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As a societal phenomenon, festivals and planned events are discussed in a wide policy context. They have entered a broader discussion with regard to sustainability in which the factors that contribute to being sustainable are part of a new paradigm of responsibility for festivals and events. Recognition that this includes responsibility for socio-cultural impacts has gained traction in the academic literature. However, only minor attention has been given to the dynamics and competencies affecting the decision making of festivals and events leadership as it influences these. As the needs of festival stakeholder are changing, so too consideration of new competencies and new platforms for transformation are required. This critical appraisal provides a significant consideration of my research in this subject area. At the core of the appraisal are nine peer-reviewed journal papers, two peer-reviewed research book chapters and one peer-reviewed conference paper. These reveal the contribution over the last ten years made to the body of knowledge in the research area of leadership, futures and sustainable development of festivals and events. The pragmatist paradigm that had guided the work, and the integration of research methods germane to the stage of the research cycle and the layering of knowledge is discussed. A principal tenet of the research is creation of knowledge which is both academically rigorous and socially useful. The contribution of my work to knowledge and understanding is established in three key theme areas of festivals and events leadership values and influences; festivals and events context and stakeholders; and festivals and events futures. For both academic and the festival and event providers, practical benefits of extending the capacity of leadership competencies and awareness – and the obstructions to this – are shown, with methodologies for future visioning and future proofing observed and discussed. Limitations of the work and future research proposals conclude the work.

Ninety-three publications have been presented from the last 22 years. This body of work represents an opus of publications from the author's own medical qualification, in 1980, until the present day. They vary from short abstracts representing research presentations at scientific meetings through to major multi-centre international studies and significant contributions to medical texts. They are accompanied by an overview, which details original contributions to medical knowledge and superior methodology, reinforced by calculation of a citations index, which demonstrates the impact of such research on the medical community. The overview has chosen to collate the output into four main clusters of which Haemophilia represents the largest numerically, with forty-seven contributions, and the most significant scientifically. The other three groups represent Infection, including HIV and Hepatitis, Trauma and its sequelae, and General Surgery and Orthopaedics. Contributions on the issues of surgery on HIV positive Haemophilic patients, the more general problems surrounding surgical intervention in Haemophilia, and the natural history of Orthopaedic pathology in these patients has been the area where it is felt the most significant contribution has been made. Papers have been published demonstrating the generally positive clinical and economic outcomes following different forms of joint replacement in Haemophilia. However, the markedly increased infection risks following joint replacement in HIV positive Haemophilic patients has been highlighted in the largest paper published on the subject, combining the results from many different countries. In contrast, by access to historical laboratory specimens, it has been shown that Orthopaedic surgical interventions have not adversely affected the natural history of HIV in terms of immune competence. A number of papers have been published on the subject of the natural history of ankle arthropathy in Haemophilia - an area under investigated in the past. A critical review of accepted scoring systems in Haemophilia has been published with a more scientifically evaluated system suggested in its stead. The Infection section has developed from the initial interests in the problems encountered in Haemophilia. Further work has been undertaken evaluating protective gloves designed to minimise injury to staff during high risk procedures and the more general exposure to HIV and Hepatitis in general Orthopaedic practice. The Trauma section presents a number of varied papers in terms of publication type and subject matter. The randomised prospective paper on intertrochanteric fractures of the hip, demonstrating no advantage in outcome following a more technically difficult surgical procedure, is an important contribution to the iterature. The first paper published on the pathology demonstrated by CT following an initial shoulder dislocation has been a similarly influential publication - as demonstrated by its citation count. The final section on General Surgery and Orthopaedics provides a catholic collection of publications reflecting a number of surgical interests and career appointments. One paper from this group was particularly influential. It evaluated the outcomes of knee arthroscopy as a day case procedure and it was an mportant contribution at its time, as witnessed by its widespread acceptance as normal practice sixteen years later.

There has been much research on the physical barriers that those with disabilities experience. This research investigates the level of participation of disabled people in tourism and explores the perceptions of risks and barriers to participation in tourism for people with a disability. The barriers that were explored included information, economic, social, physical barriers and the perceptions of risks these barriers cause, within the concept of the 'Social Model‘ of disability (Shaw and Coles, 2004). Data was gathered from a sample group of 149 disabled people through an online survey and through face-to-face survey using paper questionnaires. Analysis of the questionnaire results showed that although the participation of disabled people in tourism has increased slightly, the estimated gap in participation in tourism between non-disabled tourists and the general population has actually increased in the previous eight years. Furthermore, the main barrier to participation in tourism was the lack of availability of sufficiently detailed information. This study found that other barriers to participation includes low level of income, increased price differentials and negative attitudes to disability in some cultures. This study discovered that a significant number of disabled people would prefer that existing tourist opportunities were made more accessible rather than specialised tours for tourists with a similar disability to theirs. All these barriers contribute to perceptions of risks. However, despite the feeling of not having a lot of control of risk, most respondents will sometimes overlook the risk involved in travel. This study has implications for travel agents and tour operators, who need to cater more for the heterogeneous needs of disabled customers and provide more information that is specific, personalised, easily accessible and readily available. To counteract social barriers, further training is required within the tourist industry focusing on the impact of 'cognitive dissonance‘ (discomfort in relating to the disabled results in avoiding getting into the position of the discomfort) on disabled tourists.

This study describes what higher education institutions (HEIs) that are known for their research excellence are doing to implement current student and teaching oriented higher education (HE) policies in England and Wales. Pressures to reach increasingly higher levels of excellence in both teaching and research challenge existing structures and mechanisms in these researchintensive universities (RIUs). Options for overcoming challenges are discussed by bringing together perspectives of different stakeholders. This thesis is based on analysis of documentary and empirical data to gain insight into perspectives and experiences of stakeholders of the implementation of current HE policies in England and Wales. Documentary data consisting of publicly available material about HE policies has been analysed by an interpretive analysis of policy, and papers about research have been systematically reviewed. The contents of interviews with academics in four RIUs have been analysed in case studies. This study contributes to existing research on ‘professionalism’ (see, for example, Kolsaker, 2008), ‘effective teaching’ (see, for example, Hunter & Back, 2011), and ‘evaluating teaching quality’ (see, for example, Dornan, Tan, Boshuizen, Gick, Isba, Mann, Scherpbier, Spencer, Timmins, 2014). This study also complements The UK Higher Education Academy’s (HEA) research in this area including Gibbs’ report on quality (2010) as well as earlier work on reward and recognition (2009). Key findings give insight into a troublesome relationship between teaching and research activities, which is at the core of many of the challenges RIUs are facing. Findings showing academics strong interest in their students, teaching, and research highlight their engagement in the development of these key activities. These support recommendations for development processes in RIUs involving organisation wide engagement to build parity of esteem between research and teaching to achieve aims to reach their full potential in terms of excellence in HE.

This empirical study explores Chinese scholars’ conceptions of the characteristics of quality in research. It follows a phenomenology approach and uses four mixed qualitative methods (online survey, interview, focus groups and document analysis). Phenomenological coding strategies and Pierre Bourdieu’s field and cultural theory are utilised to analyse the data and achieve a theoretical understanding of the findings. It is found that the participants viewed quality via multifarious lenses and identified diverse actual criteria. They nominated many ‘normal’ criteria that were similar to the western standards of research quality, especially the methodological ones, and some ‘abnormal’ ones which were indigenous and contextual in nature (i.e., related to the particular context of educational research in China). The participants elaborated their criteria through 3 layers: methodology (technical quality criteria), contextualisation (i.e., criteria that were about the relationship between the research and the context), and criteria related to the impact of research. The contextual issues (e.g., job title evaluation system, research policy and administrative interference) generated “unscholarly” criteria, and hindered the academics’ good intention to consider and follow the conventional criteria in action. They influenced the academics’ opinions of quality and their ways of conducting research. In the participants’ eyes, doing research in China was tantamount to writing papers, and it was not about assuring quality but reflected the academics’ struggles to meet all sorts of requests at institutional and national levels. The participants looked for an impact of research at the practical level (e.g., teaching and learning), and suggested a combination of both theoretical and practical significance of research. Powerful academics have not created cultural and scholarly debates to consider and select the criteria nominated by other academics, and have not used them in the government and institutional documents. In Bourdieusian terms, quality as reflected in some aspects of the habitus of participants has been greatly influenced by the field, the capital and the symbolic power; but the habitus of most scholars has not yet managed to affect the field. There is much in the field that could be altered to enable the habitus to affect and develop the quality of educational research. This current study provides recommendations for educational research, university-teachers’ research and practice, researcher development, as well as research policy and management in the Chinese context, and/or abroad.

The research journal especially in marketing, is now not only the primary communication method, but is also used to evaluate an academic's research contribution. Measuring the quality of research journals has also become more complex as a result of the rapid increase in the number of journals published. In marketing research, scientists have professed the use of sophisticated or more sensitive techniques yet little has been done to improve the measurement of research journals. This thesis investigates the use of alternative measurement techniques to explore this important aspect of the academic environment. Historically two dominant methodologies have been used to measure the quality ofjournals: Peer review and Citation Analysis. However these methods have been criticised and academics have been sceptical of the results, taking the opinion that these methods create, bias in the results. Previous methods have also taken a one-dimensional view of journal quality with little time devoted to uncovering the criteria that governs that quality. The research applied marketing methodologies that combined qualitative and quantitative research techniques to explore the problem. Four critical research questions were examined in this study. What are the important elements of journal research standing? 38 items were found to be important elements ofjoumal research standing. Is journal research standing a multi-dimensional construct? Three underlying dimensions represented the construct journal research standing, these were Reputation, Reviewing Standards and Content Quality. Do academics acknowledge the multiple dimensions of journal research standing? Academics acknowledged the -differences -between dimensions for ten selected marketing journals. What moderating factors affect academic opinions of journal research standing? Academic attitudes towards a joutnal's research stdtiding are moderated by their country of origin, familiarity and research fit. Attitudes towards a journal may also be moderated when academics have a paper rejected from that particular journal.

In recent years the funds spent on research and development (R & D) have grown considerably. An indication of the extent of the growth in the U.K. was given by Hart (1) who noted that in 1900 approximately 0.05% of the gross national product was spent on research. This percentage increased to 0.25% in 1938, 1.6% in 1954 and 2.7% in 1962. Villiers (2) quotes a similar growth in the U.S., where research expenditure grew from <1% of gross national product in 1947, to about 3% in 1962. (In the U.K. it appears, from some statistics produced by the Ministry of Technology (3), that research expenditure has remained at about 2.7% of GNP over the period 1962-1967). The allocation of these resources poses a number of challenging questions in governmental, industrial and academic spheres. At a national level the kind of questions that might be asked are (a) what proportion of the gross national product should be devoted to government sponsored research, or (b) how should funds be divided between the claims of the aerospace, computer, or machine tool industries, or (c) how should funds be divided between the competing claims of the nuclear physicists and marine biologists. The large industrial concern is faced with similar problems though the resources involved are smaller. ICI for example spent about £30M on R & D in 1968, and during the later 1960's, the growth rate was about 8% per year. The Company must decide on the total amount to be spent on R & D and how it is to be allocated between different Divisions of the Company and different research categories. At lower levels of management two of the questions arising are (a) which projects shall be selected, and (b) how should the flow of resources to projects be controlled. It is now generally accepted that there is a need for techniques for assisting in the management of R & D. Jones (4) summed up the situation well when he wrote "It is not surprising that there is an increasing amount of discussion on the management of R & D for profit. Business becomes increasingly competitive and R & D activities, just as those of production and marketing must be examined to see how they can best play their part." Already a large number of relevant papers have been published, but as yet no significant breakthrough has been achieved. An important feature of the literature has been the concentration on theoretical models as a means of assisting research managers: reports of new methodology considerably out-number reports of practical testing of the methods in research laboratories. Throughout the author's research the opposite bias, that is to say towards a practical rather than a theoretical approach has been maintained. This was facilitated by the author completing most of his research in the R & D Department of the Mond Division of ICI (of which he is a member). The research presented in this thesis began with the very general objective of examining and developing methods for the allocation of resources (capital and manpower) to R & D and so Chapter 1 discusses some relevant methods that have been proposed in the literature. It was later decided to concentrate on the development of an improved system of project evaluation and control. Chapter 2 analyses an established system in this field, and looks at past projects to demonstrate some of the problems such a system should accept. Later chapters present the system that was developed during the research and record experience of testing the various procedures on a number of Mond Division R & D projects. As these are either still in progress or are only recently completed it has been necessary, for reasons of security, to limit descriptive detail and to normalize numerical data. Such normalization has been made in a manner that preserves the essential financial characteristics of the project. It is well perhaps, in the Introduction, to distinguish between the terms research and development. Following Baines, Bradbury and Suckling ( (5), page (2) ) process definition will be the term used to cover the steps required to take exploratory production activities from laboratory scale to full-scale. Development will refer to the problems of opening up a business area with a new product and will include economic assessment and marketing activities. For the most part these activities are closely linked to research activities and are usually performed by members of the same project team. The convention followed in the thesis will be to use the term 'research' to refer to all the activities of the project team and to assume that these also include some development activities as defined above. Only when discussing the work of others who have used the term R & D, or when there is a reason to emphasise the commercial exploitation content of a project will the word development be used.

The aim of this study has been to prepare a systematic revision of the genera of the family Chrysobalanaceae. At the outset of this research it was apparent that the distinctions between the subgenera and some other groups within the single genus Parinari Aubl. were much greater than the differences between other genera in the family. This is largely because most recent work has been done on a restricted regional basis and generic concepts differ widely in different regions. Most of the earlier workers only had access to incomplete material. for the present study complete material for more than 200 species was assembled. The wood anatomy of species representing all genera except Kostermansia Prance and Hunga Prance was studied. Pollen slides representing all genera were prepared. Seedlings from twenty-six species were also examined. Much useful anatomical information published by other workers has been brought together in this work. Papers on leaf anatomy by Kanduuml;ster (1897); the ovary by Juel (1915), leaf trace anatomy by Morvillez (1918a), and pedicel and floral anatomy by Bonne (1928) have all been of the greatest use. The first author to give the group its present circumscription was Robert Brown (1818) who recognized it as a family. The last author, however, to monograph this group on a world-wide basis was De Candolle, who, in his 'Prodromus' (1825) placed it as the first tribe of his Rosaceae. Subsequent authors hive been approximately equally divided into those who treat it as a family and those who treat it as a tribe or subfamily of the Rosaceae. However, the authors of the most widely used general systems of classification have been unanimous in placing it in the Rosaceae (Bentham andamp; Hooker, 1865; Focke in Engler andamp; Prantl, 1894; Hutchinson 1926, 1959). Focke's is the last work in which all genera are described. Focke recognized the following genera:- Chrysobalanus L., Grangeria Comm. ex Juss., Moquilea Aubl., Lecostemon ["Lecostemion"] Moc. andamp; Sessandeacute; ex DC. and Stylobasium Desf. in the subtribe Chrysobalanineae, and Hirtella L., Couepia Aubl., Parinari Aubl., Acioa Aubl., Angelesia Korth. and Parastemon A. DC. in the subtribe Hirtellineae. Lecostemon and Stylobasium were included with some doubt and Focke suggested that they might be more closely related to Phytolaccaceae. Jubsequent authors have added the genera Afrolicania Mildbr., Geobalanus Small and Magnistipula Engl. At an early stage of this investigation it was found that Stylobasium and Lecostemon differ from all other Chrysobalanaceae in almost all important respects. Focke, and all previous and some subsequent authors, have wrongly identified Lecostemon. In this work it is shown that the true Lecostemon is in fact a Sloanea of the Tiliaceae and that Lecostemon sensu Focke is correctly named Rhabdodendron, a genus which has been variously accommodated in Rutaceae and Phytolaccaceae. The present study has shown that Rhabdodendron is not only distinct from all Chrysobalanaceae in external morphology, wood anatomy and pollen morphology, but also differs from the Rutaceae in these respects. In wood anatomy it was found to be very similar to Phytolaccaceae. Its pollen is somewhat different from that of the Phytolaccaceae but not appreciably different from other members of the Centrospermae. In external morphology Rhabdodendron has many distinctive features most of which occur sporadically in the Centrospermae but not in combination. In view of this it seems preferable to treat it as a unigeneric family related to but distinct from the Phytolaccaceae. A Latin description of this new family is given, but it is realized that further work on its relationship to Phytolaccaceae is necessary before it should be published. Many authors have suggested that Stylobasium does not belong to the Chrysobalanaceae or is an isolated member within it, but only Agardh (1858) described it as a separate family. It ie shown in this study that Stylobasium is utterly different from all Chrysobalanaceae in external morphology, wood anatomy, pollen morphology and floral anatomy. In wood anatomy and pollen particularly there are striking similarities to certain members of the Sapindales, and it is suggested that Agardh's family should be recognized and placed near Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae. Purged of these two anomalous genera, the Chrysobalanaceae is now a homogeneous entity, whose wood structure and pollen morphology is so uniform that few genera can be discriminated on the basis of these characters. However, wood anatomy and pollen morphology are found to differ constantly and to an appreciable degree from the Rosaceae so much so that, taken in conjunction with the anatomical features described by Kanduuml;ster, Juel, Morvillez and Bonne, they seem to justify the recognition of the group as a family distinct from, although related to, the Rosaceae. Most previous authors have variously subdivided the group. Their views are briefly summarised, and it is shown that anatomical characters provide no basis for a rational subdivision. In this work, for convenience, two tribes are recognized based on the symmetry of the flower. In the Chrysobalaneae the ovary is inserted at or near the base of the receptacle-tube. In the Hirtelleae the ovary is inserted laterally or at the mouth of the receptacle-tube. Parinari is unique within the family in having its carpels partitioned by a false septum. This character has been used to define Parinari since it was originally described by Aublet in 1775, but visual inspection is enough to show that its uncritical use has given rise to an extremely heterogeneous assemblage. Some components of this are more closely related to genera outside Parinari than to the rest of Parinari. Some species have been assigned to Parinari which do not even nave its artificial unifying feature. It was quite clear that currently accepted generic limits were untenable and that there were two alternative taxonomic procedures. Either all species within the family should be united to form a single genus Chrysobalanus or an attempt should be made to discover more natural groupings. After a detailed study of the external morphology of more than 200 species, the author was satisfied that various segregates of Parinari should be recognized as genera, and that most of the other genera in the Chrysobalanaceae could conveniently be kept apart. However, it was decided to use a computer to demonstrate as objectively as possible the exact correlation of those characters believed by the author to be of greatest taxonomic worth and of all other important characters used by previous authors. For the tribe Hirtelleae (which includes Parinari sens. lat.) eleven qualitative and ten quantitative characters were used and scored numerically for 124 species. An association-analysis was made for the qualitative data and a principle-component analysis for the quantitative data using programmes devised by Professor W.T. Williams and his associates for a Feranti 'Pegasus' computer. The entire data was analysed by a principle-component analysis programme by Mr. J.N.R. Jeffers for a Feranti 'Sirius' computer. This is possibly the first application of these techniques to a problem concerning generic identities of higher organisms. Although similar methods have been used in discriminating between closely related species, they do not seem to have been used at a higher level.