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During the recent economic downturn, media and industry reports of skill shortages in the trades continued to appear. The intent of this paper is to examine the evidence for skill shortages in the trades persisting during the economic downturns over the last 20 years, using various indicators. These include employment growth, vacancy rates, unemployment rates, apprentice completions and occupational mobility. This paper contains the following key messages: (1) There is no evidence of persistent skill shortages during downturns in the construction, automotive and engineering trades, and unconvincing evidence of persistent shortages in the electrotechnology and telecommunications trades, the food trades and hairdressing; (2) Declining numbers of apprenticeship completions account for much of the persistent shortage in the electrotechnology and telecommunications trades during the 1990s and 2000s, but apprenticeship completions (expressed as a proportion of employment) for this trade have now recovered to pre-1992 levels. If recent completion numbers are maintained, it should be possible to avoid future skill shortages; and (3) Very high job churn creates the perception of persistent skill shortages in the food trades and in hairdressing. Many food tradespersons and hairdressers swap employers but remain in their occupation. Two appendices are included. (Contains 22 tables, 21 figures and 4 footnotes.)

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of adolescent career plans reported in PISA 2006. Its main focus is on the differences in the status and area of employment expected by girls and boys in high school. In almost all countries, girls lead boys in their interest in non-manual, high status professional occupations. This can be seen as a vertical dimension of gender segregation in occupational preferences. Students also differ by gender in selecting particular fields of employment within status categories. These differences make up the horizontal segregation of students' expectations and, in PISA 2006, are prominent in the gendered choices of specific subfields of science. Both the vertical and the horizontal dimensions must be considered to appreciate the cultural and institutional factors which promote and reinforce systematic divides in career choices of adolescent boys and girls. Appended are: (1) Additional descriptive tables; (2) Occupational titles comprising science, engineering/computing and health employment; (3) Plans to enter socio-cultural professions; (4) Missing data; and (5) Additional information on methods. (Contains 8 figures, 18 tables and 2 footnotes.)

This paper presents the first results of a project initiated in 2004 by the OECD in collaboration with Eurostat and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, and aimed at developing a regular and internationally comparable production system of indicators on the careers and mobility of doctorate holders. A first data collection was launched in September 2005, from which the results for seven countries are presented here. These data shed light on the main demographic, educational, labour market and mobility patterns of doctoral graduates. They also mark some progress in the understanding of both the measurement issues and patterns of international mobility, notably by the use of qualitative indicators such as the intentions or reasons for mobility. The results show in particular that the share of doctorate holders in the population or labour force is two or three times larger in Germany and Switzerland than in Australia, Canada and the United States. In these five countries, women represent only one-quarter to one-third of doctorate holders. The United States has an older population of doctorate holders than the other countries analysed in the paper and this population is still aging, as is also the case in Canada. Unemployment rates of doctorate holders remain low, but are relatively higher in natural sciences and in engineering. There are important salary differences between men and women and across sectors, especially in the United States. In the United States, as well as in Portugal and Argentina, salary is one of the main reasons why doctoral graduates are dissatisfied with their employment situation. There is a high share of foreign doctorate holders in Switzerland and also a higher share of foreign-born doctorate holders in Canada and Australia than in the United States. Many foreigners, however, come to work to the United States having been trained for research abroad and this trend has grown stronger in recent years. On the other hand, very few doctorate holders from the United States are internationally mobile. Among mobile young Canadian citizens, three-quarters choose the United States as their next destination. (Data tables are annexed. Contains 4 footnotes, 13 figures, 1 chart and 35 tables.)

As part of its mandate from Congress, the National Science Board oversees the collection of a very broad set of quantitative information about U.S. science, engineering and technology, and every 2 years publishes the data and trends in its "Science and Engineering Indicators" ("Indicators") report. On occasion, the data reveal trends that raise important policy concerns that the Board believes should be brought to the attention of the President, Congress, and the public as a "companion" policy statement to the "Indicators" report. Data presented in "Science and Engineering Indicators 2010" (NSB-10-01) illuminate trends and directions in global science and technology. The U.S. has long been a world leader in S&E (science and engineering) research and high-technology industry, but comparative international data in "Indicators 2010" underscore the sometimes rapidly growing competitiveness of other economies in these important areas. While increased global S&E research capacity holds great promise for the advancement of scientific knowledge and collaboration in science and engineering across international borders, the U.S. government must be attentive to developments in S&E capacity around the world, and take proactive steps to maintain this nation's competitive strength. In this companion piece to "Indicators 2010, Globalization of Science and Engineering Research", the National Science Board examines currently available data and trends and recommends the following Federal actions: (1) To ensure that the U.S. remains a world leader in S&E research, the National Science Foundation--the only non-mission-oriented Federal agency that funds S&E research--should assess its two merit review criteria for funding of S&E research to ensure that the criteria encourage the proposing and support of truly transformative research, and should modify the criteria and/or merit review process if the assessment finds modifications necessary to accomplish this goal; (2) The Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Executive Office of the President, through the National Science and Technology Council mechanism, should engage all Federal agencies involved with S&E research to: (a) develop means to assess or continue to assess the quality of their agency's supported research against international activities, and (b) identify and as appropriate make adjustments necessary to ensure that their agency's research is world-leading; and (3) The Office of Science and Technology Policy should call for a President's Council on Innovation and Competitiveness as described in the COMPETES (Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science) Act. Issues for discussion would include: (a) relationships between U.S. and foreign-supported R&D to ensure continued vitality and growth of U.S. technical strength, (b) safeguarding national interests in intellectual property, (c) ensuring that the U.S. economy benefits from R&D supported abroad, and (d) assessing critical research areas for which the U.S. should be the global R&D leader. (Contains 5 figures and 1 table.) [For the related reports, see "Key Science and Engineering Indicators: 2010 Digest" (ED514059) and "Science and Engineering Indicators 2010" (ED514060).]

Because of the uncertainty related to water resources development projects, and because of the multitude of factors influencing their performance, the systems analysis approach is often used as an instrument in the planning and design process. The approach will also yield good results in the programming of the maintenance and management of the engineering works. Definitions, characteristics, and a short history of the systems approach to water resources development are discussed in chapter 1. Manpower needs are considered in chapter 2. Systems analysis in curricula for hydrologists and engineers (focusing on undergraduate programs for civil engineers and post-graduate programs) are discussed in chapter 3. Subjects which are important, if not essential, for systems analysis of water resources are reviewed in chapter 4. These subjects include political science, economics, engineering economy, project financing, mathematics, computer programming, and statistics. Use of problem work and case studies as well as integration with design work, cooperation among disciplines, and management games are discussed in the fifth and last chapter. (BC)

Engineering students can use a humanistic research project on the poetry of Walt Whitman as the basis for a technical report. Students must first become familiar with the scientific method so that they will have a general procedure for gathering and analyzing data for the project. To use the scientific method, students isolate the problem, observe evidence in order to form a hypothesis, devise an experiment or project that will allow them to collect objective data, and formulate a theory to account for the data gathered. After students understand how to use the scientific method, they must learn the general format for scientific or technical reports. In the Whitman project, students tabulate and analyze data on the vocabulary he uses in "Leaves of Grass," and then write a short technical report that presents the results of their analysis. The project demonstrates the possibility of meaningful interaction between the sciences and humanities. (Additional assignments and exercises are included throughout the text.) (MM)

This paper presents the rules and guidelines of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair 2011 to be held in Los Angeles, California in May 8-13, 2011. In addition to providing the rules of competition, these rules and guidelines for conducting research were developed to facilitate the following: (1) protect the rights and welfare of the student researcher and human subjects; (2) protect the health and well-being of vertebrate animal subjects; (3) follow federal regulations governing research; (4) offer guidance to affiliated fairs; (5) use safe laboratory practices; and (6) address environmental concerns. [This guide was created by the Society for Science & the Public.]

This paper presents the degrees conferred by Connecticut institutions of higher education in 2007-08. Connecticut colleges and universities awarded 36,634 degrees in 2007-08 (up 1.6% over 2006-07), the state's seventh consecutive year of growth and a 28 percent increase since 1998. Once again, the top five degree-producing disciplines were business, health professions, education, social sciences/history and liberal arts and sciences. Those five fields comprise 57 percent of all degrees and are up 22 percent over the last decade. All but business and education (both down 1%) saw gains in 2008. Degrees across the health professions increased seven percent to 4,179 in 2008 and are 29 percent above their production in 2004. Nursing degrees were down two percent (i.e., 20 fewer awards) in 2008, but are up 32 percent above 2004. Degrees across four other fields important to Connecticut's economy (engineering, physical and biological sciences and computer science) increased six percent over 2007 and rose a cumulative 14 percent since 2004. Forty-two percent (1,457) of teacher preparation awards were in the 10 critical shortage areas identified last year by the State Department of Education. Degrees awarded to minority students increased 1.3 percent. Degrees earned by African Americans fell (2.6%) for a second consecutive year, but degrees to Hispanics/Latinos were up 6.0 percent. Minority students earned 17.6 percent of all awards in 2007-08, up from 13.4 percent 10 years ago. Women earned 59.1 percent of all degrees, up from 55.3 percent two decades ago, down slightly from their record high of 60.3 percent set in 2005-06. Appended are: (1) Degrees and Certificates Granted by Colleges and Universities in Connecticut, 2007-08; (2) Degrees and Certificates by Level and Race/Ethnicity Connecticut Colleges and Universities, 2007-08; and (3) Degrees and Certificates by Level, Discipline and Gender of Recipient Discipline Connecticut Colleges and Universities, 2007-08. (Contains 7 tables.)

Lunar Nautics is a hands-on curriculum targeted to youth in grades 6 to 8, that allows the students to design, test, analyze and manage a space mission from initial concept to project funding. Lunar Nautics provides opportunities for development of problem solving skills and critical thinking skills that are needed to design, organize and manage a space mission through its life cycle. The curriculum is designed as a template curriculum that can be applied to any space mission: past, present or future. Each section of this guide contains background information, demonstrations and activities that support the section topic and the overall design and engineering goals of Lunar Nautics. This guide is divided into sections that touch upon space mission awareness, concept understanding, teamwork, design and proposal development. Educators can use this guide with great flexibility in a variety of formats such as week long day camps, after-school programs, a classroom unit or simply as supporting curriculum. An appendix providing useful information for the Lunar Nautics program is included. (Contains 3 figures.) [This paper was produced by the Discovery Place, Inc.]

When asked to list some strong materials, people think of steel, concrete, and wood. In this activity, students learn about the force of compression and how it acts on structural components through a hands-on group problem. Using everyday products such as paper, toothpicks, and tape, students construct a structure that will support the weight of a cylinder block for 30 seconds. This activity requires a 75-minute time period over three days for completion. (Author/SOE)

This paper discusses the campus climate as a critical element in the academic development of college students, with emphasis on minority and women students pursuing engineering and other technical degrees. Reforming the campus climate to make it more receptive to minority and women students requires: (1) a clear mandate from top administrators to build a supportive and enabling campus environment; (2) an understanding of the present conditions of the campus climate; and (3) more active involvement by engineering and science faculty in the academic life of minority students. Faculty may become more actively involved with students through mentoring, involving students in research, reducing the marginality of minority students, and representing the concerns and needs of minority students to campus-wide committees and groups. (Contains 9 references.) (MDM)

Shortfalls in the number of doctoral-level natural scientists and engineers are expected to grow rapidly by the year 2000. Tables show the number of master's and doctoral degrees awarded in engineering, mathematics, physical sciences, and computer and information sciences in 1980 and 1985 by public universities in the United States, in the southern region, and in 15 individual southern states. Factors contributing to the shortfalls in the southern region are outlined, such as limited incentives in luring young scientists and engineers into graduate work, mobility of graduate degree-holding scientists and engineers, and growing demand. Efforts to encourage more people to seek graduate degrees in these fields focus on industry-based programs, special financial aid programs, improving student achievement in these fields in the earlier grades, and building students' confidence in their abilities. A 21-item bibliography concludes the paper. (JDD)

Presented are two papers on computer applications in engineering education coursework. The first paper suggests that since most engineering graduates use only "canned programs" and rarely write their own programs, educational emphasis should include model building and the use of existing software as well as program writing. The second paper deals with the use of the computer to teach design in a mechanical engineering curriculum. A number of examples of computer-oriented projects for freshmen through seniors are presented. (SL)

After a discussion about what a parachute is and how it works, students create a parachute using different materials that they think will work best. They then test their designs, which is followed by a class discussion to highlight which paper material worked best. This activity requires a 60-minute time period for completion. (Author/SOE)

Uses engineering projects to make students create design prototypes of paper airplanes in order to teach the scientific principle of flight. (ASK)

Current and projected manpower shortages in high technology areas are examined with respect to the region served by the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB). Many of the problems associated with the shortfall of trained individuals are viewed as connected to decreasing numbers of students taking advanced mathematics, and a lack of concerted efforts and strategies to reverse this trend. Sections presented include: (1) Wanted: High Technology Graduates; (2) Limited Supply of High Technology Graduates; (3) Constraint on Supply: High School Mathematics; (4) Women and Minorities: A Potential Source; (5) Mathematical Achievement: A General Decline; (6) The Shortage of Mathematics Teachers; (7) Supply and Demand Projections, Southern Region; (8) Mathematics and Computer Science; (9) The Outlook for Engineers; (10) How High Can Engineering Enrollments Go; (11) Supply and Demand for Engineers in the South; (12) Engineering Doctorates Sharply Down; (13) New Priorities and Changing Demands for High Technology Graduates; and (14) Conclusions. (MP)

Discusses the contributions of Claude Claremont to science education for children and his 1937 book, "Spanning Space," which outlines the building of models of bridges and other structures out of paper. Also describes how children and their teachers can build a model strut tower and a steam engine. (MDM)

Presents instructional techniques aimed at enhancing learning in the engineering science classroom, including mind or concept mapping, a variation of the one-minute paper termed a discovery sheet, and the inclusion of discussion of the nature of scientific paradigm shifts. Discusses students' reactions to these techniques and outlines a case study that illuminates the techniques' effectiveness as learning tools. (JRH)

Since counselors and teachers have found that special materials are often needed to help counter sex role stereotyping and to help young women make more realistic career decisions, this paper lists various resources which have been developed and used by colleges and universities in counseling and recruiting women for careers formerly considered "for men only." Presented in four parts, the first section reviews some programmatic approaches to recruiting women to enter traditionally "male" fields. The second section discusses some examples of special recruiting materials, and the third section lists a sampling of available publications and resource groups in selected fields. The final section lists resources that may be especially helpful in recruiting minority women. (BM)

In certain boundary layer or natural convection work, where a similarity transformation is valid, the equations can be reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. They are therefore well-suited to a fast solution on an analog/hybrid computer. This paper illustrates such usage of the analog/hybrid computer by a set of applications of increasing complexity. The examples chosen are the growth of the boundary layer as expressed by the Blasius equation, the steady natural convection plume above a horizontal line heat source, and free convection from horizontal surfaces. The analog computer is effective in both educational and research contexts providing very rapid solutions to such problems. (Author/BB)

This guide, which is designed to be used in a two-course sequence, is intended to prepare college-bound high school juniors and seniors for engineering and related courses at the college level. The guide was developed as part of an experimental competency-based curriculum that integrates the high-tech applications of mathematics and science concepts into pre-engineering activities. The following topics are covered in the first course: the engineering profession and related careers; engineering graphics, descriptive geometry, and measurement; contributions of engineering in history; fundamentals of problem solving; the science and properties of materials; methods of working with different materials to solve problems; communication of technical information; use of the design process to improve devices or systems; research methods and use of technical libraries and patent information; computers and problem solving. In the second course, the course objectives are related to students and society as a whole, the concept of the technological team is reviewed, and a formal seminar on an engineering case study is presented. A program description, descriptions of the two courses, task/competency analyses for each of the two courses, and a bibliography are included in the guide. Appendixes contain lists of related information and resources, suggestions for advisory committees, career and educational information, a list of engineering projects and case studies, formulas and charts for student reference, a glossary of engineering terms, a laboratory facilities and equipment list, instructional materials (transparency masters, student handouts, and sample group projects), and an explanation of evaluation techniques (tests and performance/problem-solving exams). (MN)

Described is an introductory materials science laboratory program which emphasizes crystal structure both on the atomistic and microscopic scale and the dependence of materials properties on structure. The content of this program is classified into four major areas: (1) materials science, (2) mechanical behavior of materials, (3) materials testing and evaluation, and (4) mechanical processing of materials. An introduction presenting the program objectives is also included. (HM)