixed dental radiographic devices should be favored over portable equipment since the first provides a lower radiation dose to the operator., En las últimas dos décadas ha aumentado el uso de equipos portátiles de rayos X intraorales, los cuales son estabilizados por el operador. Si bien todos los equipos radiográficos presentan un riesgo inherente por el uso de radiación ionizante, el uso indebido de los equipos portátiles puede aumentar la exposición del operador. Se recomienda el uso de los equipos portátiles en un trípode o activados desde un área protegida. Sin embargo, en casos altamente justificados para su uso sin estos aditamentos, se debe seguir recomendaciones para disminuir la exposición del operador. Debido a que la radioprotección es fundamental al trabajar con rayos X, se debe favorecer el uso de equipos radiográficos dentales fijos sobre los equipos portátiles, ya que estos proporcionan una menor dosis de radiación al operador.

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

In this paper we explore the scientific synergies between Athena and some of the key multi-messenger facilities that should be operative concurrently with Athena. These facilities include LIGO A+, Advanced Virgo+ and future detectors for ground-based observation of gravitational waves (GW), LISA for space-based observations of GW, IceCube and KM3NeT for neutrino observations, and CTA for very high energy observations. These science themes encompass pressing issues in astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics such as: the central engine and jet physics in compact binary mergers, accretion processes and jet physics in Super-Massive Binary Black Holes (SMBBHs) and in compact stellar binaries, the equation of state of neutron stars, cosmic accelerators and the origin of Cosmic Rays (CRs), the origin of intermediate and high-Z elements in the Universe, the Cosmic distance scale and tests of General Relativity and the Standard Model. Observational strategies for implementing the identified science topics are also discussed. A significant part of the sources targeted by multi-messenger facilities is of transient nature. We have thus also discussed the synergy of Athena with wide-field high-energy facilities, taking THESEUS as a case study for transient discovery. This discussion covers all the Athena science goals that rely on follow-up observations of high-energy transients identified by external observatories, and includes also topics that are not based on multi-messenger observations, such as the search for missing baryons or the observation of early star populations and metal enrichment at the cosmic dawn with Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).

In this paper we explore the scientific synergies between Athena and some of the key multi-messenger facilities that should be operative concurrently with Athena. These facilities include LIGO A+, Advanced Virgo+ and future detectors for ground-based observation of gravitational waves (GW), LISA for space-based observations of GW, IceCube and KM3NeT for neutrino observations, and CTA for very high energy observations. These science themes encompass pressing issues in astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics such as: the central engine and jet physics in compact binary mergers, accretion processes and jet physics in Super-Massive Binary Black Holes (SMBBHs) and in compact stellar binaries, the equation of state of neutron stars, cosmic accelerators and the origin of Cosmic Rays (CRs), the origin of intermediate and high-Z elements in the Universe, the Cosmic distance scale and tests of General Relativity and the Standard Model. Observational strategies for implementing the identified science topics are also discussed. A significant part of the sources targeted by multi-messenger facilities is of transient nature. We have thus also discussed the synergy of Athena with wide-field high-energy facilities, taking THESEUS as a case study for transient discovery. This discussion covers all the Athena science goals that rely on follow-up observations of high-energy transients identified by external observatories, and includes also topics that are not based on multi-messenger observations, such as the search for missing baryons or the observation of early star populations and metal enrichment at the cosmic dawn with Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).

Featured Application Electric fields produced by lightning subsequent stroke leaders are sufficiently high for acceleration of electrons to relativistic speeds, leading to generation of X-rays/gamma-rays as a result of Bremsstrahlung emissions. Leaders of subsequent strokes in negative cloud-to-ground lightning are known to produce X-ray/gamma-ray emissions detectable at distances of a few kilometers or less from the lightning channel. These leaders usually develop in decayed but still warm channels of preceding strokes. We computed electric field waveforms at different points along the path of subsequent leader as those points are traversed by the leader tip. For a typical subsequent leader, the electric field peak is a few MV/m, which is sufficient for production of energetic radiation in a warm (reduced air density) channel. We examined the dependence of electric field peak on the leader model input parameters, including the prospective return-stroke peak current (a proxy for the leader tip potential) and leader propagation speed, and compared model predictions with measurements.

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Humanity received many benefits due to the diagnostic use of X-rays, so researchers were encouraged to introduce other energies and other less aggressive methods in their eagerness to explore the most remote and hidden corners of the organism. Imaging diagnosis in the last two years has demonstrated its importance due to its use in the diagnosis of pneumonia characteristic of infection by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The method of this scientific research is aimed at building a bibliographic reference where it can be exposed and foster the discussion that arises regarding the relationship that arises between the specialist in charge of conducting medical imaging studies and the patients. To achieve the objective, information from scientific publications has been considered that, after analysis, exposes important elements for the investigation. Bioethics calls for replacing technical thinking with a more rational technical thinking that aims to maintain a good quality of life, avoid risks for patients, reduce pain, and restore health. The ultimate goal of the medical imaging professional is to provide a diagnostic procedure and support for surgical interventions without implying a distance in which the machine stands between interpersonal relationships, especially in these times when Artificial Intelligence seeks to enhance the areas where it represents a beneficial advance for the group and that ultimately results in a treatment consistent with the search for absolute improvement of the sick patient, La humanidad recibió muchos beneficios debido al uso diagnóstico de los rayos X, por lo que los investigado-res se estimularon para introducir otras energías y otros métodos menos agresivos en su afán por explorar los más apartados y escondidos rincones del organismo. El diagnóstico por imagen en los últimos dos años ha demostrado su importancia debido a su uso en el diagnóstico de la neumonía característica de contagio por el virus Sars-Cov-2. El método de esta investigación científica está dirigido a construir un referencial bibliográficos en donde se pueda exponer y propiciar la discusión que surge respecto a la relación que surge entre el especialista encargado de realizar estudios de imagen médica y los pacientes. Para alcanzar el objetivo se ha considerado información de publicaciones científicas que, previo análisis, expongan elementos importantes para la investigación. La bioética llama a reemplazar el pensamiento técnico por un pensamiento técnico más racional que tenga como objetivo mantener una buena calidad de vida, evitar riesgos para los pacientes, reducir el dolor y restaurar la salud. El fin último del profesional en imágenes médicas es brindar un procedimiento diagnóstico y un apoyo para las intervenciones quirúrgicas sin que signifique un distanciamiento en el que la maquina se interponga entre las relaciones interpersonales, sobre todo en estos tiempos en donde la Inteligencia Artificial busca potenciar las áreas en donde representa un avance beneficioso para el colectivo y que al final resulte en un tratamiento acorde a la búsqueda de la mejoría absoluta del paciente enfermo

Context. NGC 5548 is an X-ray bright Seyfert 1 active galaxy. It exhibits a variety of spectroscopic features in the soft X-ray band, in particular including the absorption by the active galactic nucleus (AGN) outflows of a broad range of ionization states, with column densities up to 1027 m-2, and having speeds up to several thousand kilometers per second. The known emission features are in broad agreement with photoionized X-ray narrow and broad emission line models. Aims. We report on an X-ray spectroscopic study using 1.1 Ms XMM-Newton and 0.9 Ms Chandra grating observations of NGC 5548 spanning two decades. The aim is to search and characterize any potential spectroscopic features in addition to the known primary spectral components that are already modeled in high precision. Methods. For each observation, we modeled the data using a global fit including an intrinsic spectral energy distribution of the AGNs and the known distant X-ray absorbers and emitters. We utilized as much knowledge from previous studies as possible. The fit residuals were stacked and scanned for possible secondary features. Results. We detect a weak unidentified excess emission feature at ~18.4 Å (18.1 Å in the restframe). The feature is seen at > 5s statistical significance taking the look-elsewhere effect into account. No known instrumental issues, atomic transitions, or astrophysical effects can explain this excess. The observed intensity of the possible feature seems to anticorrelate in time with the hardness ratio of the source. However, even though the variability might not be intrinsic, it might be caused by the time-variable obscuration by the outflows. An intriguing possibility is the line emission from charge exchange between a partially ionized outflow and a neutral layer in the same outflow, or in the close environment. Other possibilities, such as emission from a highly ionized component with high outflowing speed, cannot be fully ruled out., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Novae are caused by runaway thermonuclear burning in the hydrogen-rich envelopes of accreting white dwarfs, which leads to a rapid expansion of the envelope and the ejection of most of its mass1,2. Theory has predicted the existence of a ‘fireball’ phase following directly on from the runaway fusion, which should be observable as a short, bright and soft X-ray flash before the nova becomes visible in the optical3,4,5. Here we report observations of a bright and soft X-ray flash associated with the classical Galactic nova YZ Reticuli 11¿h before its 9¿mag optical brightening. No X-ray source was detected 4¿h before and after the event, constraining the duration of the flash to shorter than 8¿h. In agreement with theoretical predictions4,6,7,8, the source’s spectral shape is consistent with a black-body of 3.27+0.11-0.33¿×¿105¿K (28.2+0.9-2.8¿eV), or a white dwarf atmosphere, radiating at the Eddington luminosity, with a photosphere that is only slightly larger than a typical white dwarf., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The relationship between warm absorber (WA) outflows of active galactic nuclei and nuclear obscuration activities caused by optically thick clouds (obscurers) crossing the line of sight is still unclear. NGC 3227 is a suitable target for studying the properties of both WAs and obscurers because it matches the following selection criteria: WAs in both ultraviolet (UV) and X-rays, suitably variable, bright in UV and X-rays, and adequate archival spectra for making comparisons with the obscured spectra. In the aim of investigating WAs and obscurers of NGC 3227 in detail, we used a broadband spectral-energy-distribution model that is built in findings of the first paper in our series together with the photoionization code of SPEX software to fit the archival observational data taken by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR in 2006 and 2016. Using unobscured observations, we find four WA components with different ionization states (log ¿ [erg cm s-1] ~ -1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0). The highest-ionization WA component has a much higher hydrogen column density (~1022 cm-2) than the other three components (~1021 cm-2). The outflow velocities of these WAs range from 100 to 1300 km s-1, and show a positive correlation with the ionization parameter. These WA components are estimated to be distributed from the outer region of the broad line region (BLR) to the narrow line region. It is worth noting that we find an X-ray obscuration event in the beginning of the 2006 observation, which was missed by previous studies. We find that it can be explained by a single obscurer component. We also study the previously published obscuration event captured in one observation in 2016, which needs two obscurer components to fit the spectrum. A high-ionization obscurer component (log ¿ ~ 2.80; covering factor Cf ~ 30%) only appears in the 2016 observation, which has a high column density (~1023 cm-2). A low-ionization obscurer component (log ¿ ~ 1.0 - 1.9; Cf ~ 20%-50%) exists in both 2006 and 2016 observations, whi, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

This inventory catalogs the software programs that have proven to be useful to the Swedish research community that conducts research at the PETRA III synchrotron, including the PETRA III Swedish Materials Science beamline. Based on publications from 2018, the inventory categorizes the various software programs used in research as either data reduction software for 2D area detector X-ray scattering images or data analysis software for WAXS, SAXS, GIWAXS, GISAXS, and PDF. Each software program has a short description of its functionality, a note of its developer, links to the original publication describing the scientific method that the software is based upon, as well as the site for downloading the software program., QC 20220902, Center for X-rays in Swedish Materials Science

This inventory catalogs the software programs that have proven to be useful to the Swedish research community that conducts research at the PETRA III synchrotron, including the PETRA III Swedish Materials Science beamline. Based on publications from 2018, the inventory categorizes the various software programs used in research as either data reduction software for 2D area detector X-ray scattering images or data analysis software for WAXS, SAXS, GIWAXS, GISAXS, and PDF. Each software program has a short description of its functionality, a note of its developer, links to the original publication describing the scientific method that the software is based upon, as well as the site for downloading the software program., QC 20220902, Center for X-rays in Swedish Materials Science

This inventory catalogs the software programs that have proven to be useful to the Swedish research community that conducts research at the PETRA III synchrotron, including the PETRA III Swedish Materials Science beamline. Based on publications from 2018, the inventory categorizes the various software programs used in research as either data reduction software for 2D area detector X-ray scattering images or data analysis software for WAXS, SAXS, GIWAXS, GISAXS, and PDF. Each software program has a short description of its functionality, a note of its developer, links to the original publication describing the scientific method that the software is based upon, as well as the site for downloading the software program., QC 20220902, Center for X-rays in Swedish Materials Science

Featured Application Electric fields produced by lightning subsequent stroke leaders are sufficiently high for acceleration of electrons to relativistic speeds, leading to generation of X-rays/gamma-rays as a result of Bremsstrahlung emissions. Leaders of subsequent strokes in negative cloud-to-ground lightning are known to produce X-ray/gamma-ray emissions detectable at distances of a few kilometers or less from the lightning channel. These leaders usually develop in decayed but still warm channels of preceding strokes. We computed electric field waveforms at different points along the path of subsequent leader as those points are traversed by the leader tip. For a typical subsequent leader, the electric field peak is a few MV/m, which is sufficient for production of energetic radiation in a warm (reduced air density) channel. We examined the dependence of electric field peak on the leader model input parameters, including the prospective return-stroke peak current (a proxy for the leader tip potential) and leader propagation speed, and compared model predictions with measurements.

The Wide Field Monitor (WFM) is a coded mask instrument that is one of the four instruments that compose the scientific payload of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP), designed to study the state of matter under conditions of extreme density, gravity and magnetism. This work assesses its design through mechanical simulations, focusing on the behaviour of the coded mask, its frames and the collimator. A big emphasis is placed on the study of the pretension of the mask, provided by the pretension mechanism, which consists of the frames and a series of uniformly distributed bolts and is required to give the mask enough rigidity to fulfil its scientific requirements. The mechanical simulations have consisted of two step analyses, which have a first static step that applies the pretension to the system and a second step that performs a modal analysis. The WFM has been assessed progressively, first studying the mask, then including the frames, and the final simulations have included the collimator. The optimisation of the pretension has been one of the focuses, and a code that employs a Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been developed for that purpose. The analyses have shown that pretension is an effective way of increasing the rigidity of the mask by showing a very significant increase in natural frequency when pretension was applied. Moreover, the current design of the pretension mechanism has been shown to be capable of applying the pretension effectively and solving the issues of a previous design. The, currently in-progress, execution of the GA shows a good evolution toward an optimal set of solutions, as the proposed solutions by the GA take shapes following what the analyses throughout this work indicated would improve the results. Finally, the analyses with the collimator, which tested various design differences, have shown which part should be reinforced in the final design.

Featured Application Electric fields produced by lightning subsequent stroke leaders are sufficiently high for acceleration of electrons to relativistic speeds, leading to generation of X-rays/gamma-rays as a result of Bremsstrahlung emissions. Leaders of subsequent strokes in negative cloud-to-ground lightning are known to produce X-ray/gamma-ray emissions detectable at distances of a few kilometers or less from the lightning channel. These leaders usually develop in decayed but still warm channels of preceding strokes. We computed electric field waveforms at different points along the path of subsequent leader as those points are traversed by the leader tip. For a typical subsequent leader, the electric field peak is a few MV/m, which is sufficient for production of energetic radiation in a warm (reduced air density) channel. We examined the dependence of electric field peak on the leader model input parameters, including the prospective return-stroke peak current (a proxy for the leader tip potential) and leader propagation speed, and compared model predictions with measurements.

Featured Application Electric fields produced by lightning subsequent stroke leaders are sufficiently high for acceleration of electrons to relativistic speeds, leading to generation of X-rays/gamma-rays as a result of Bremsstrahlung emissions. Leaders of subsequent strokes in negative cloud-to-ground lightning are known to produce X-ray/gamma-ray emissions detectable at distances of a few kilometers or less from the lightning channel. These leaders usually develop in decayed but still warm channels of preceding strokes. We computed electric field waveforms at different points along the path of subsequent leader as those points are traversed by the leader tip. For a typical subsequent leader, the electric field peak is a few MV/m, which is sufficient for production of energetic radiation in a warm (reduced air density) channel. We examined the dependence of electric field peak on the leader model input parameters, including the prospective return-stroke peak current (a proxy for the leader tip potential) and leader propagation speed, and compared model predictions with measurements.

The clumpy stellar wind from the companion star in high-mass X-ray binaries causes variable, partial absorption of the emission from the X-ray source. We studied XMM–Newton observations from a 7.22¿d long monitoring campaign, in order to constrain the effects of the stellar wind on the short-time-scale X-ray spectral-timing properties of Cygnus X-1. We find these properties to change significantly in the presence of the wind. In particular, the longest sampled time-scales (corresponding to temporal frequencies of ¿ ~ 0.1–1 Hz) reveal an enhancement of the fractional variability power, while on the shortest sampled time-scales (¿ ~ 1–10 Hz), the variability is suppressed. In addition, we observe a reduction (by up to a factor of ~ 1.8) of the otherwise high coherence between soft and hard band light curves, as well as of the amplitude of the hard X-ray lags intrinsic to the X-ray continuum. The observed increase of low-frequency variability power can be explained in terms of variations of the wind column density as a consequence of motions of the intervening clumps. In this scenario (and assuming a terminal velocity of v8=2400km s-1¿), we obtain an estimate of l ~ 0.5–1.5 × 10-4R* for the average radial size of a clump. On the other hand, we suggest the behaviour at high frequencies to be due to scattering in an optically thicker medium, possibly formed by collision of the stellar wind with the edge of the disc., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Context. A growing number of transient X-ray obscuration events in type I active galactic nuclei suggest that our line of sight to the central engine is not always free. Multiple X-ray obscuration events were reported in the nearby Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 3227 from 2000 to 2016. In late 2019, another X-ray obscuration event was identified with Swift. Two coordinated target-of-opportunity observations with XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) were triggered in November and December 2019 to study this obscuration event. Aims. We aim to constrain the physical properties of the absorbing material (i.e., the obscurer) that caused the X-ray obscuration event in late 2019. We also aim to compare the handful of obscuration events in NGC 3227 and other Seyfert galaxies. Methods. For each observation, we analyzed the time-averaged X-ray spectra collected with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR. We performed photoionization modeling with the SPEX code, which allows us to constrain the intrinsic continuum simultaneously with various photoionized absorption and emission components. Results. Similar to previous transient X-ray obscuration events in NGC 3227, the one caught in late 2019 is short-lived (less than five months). If the obscurer has only one photoionized component, the two X-ray observations in late 2019 cannot be explained by the same obscurer that responds to the varying ionizing continuum. Due to the unknown geometry of the obscurer, its number density and distance to the black hole cannot be well constrained. The inferred distance covers at least two orders of magnitude, from the broad-line region to the dusty torus. Unlike some other X-ray obscuration events in Seyfert galaxies, such as NGC 5548 and NGC 3783, no prominent blueshifted, broad absorption troughs were found in the 2019 HST/COS spectra of NGC 3227 when compared with archival UV spectra. This might be explained if the X-ray obscurer does not intercept our line of, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This inventory catalogs the software programs that have proven to be useful to the Swedish research community that conducts research at the PETRA III synchrotron, including the PETRA III Swedish Materials Science beamline. Based on publications from 2018, the inventory categorizes the various software programs used in research as either data reduction software for 2D area detector X-ray scattering images or data analysis software for WAXS, SAXS, GIWAXS, GISAXS, and PDF. Each software program has a short description of its functionality, a note of its developer, links to the original publication describing the scientific method that the software is based upon, as well as the site for downloading the software program., QC 20220902, Center for X-rays in Swedish Materials Science

BackgroundX-ray image quality relies heavily on the emitted X-ray photon number which depends on X-ray tube current and exposure time. To accurately estimate the absorbed dose in an imaging protocol, it is better to simulate the X-ray imaging with a Monte Carlo platform such as GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission). Although input of GATE is the X-ray photon number of the simulated X-ray tube, it lacks a good way to setup the photon number for a desired X-ray tube current setting.ObjectiveTo provide a method to correlate the experimental X-ray tube current exposure time and the X-ray photon number in GATE.MethodsThe accumulated radiation dose of a micro-computed tomography (CT) X-ray tube was recorded at different current exposure times with a general-purpose ion chamber. GATE was used to model the experimental microCT imaging system and calculate the total absorbed dose (cGy) in the sensitive volume of the ion chamber with different X-ray photon numbers. Linear regression models are used to establish a correlation between the estimated X-ray photon number and the X-ray tube settings. At first, one model establishes the relationship between the experimentally measured dose and the X-ray tube setting. Then, another model establishes a relationship between the simulated dose and the X-ray number in GATE. At last, by correlating these two models, a regression model to estimate the X-ray output number from an experimental X-ray tube setting (mAs) is obtained.ResultsFor a typical micro-CT scan, the X-ray tube is operated at 50 kVp and 0.5 mA for a 500 ms exposure time per projection (0.25 mAs). For these X-ray imaging parameters, the X-ray number per projection is estimated to be 3.613×106 with 1.0 mm Al filter.ConclusionThe findings of this work provide an approach to correlate the experimental X-ray tube current exposure time to the X-ray photon number in the GATE simulation of the X-ray tube to more accurately determine radiation dose for an imaging proto

Density functional theory or DFT is presently the most popular route for computing the electronic structure of chemical systems. Although DFT is formally exact, the exact functional that maps the electron density to the energy remains unknown to date. A large number of density functional approximations (DFAs) have consequently been developed to compute the energies of molecules and extended materials. Use of exact constraints, large amounts of highly accurate benchmark data, and intelligent data-driven design schemes have resulted in modern functionals that provide an excellent balance between computational cost and predictive accuracy. However, nearly all the DFA development efforts in recent years had focused on improving chemically relevant energy differences in the ground state. Even the electron density, which is the central quantity of the theory, has been mostly neglected. This dissertation tries to explore usage of DFT beyond ground state energies through the investigation of electrical response properties and electronic excited states. Information from these regimes should prove helpful extending the applicability of DFT beyond computation of ground state energy differences, and also assist in designing more transferable DFAs that better approximate the exact functional.The first half of the dissertation assesses the accuracy of modern DFAs in predicting molecular properties associated with the response of the energy to electric fields. The exact functional is formally capable of predicting exact energies even when the system is subjected to arbitrary electric fields. However, approximate functionals only model the electrical response well if the density is accurate. The ability of DFAs to compute electrical response properties thus indicate their accuracy in modeling densities. The dissertation therefore studies dipole moments (Chapter 4), second cumulants of the density (Chapter 5) and static dipole polarizabilities (Chapter 6). High level coupled cluster

Ideal three-dimensional imaging of complex samples made up of micron-scale structures extending over mm to cm, such as biological tissues, requires both wide field of view and high resolution. For existing optics and detectors used for micro-CT (computed tomography) imaging, sub-micron pixel resolution can only be achieved for fields of view of <2 mm. This article presents a unique detector system with a 6 mm field-of-view image circle and 0.5 µm pixel size that can be used in micro-CT units utilizing both synchrotron and commercial X-ray sources. A resolution-test pattern with linear microstructures and whole adult Daphnia magna were imaged at beamline 8.3.2 of the Berkeley Advanced Light Source. Volumes of 10000 × 10000 × 7096 isotropic 0.5 µm voxels were reconstructed over a 5.0 mm × 3.5 mm field of view. Measurements in the projection domain confirmed a 0.90 µm measured spatial resolution that is largely Nyquist-limited. This unprecedented combination of field of view and resolution dramatically reduces the need for sectional scans and computational stitching for large samples, ultimately offering the means to elucidate changes in tissue and cellular morphology in the context of larger, whole, intact model organisms and specimens. This system is also anticipated to benefit micro-CT imaging in materials science, microelectronics, agricultural science and biomedical engineering.

Solar flares are the most vigorous explosive phenomena in our solar system. They release up to $\sim10^{33}$ erg of magnetic energy in the Sun's corona in times that range from minutes to hours. Some 10 to 50\% of the flare energy goes into electron acceleration. Among other processes, when these electrons interact with the ambient plasma, they produce bremsstrahlung radiation in hard X-rays (HXRs). Analyses of flare HXRs are critical for understanding energy release dynamics, acceleration mechanisms, and their connection with other phenomena in the corona. One of these phenomena is coronal heating, an open problem in heliophysics. This problem seeks to clarify why the Sun's coronal temperature is up to three orders of magnitude higher than that at the Sun's surface.Coronal temperatures demand a mean energy input between $\sim10^5$ and $2\times10^7$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. Multiple observations have proven that medium and large-size flares together do not contribute enough energy to account for these input power requirements. Instead, a popular idea proposes that the solar atmosphere is filled with small impulsive heating events releasing magnetic energy in the corona, called nanoflares. If nanoflares follow the same physics as their larger counterparts, they should emit hard X-rays (HXRs) but with substantially fainter intensity. A copious and continuous presence of nanoflares would result in sustained HXR emission. These nanoflares could deliver sufficient energy into the Sun's corona, to account for its high temperatures. To date, there has not been any direct detection of such persistent HXRs emitted from the quiescent Sun. However, $\sim12$ days of solar off-pointing observations of the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) during periods of quiescent activity led to HXR upper limits. In the 6-12 keV energy range, e.g., this upper limit is $9.5\times 10^{-4}$ photons s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ keV$^{-1}$.Observing faint HXR emission is challengi

The simplest response theory methods for computing vertical excitation spectra in condensed-phase are configuration interaction with single excitations (CIS) and linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. In applications to X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), methods like CIS and TDDFT that codify only single excitations into the wave function are prone to catastrophic errors in main-edge and post-edge features whose shapes act as a crucial fingerprint in structural analyses of liquids. We show that these errors manifest primarily due to a lack of orbital relaxation in conventional linear-response theories and that core-ionized (n - 1-electron) references, like those of electron-affinity TDDFT, can eliminate the errors in the spectral profile, even in the highest-energy parts of the post-edge. Crucially, we find that single excitations atop core-ionized references are sufficient to elucidate liquid-phase XAS spectra with semi-quantitative accuracy, opening the door for methods like electron-affinity CIS/TDDFT to be used as efficient alternatives to higher-order wave function approaches.

Structures provide a critical breakthrough step for biological analyses, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful structural technique to study dynamic DNA repair proteins. As toxic and mutagenic repair intermediates need to be prevented from inadvertently harming the cell, DNA repair proteins often chaperone these intermediates through dynamic conformations, coordinated assemblies, and allosteric regulation. By measuring structural conformations in solution for both proteins, DNA, RNA, and their complexes, SAXS provides insight into initial DNA damage recognition, mechanisms for validation of their substrate, and pathway regulation. Here, we describe exemplary SAXS analyses of a DNA damage response protein spanning from what can be derived directly from the data to obtaining super resolution through the use of SAXS selection of atomic models. We outline strategies and tactics for practical SAXS data collection and analysis. Making these structural experiments in reach of any basic and clinical researchers who have protein, SAXS data can readily be collected at government-funded synchrotrons, typically at no cost for academic researchers. In addition to discussing how SAXS complements and enhances cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR, and computational modeling, we furthermore discuss taking advantage of recent advances in protein structure prediction in combination with SAXS analysis.

The biologically critical, exquisite specificity and efficiency of nucleases, such as those acting in DNA repair and replication, often emerge in the context of multiple other macromolecules. The evolved complexity also makes biologically relevant nuclease assays challenging and low-throughput. Meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11) is an exemplary nuclease that initiates DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and processes stalled DNA replication forks. Thus, DNA resection by MRE11 nuclease activity is critical for multiple DSB repair pathways as well as in replication. Traditionally, in vitro nuclease activity of purified enzymes is studied either through gel-based assays or fluorescence-based assays like fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). However, adapting these methods for a high-throughput application such as inhibitor screening can be challenging. Gel-based approaches are slow, and FRET assays can suffer from interference and distance limitations. Here we describe an alternative methodology to monitor nuclease activity by measuring the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) interference pattern from gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated to 5'-ends of dsDNA using X-ray scattering interferometry (XSI). In addition to reporting on the enzyme activity, XSI can provide insight into DNA-protein interactions, aiding in the development of inhibitors that trap enzymes on the DNA substrate. Enabled by efficient access to synchrotron beamlines, sample preparation, and the feasibility of high-throughput XSI data collection and processing pipelines, this method allows for far greater speeds with less sample consumption than conventional SAXS techniques. The reported metrics and methods can be generalized to monitor not only other nucleases but also most other DNA-protein interactions.

X-ray radiolytic labeling uses broadband X-rays for in situ hydroxyl radical labeling to map protein interactions and conformation. High flux density beams are essential to overcome radical scavengers. However, conventional sample delivery environments, such as capillary flow, limit the use of a fully unattenuated focused broadband beam. An alternative is to use a liquid jet, and we have previously demonstrated that use of this form of sample delivery can increase labeling by tenfold at an unfocused X-ray source. Here we report the first use of a liquid jet for automated inline quantitative fluorescence dosage characterization and sample exposure at a high flux density microfocused synchrotron beamline. Our approach enables exposure times in single-digit microseconds while retaining a high level of side-chain labeling. This development significantly boosts the method's overall effectiveness and efficiency, generates high-quality data, and opens up the arena for high throughput and ultrafast time-resolved in situ hydroxyl radical labeling.

Intracranial vessel perforation is a peri-procedural complication during endovascular therapy (EVT). Prompt recognition is important as its occurrence is strongly associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. However, perforations can be hard to detect because they are rare, can be subtle, and the interventionalist is working under time pressure and focused on treatment of vessel occlusions. Automatic detection holds potential to improve rapid identification of intracranial vessel perforation. In this work, we present the first study on automated perforation detection and localization on X-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) image series. We adapt several state-of-the-art single-frame detectors and further propose temporal modules to learn the progressive dynamics of contrast extravasation. Application-tailored loss function and post-processing techniques are designed. We train and validate various automated methods using two national multi-center datasets (i.e., MR CLEAN Registry and MR CLEAN-NoIV Trial), and one international multi-trial dataset (i.e., the HERMES collaboration). With ten-fold cross-validation, the proposed methods achieve an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic of 0.93 in terms of series level perforation classification. Perforation localization precision and recall reach 0.83 and 0.70 respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed automatic solutions perform at similar level as an expert radiologist., ImPhys/Medical Imaging, ImPhys/Computational Imaging

The growth of two-dimensional platelets of the CdX family (X = S, Se, or Te) in an organic solvent requires the presence of both long- and short-chain ligands. This results in nanoplatelets of atomically precise thickness and long-chain ligand-stabilized Cd top and bottom surfaces. The platelets show a bright and spectrally pure luminescence. Despite the enormous interest in CdX platelets for optoelectronics, the growth mechanism is not fully understood. Riedinger et al. studied the reaction without a solvent and showed the favorable role for short-chain carboxylates for growth in two dimensions. Their model, based on the total energy of island nucleation, shows favored side facet growth versus growth on the top and bottom surfaces. However, several aspects of the synthesis under realistic conditions are not yet understood: Why are both short- and long-chain ligands required to obtain platelets? Why does the synthesis result in both isotropic nanocrystals and platelets? At which stage of the reaction is there bifurcation between isotropic and 2D growth? Here, we report an in situ study of the CdSe nanoplatelet reaction under practical synthesis conditions. We show that without short-chain ligands, both isotropic and mini-nanoplatelets form in the early stage of the process. However, most remaining precursors are consumed in isotropic growth. Addition of acetate induces a dramatic shift toward nearly exclusive 2D growth of already existing mini-nanoplatelets. Hence, although myristate stabilizes mini-nanoplatelets, mature nanoplatelets only grow by a subtle interplay between myristate and acetate, the latter catalyzes fast lateral growth of the side facets of the mini-nanoplatelets.

This literature review briefly describes the history and principles of X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging, its applications in entomology and other agronomic fields are analyzed, besides the perspectives for future research. It is concluded that the analyzed methodologies are non-destructive, they allow to give follow-up to the same individual through images and computerized models in two and three dimensions for the study of cells, tissues and organs in living insects. These techniques contribute to the morphological, physiological and ecological understanding of insects in different environments or treatments, Se describe brevemente la historia y principios de la generación de imágenes mediante rayos X y resonancia magnética por medio de una revisión bibliográfica. También, se analizan sus aplicaciones en la entomología y otros campos agronómicos, además de las perspectivas para investigaciones futuras. Se concluye que las metodologías analizadas no son destructivas puesto que permiten dar seguimiento al mismo individuo con imágenes y modelos computarizados en dos y tres dimensiones para el estudio de células, tejidos y órganos en insectos vivos. Estas técnicas contribuyen a la comprensión morfológica, fisiológica y ecológica de los insectos en diferentes ambientes o tratamientos.

This inventory catalogs the software programs that have proven to be useful to the Swedish research community that conducts research at the PETRA III synchrotron, including the PETRA III Swedish Materials Science beamline. Based on publications from 2018, the inventory categorizes the various software programs used in research as either data reduction software for 2D area detector X-ray scattering images or data analysis software for WAXS, SAXS, GIWAXS, GISAXS, and PDF. Each software program has a short description of its functionality, a note of its developer, links to the original publication describing the scientific method that the software is based upon, as well as the site for downloading the software program., QC 20220902, Center for X-rays in Swedish Materials Science

Featured Application Electric fields produced by lightning subsequent stroke leaders are sufficiently high for acceleration of electrons to relativistic speeds, leading to generation of X-rays/gamma-rays as a result of Bremsstrahlung emissions. Leaders of subsequent strokes in negative cloud-to-ground lightning are known to produce X-ray/gamma-ray emissions detectable at distances of a few kilometers or less from the lightning channel. These leaders usually develop in decayed but still warm channels of preceding strokes. We computed electric field waveforms at different points along the path of subsequent leader as those points are traversed by the leader tip. For a typical subsequent leader, the electric field peak is a few MV/m, which is sufficient for production of energetic radiation in a warm (reduced air density) channel. We examined the dependence of electric field peak on the leader model input parameters, including the prospective return-stroke peak current (a proxy for the leader tip potential) and leader propagation speed, and compared model predictions with measurements.

This literature review briefly describes the history and principles of X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging, its applications in entomology and other agronomic fields are analyzed, besides the perspectives for future research. It is concluded that the analyzed methodologies are non-destructive, they allow to give follow-up to the same individual through images and computerized models in two and three dimensions for the study of cells, tissues and organs in living insects. These techniques contribute to the morphological, physiological and ecological understanding of insects in different environments or treatments, Se describe brevemente la historia y principios de la generación de imágenes mediante rayos X y resonancia magnética por medio de una revisión bibliográfica. También, se analizan sus aplicaciones en la entomología y otros campos agronómicos, además de las perspectivas para investigaciones futuras. Se concluye que las metodologías analizadas no son destructivas puesto que permiten dar seguimiento al mismo individuo con imágenes y modelos computarizados en dos y tres dimensiones para el estudio de células, tejidos y órganos en insectos vivos. Estas técnicas contribuyen a la comprensión morfológica, fisiológica y ecológica de los insectos en diferentes ambientes o tratamientos.

We report the realization and characterization of parametric amplification in high harmonic generation around 100 eV using He gas in a double gas jet arrangement. The delay of the seed extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse with respect to the amplifier gas jet was scanned by changing the distance between the gas jets. Experiments and numerical calculations show that parametric amplification occurs within a temporal window of several optical cycles. Strong correlation between the seed and amplifier was observed in a shorter, few optical cycles delay range, which appeared as a modulation of the XUV intensity with an unexpected one optical cycle periodicity instead of half optical cycle. Simulations revealed that the strong correlation and also the unusual periodicity was the consequence of the nonlinear effect produced by plasma dispersion on the parametric amplification process during propagation in the amplifier jet., Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP19K15402, JP20H00141, JP21H03750); JKA Foundation (KEIRIN RACE); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FIS2017-85526-R); Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (856415); European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (20FUN01 TSCAC); Österreichische Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung (AQUnet)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Background: Radioactive material and ionising radiation play a central role in medical diagnostics and therapy. The benefit of ionising radiation is opposed by the risk of irreparable damage of the human organism. This risk, especially for developing malign neoplasms, has particularly been investigated in the population surviving the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but also increasingly in persons with occupational or medical exposure to ionising radiation.Methods: We conducted a systematic search for publications in English and German in relevant databases in March 2016. Retrievals were screened by two independent reviewers. We included examinations using imaging procedures with ionising radiation. The assessment of methodological quality was done concerning representativeness, risk of bias, and further limitations, and reporting quality was assessed using the RECORD checklist. Results: The systematic searches identified seven cross-sectional, one register, and four cohort studies. An increase in collective effective doses analogue to the increase of computed tomography (CT) examinations could be observed. An increased risk of brain tumours in children after exposition to head CT and by an increase of the number of examinations was shown. For children with predisposing factors, an increased risk of tumours of the central nerve system, leukemia, and lymphoma was found. Furthermore, a general risk for malign neoplasms or haemoblastoma, and a specific risk for lymphoma after CT examinations of different parts of the body could be observed.Discussion: Taking into consideration a mostly unclear representativeness of studies and an unclear or high risk of bias as well as lack of comparability due to different research questions, the validity of results is limited. Conclusion: The risk of bias due to a large number of reference sources must be reduced in studies leading to realistic estimates of collective radiation doses. The risk of CT-induced radiation exposu, Hintergrund: Radioaktive Stoffe und ionisierende Strahlung spielen in der Medizin bei Diagnostik und Therapie eine wichtige Rolle. Dem Nutzen ionisierender Strahlung steht jedoch das Risiko für nicht reparable Schädigungen des menschlichen Organismus entgegen. Dieses Risiko, nach einer Strahlenexposition vor allem bösartige Neubildungen zu entwickeln, wurde ausführlich unter anderem anhand der Population von Überlebenden der Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki in Japan, aber zunehmend auch anhand beruflich und medizinisch strahlenexponierter Personen untersucht. Methoden: Eine systematische Literaturrecherche nach englisch- und deutschsprachigen Publikationen in relevanten Datenbanken wurde im März 2016 durchgeführt. Die identifizierte Literatur wurde von zwei unabhängigen Gutachtern selektiert. Eingeschlossen wurden vollständige Publikationen über diagnostische Untersuchungen mittels bildgebender Verfahren, bei denen Patienten ionisierender Strahlung ausgesetzt waren. Die Bewertung der methodischen Qualität der eingeschlossenen Studien erfolgte hinsichtlich Repräsentativität, Verzerrungspotenzial und weiteren Limitationen, und die Bewertung der Berichtsqualität anhand der RECORD-Checkliste.Ergebnisse: Durch die systematische Literaturrecherche konnten zwölf Studien identifiziert werden: sieben Querschnittsstudien, eine Registerstudie und vier Kohortenstudien. Hinsichtlich der kollektiven effektiven Strahlendosis zeigte sich über zehn Jahre ein Anstieg analog zur gestiegenen Anzahl von computertomografischen (CT)-Untersuchungen.Das Risiko für Hirntumoren infolge der Exposition gegenüber Kopf-CT allgemein und durch eine steigende Anzahl von Untersuchungen ist für Kinder erhöht. Im Fall prädisponierender Faktoren zur Entwicklung von Tumorentitäten konnte ein erhöhtes Risiko für Tumoren des Zentralnervensystems, Leukämien und Lymphome festgestellt werden. Ein generelles Risiko für Neoplasien und Hämoblastosen und ein spezielles Risiko für Lymphome nach CT-Unte

Intracranial vessel perforation is a peri-procedural complication during endovascular therapy (EVT). Prompt recognition is important as its occurrence is strongly associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. However, perforations can be hard to detect because they are rare, can be subtle, and the interventionalist is working under time pressure and focused on treatment of vessel occlusions. Automatic detection holds potential to improve rapid identification of intracranial vessel perforation. In this work, we present the first study on automated perforation detection and localization on X-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA) image series. We adapt several state-of-the-art single-frame detectors and further propose temporal modules to learn the progressive dynamics of contrast extravasation. Application-tailored loss function and post-processing techniques are designed. We train and validate various automated methods using two national multi-center datasets (i.e., MR CLEAN Registry and MR CLEAN-NoIV Trial), and one international multi-trial dataset (i.e., the HERMES collaboration). With ten-fold cross-validation, the proposed methods achieve an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic of 0.93 in terms of series level perforation classification. Perforation localization precision and recall reach 0.83 and 0.70 respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed automatic solutions perform at similar level as an expert radiologist., ImPhys/Medical Imaging, ImPhys/Computational Imaging

This thesis is dedicated to the investigation of laser-plasma particle acceleration concepts. Some of the work was focused on improving electron and proton acceleration for future applications, in terms of maximizing the particle energy and minimizing the divergence of the X-ray beams. In laser wakefield acceleration, a very intense laser pulse (> 1018 W/cm2) is focused in a gas. The leading edge of the pulse is intense enough to ionize the gas, and the main part of the pulse interacts with a plasma. Under the action of the ponderomotive force, the intense laser pulse can expel plasma electrons and form a wake in the plasma that trails the laser pulse. This charge separation leads to the formation of an ion cavity that results in electromagnetic fields several orders of magnitude stronger than those in conventional accelerators, up to TV/m. Some electrons can be accelerated to several hundred MeV over distances of less than a cm by injecting them into the plasma wake. There are also focusing forces inside the plasma wake, and the injected electrons will oscillate transversely about the optical axis, producing multi-keV betatron X-ray radiation. This radiation is directed along the optical axis with a low divergence of a few tens of mrad. One application investigated in this work was the possibility of using laser-wakefield-accelerated electrons for very high-energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy. High-energy electrons can reach deep tumours with limited scattering, and have a more suitable dose-depth profile than photon beams. In this work, a VHEE beam was focused inside a phantom using electromagnetic quadrupoles to mimic stereotactic radiotherapy. The X-ray beam generated by LWFA was used to measure the equivalent path length and 3D liquid mass distribution in commercial fuel injectors by tomographic reconstruction. It was shown that the sensitivity (in terms of the detectable liquid mass) was comparable to that possible with large synchrotron facilities. Furthermor