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In the present study, the ability of a coating of zinc oxide (ZnO) powder to improve the fire-safety of wood exposed to radiative heat flux was examined, focusing on the ignition time of the wood. To test ZnO's efficiency on the wood substrate, two different amounts of ZnO (0.5 and 1 g ZnO per dm2) were applied to the wood surface and exposed to radiative heat from a cone calorimeter wherein a pristine piece of wood with no ZnO treatment was taken as control. The experiments were conducted at three different irradiation levels i.e., 20, 35, and 50 kWm−2. The results showed that applying ZnO on the surface of the wood significantly increased the ignition time (TTI). For the three different heat fluxes, using 0.5 g ZnO per dm2 coating on the wood surface increased the TTI by 26–33 %. Furthermore, the application of 1 g of ZnO per dm2 generated a TTI increment of 37–40 %. All three irradiation levels showed similar trends in TTI. The micrographs taken before and after combustion showed no significant disparity in the morphology of ZnO. The agglomerated ZnO particles on the wood surface remained intact after combustion. This study demonstrates a facile method of using ZnO to delay the ignition of wood. This could potentially impart fire-safety to wooden structures/façades in wildland-urban interfaces and elsewhere by reducing flame spread., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-08-08 (joosat);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

In the present study, the ability of a coating of zinc oxide (ZnO) powder to improve the fire-safety of wood exposed to radiative heat flux was examined, focusing on the ignition time of the wood. To test ZnO's efficiency on the wood substrate, two different amounts of ZnO (0.5 and 1 g ZnO per dm2) were applied to the wood surface and exposed to radiative heat from a cone calorimeter wherein a pristine piece of wood with no ZnO treatment was taken as control. The experiments were conducted at three different irradiation levels i.e., 20, 35, and 50 kWm−2. The results showed that applying ZnO on the surface of the wood significantly increased the ignition time (TTI). For the three different heat fluxes, using 0.5 g ZnO per dm2 coating on the wood surface increased the TTI by 26–33 %. Furthermore, the application of 1 g of ZnO per dm2 generated a TTI increment of 37–40 %. All three irradiation levels showed similar trends in TTI. The micrographs taken before and after combustion showed no significant disparity in the morphology of ZnO. The agglomerated ZnO particles on the wood surface remained intact after combustion. This study demonstrates a facile method of using ZnO to delay the ignition of wood. This could potentially impart fire-safety to wooden structures/façades in wildland-urban interfaces and elsewhere by reducing flame spread., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-08-08 (joosat);Licens fulltext: CC BY License

The ever-increasing demand for green and clean energy urge the development of cheap and efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). In this context, several naturally abundant bio-wastes have been explored to develop porous carbons for SCs due to their easy availability, high performances, and simple processing methods. Although various BDCs are utilized for SC, the relation between the bio-waste precursor and resultant carbon materials are not very well understood. Here, we highlight how the different bio-waste precursors affect the surface characteristics of the carbon nanostructures and outlined their subsequent effect on electrochemical performances. Moreover, the surface modification of carbon materials using pre-processing, carbonization and activation methods is provided. The supercapacitive properties of activated carbons (AC) with their unique surface features derived from the different feedstock are systematically summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions for the development of AC from bio-waste are discussed. Overall, this review provides a guide to understand how best to refine and carbonize this biomass to achieve optimum supercapacitive performance. © 2021