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Due to the high wastepaper recyclability and water-loop system closure, packaging paper mills struggle with increased fines, causing runnability issues. Cellulase enzymes are a preferred treatment choice for the improvement of the pulp refining in stock preparation area but are not widely used or easy to introduce in the production process. Different cellulase enzymes were tested, and those with the highest activity were introduced to the white-water (WW) samples with the aim to reduce fines content as potentially new enzyme applications on the paper machine. The first portion of the study involved the development of an experiment model to find and confirm the optimal enzyme process parameters (40 °C, pH 5.7, reaction time 3 h, and 0.18% v/v enzyme addition) for laboratory made white-water. The second portion of the study included turbidity, colloidal charge, flow cytometry (FCM), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis on industrial and laboratory made white-water samples at optimized process parameters. Obtained results corresponded to reduced fines content in white-water samples, which justified commercial usage of cellulase enzymes on recycled paper machine short loop and potentially increased machine runnability without negative influence on wastewater treatment plant.

Hemicellulose and pectin are noteworthy components of historical European rag papers, and have not been studied in detail so far. Rag papers were made from used textiles, and fiber-based utilities, such as ropes and bags. These had been prepared until the mid-19th century from plant-based fibers. Their polysaccharide composition could relate to their condition and history. This information can be expected to hold importance for the preservation and conservation of historical objects. We investigated a collection of rag papers of different age for their composition of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and compared the findings with modern rag papers and wood pulps. Furthermore, a non-destructive determination of the hemicellulose and pectin content by near-infrared spectroscopy was developed. Historical rag papers had a lower hemicellulose/pectin content than pulps; the fractions of rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose were higher, while xylose was lower. In modern rag papers, xylose tended to be at the higher end of the range, which suggests a degradation of hemicelluloses/pectin over time or a change in raw materials and manufacturing. Rag papers also showed higher crystallinity than wood pulp papers. These findings provide insights into rag paper characteristics and offer potential classification methods.

In the paper by Inna Ganschow, the camp experience in the Soviet Union as a result of forced conscription will be treated, specifically in its artistic processing: secretly written diaries and letters by Luxembourg Wehrmacht soldiers. Contemporary historical research today calls them ego documents – private, handwritten texts of a personal nature. The range of texts to be examined in the lecture ranges from the smuggled out notes and letters that their released comrades took with them to Luxembourg, through diaries, speeches and self-made dictionaries to poems, short stories and drawings, some of which were in the camp and some immediately after the return from Tambov and other camps in the Soviet Union. The focus is on the question of dealing with the thesis of the Auschwitz concentration camp survivor Viktor Frankl, psychiatrist and neurologist from Vienna, that the meaning of camp life - logotherapy - can have a self-healing effect and increase the self-healing powers, which increases the chances of survival.

The response revolves around boundaries of academic disciplines, knowledge production, care, and the creation of we-they and otherness. The dominant knowledge system in disciplines is contested through a discussion of the separation of use and production of technology/science. Researchers’ entanglement and how this makes sense in the research process is also highlighted. In the portrayal of old and young engineers a “we”, “they”, and “otherness” are constituted without a reflection. Care and thinking-with care are introduced to extend the discussion of care. In the end it is recommended to be more focused in choices of aim, theoretical framework, and method.

Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at least 90 mmHg (International Society of Hypertension guidelines), affects over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Hypertension is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (e.g. coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke) and death. An international panel of experts convened by the International Society of Hypertension College of Experts compiled lifestyle management recommendations as first-line strategy to prevent and control hypertension in adulthood. We also recommend that lifestyle changes be continued even when blood pressure-lowering medications are prescribed. Specific recommendations based on literature evidence are summarized with advice to start these measures early in life, including maintaining a healthy body weight, increased levels of different types of physical activity, healthy eating and drinking, avoidance and cessation of smoking and alcohol use, management of stress and sleep levels. We also discuss the relevance of specific approaches including consumption of sodium, potassium, sugar, fibre, coffee, tea, intermittent fasting as well as integrated strategies to implement these recommendations using, for example, behaviour change-related technologies and digital tools.

We discuss three processes of price adjustment, respectively proposed by Smale (1976), van der Laan and Talman (1987), and Kamiya (1990). The latter two processes are guaranteed to converge to a competitive equilibrium for a generic set of exchange economies for any initial price system and the former process for a generic set of exchange economies for any initial price system such that one of the prices is zero. The simplest way to describe these processes is by characterizing the path of prices that they generate. Convergence proofs then rely on results from differential topology and establish that these paths have a manifold structure. The van der Laan and Talman (1987) process was shown by Herings (1997) to exhibit global and universal convergence. The required tools, involving regular constraint sets and manifolds with generalized boundary, are explained in detail and can be fruitfully applied in other domains as well. The paper concludes with an overview of globally and universally convergent processes in other environments like production economies, economies with price rigidities, and normal-form games.

AI-as-a-Service (AIaaS) combines Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cloud computing to make AI accessible to enterprises without implementing complex solutions or technologies on-premise. Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) that lack competencies in the AI and technology sector consider AIaaS as a promising option to implement AI solutions. However, the differences between AIaaS and AI on-premise have not attracted much research. The intention of this paper is to contribute to this area by analysing the literature in the field and investigating a concrete example in more detail. Exploring AIaaS is crucial to better understand the opportunities and limitations of AI services. The contributions of the paper are (a) an analysis of the literature on AIaaS to identify factors affecting AI implementation and how AIaaS solutions differ from on-premise solutions when introducing AI in a company, (b) a case study of an SME that compares AIaaS and AI on-premise in practice, and (c) the application potential of a morphological box to compare AIaaS and AI on-premise.

Semiotic resources such as digital technologies have become the tools of the trade in various social practices and are promoting the digital globalization of educational contexts. Through constant renewals, technological impacts on education have elicited several challenges. This paper advocates a theoretical study on how digital technologies can challenge social settings, a conceptualization guiding upcoming empirical explorations on digital technologies in education. By synthesizing research data, new theoretical propositions can be initiated based on previous empirical analyses. An extended critical perception of technologies’ social agency and how technologies regulate meaning-makers’ social, political, and economic life can be obtained as an understanding of the democratization of the Internet space. The following research questions were used; During the last five years, what effects do digital technologies have on social practice, and how can the effects be theoretically conceptualized? Peer-reviewed research papers addressing digital technologies between 2017 and 2022 will be retrieved from scholarly databases. Through meta-synthesis strategies, theoretical conceptualizations of the consequences different digital platforms for Internet navigation and social media have on social practices will be obtained. Findings indicate that the association between the concepts of calculation center, platform leadership, immaterial labor, and mindshare is interesting to strengthen critical perspectives on technical agencies for understanding the democratization of the Internet space. We conclude that there is a need for continuous critical expansion of theories to enrich educational research with tools for problematizing the digital globalization., LICT

University spinoffs (USOs) are firms created to commercialize research outcomes or innovative technologies developed by university members. This paper adopts a systematic literature review approach for exploring the trajectory of the USO research field. It categorizes the literature based on two perspectives: the process of how USOs develop and what factors can explain the variance of USO development; the paper critically examines the USO literature through these two lenses. By integrating these two perspectives and examining 120 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 1987 and 2022, we develop a comprehensive model of USO development. The paper contributes to the extant literature on academic entrepreneurship by contending that while the “how” and “what” questions pose unique challenges for USO scholars, they cannot be separated because the process and variance models are complementary and important in advancing research on USOs. As such, we explore and identify specific factors that affect each of the distinct phases of the USO development at the institutional, organizational, and individual levels of analysis which form the basis for a rich future research agenda.

A computationally efficient FIR-filtering based tool-path (trajectory) modification method, which simultaneously realizes remarkable trajectory error reduction, vibration avoidance, and short machining time, is presented in this paper. Conventional trajectory generation in NC units causes trajectory error by using smoothing filters for limiting acceleration and avoiding vibration of the machines, and this trajectory error is often too large for practical applications. Therefore, a novel trajectory generation method is presented in this paper to remarkably reduce the trajectory error by modifying the trajectory commanded by G-codes on the basis of the trajectory error and angular speed. In order to realize the trajectory modification method, three key components, (i) p-corresponding method, (ii) -smoothing filter, and (iii) modification gain function, are developed in this study. The p-corresponding method is required to stably evaluate the trajectory error, while the other two components are used to compute appropriate modification gains for arbitrary trajectories. The proposed trajectory modification method is completed by integrating the components (i) to (iii), and it is verified utilizing a commercial machine tool. It is confirmed that average trajectory error is reduced remarkably by the proposed method without increasing machining time or sacrificing vibration avoidance by the smoothing filter. In particular, the trajectory errors at circular arcs are eliminated almost completely, e.g., the average trajectory error is reduced significantly by about 80% for a trajectory consisting of several circular arcs and corners.

© 2024 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, In this paper we present SurvLIMEpy, an open-source Python package that implements the SurvLIME algorithm. This method allows to compute local feature importance for machine learning algorithms designed for modelling Survival Analysis data. The presented implementation uses a matrix-wise formulation, which allows to speed up the execution time. Additionally, SurvLIMEpy assists the user with visualisation tools to better understand the result of the algorithm. The package supports a wide variety of survival models, from the Cox Proportional Hazards Model to deep learning models such as DeepHit or DeepSurv. Two types of experiments are presented in this paper. First, by means of simulated data, we study the ability of the algorithm to capture the importance of the features. Second, we use three open source survival datasets together with a set of survival algorithms in order to demonstrate how SurvLIMEpy behaves when applied to different models., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

A novel fault diagnosis procedure is proposed in this paper to estimate faults using a linear parameter varying (LPV) model whose scheduling parameters depend on the fault. A wrong determination of the operating conditions could lead the system to an undesired performance or even to an unstable situation, when classical fault diagnosis approaches are applied. This paper addresses this issue by formulating fault diagnosis as a dynamic optimization problem, solved by using a novel hybrid technique that combines a Luenberger-based observer with artificial intelligent (AI) optimization-based algorithms. The observer supervises the health of the system, while AI-based algorithms are able to reconstruct the faulty signal in real-time when the observer determines that the system is under a fault. The efficiency of the proposed fault diagnosis scheme, the three AI-based algorithms based on artificial bee colony and particle swarm optimization, and the gradient-based algorithm developed in this paper, are assessed using a numerical example., This work has been co-financed by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) through the project SaCoAV (ref. MINECO PID2020-114244RB-100), by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union in the framework of the ERDF Operational Program of Catalonia 2014-2020 (ref. 001-P-001643 Looming Factory) and by the DGR of Generalitat de Catalunya (SAC group ref. 2017/SGR/482)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

This paper proposes a shared multi-stakeholder PV system for traction substations and nearby residential loads to reduce the need for storage, AC grid exchange, and curtailment. The residential stakeholders offer both the base electrical load and the solar panels installation space needed by the traction stakeholder, who brings the peak load and investments to the former. Two case studies were conducted for one year in the city of Arnhem, The cy=Netherlands, using comprehensive and verified simulation models: A high-traffic and a low-traffic substation. The results showed a positive, synergetic benefit in reducing the PV system's excess energy and size requirement for any type of traction substations connected to any number of households. In one detailed example, the multi-stakeholder system suggested in this paper is shown to reduce curtailment by up to 80% in moments of zero-traction load. Generally, the direct load coverage of a PV system is increased by as much as 7 absolute percentage points to the single-stakeholder system when looking at energy-neutral system sizes. This multi-stakeholders system offers then an increase in the techno-economic feasibility of PV system integration in urban loads., DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage

This paper provides an overview of different policies, political strategies and spatial conflicts on water issues in 21st century Spain, with an illustrating example about the management of the Tagus River. This international river basin, which is shared between Spain and Portugal, must meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, as all the river basins in the European Union do. The power granted to Spanish regions, their asymmetric economic development patterns, and the worsening droughts associated with climate change have created a water conflict. This paper shows, through the French geopolitical approach, how water policy in Spain has evolved these last decades and how water scarcity has become a geopolitical representation in certain territories. This study focuses on the territorial observation of power rivalries at different scales, providing new and complementary elements that can help understand water governance challenges in Spain in the years to come., Cet article fournit une vue d'ensemble des différentes politiques, stratégies politiques et conflits spatiaux sur les questions d'eau en Espagne pendant le 21ème siècle, avec un exemple illustrant la gestion du fleuve Tage. Ce bassin fluvial international, partagé entre l'Espagne et le Portugal, doit répondre aux exigences de la directive-cadre sur l'eau, comme tous les bassins fluviaux de l'Union européenne. Le pouvoir accordé aux régions espagnoles, leur mode de développement économique asymétrique et l'aggravation des sécheresses liées au changement climatique ont créé un conflit de l'eau. Cet article montre, à travers l'approche géopolitique française, comment la politique de l'eau en Espagne a évolué ces dernières décennies et comment la pénurie d'eau est devenue une représentation géopolitique dans certains territoires. Cette étude se concentre sur l'observation territoriale des rivalités de pouvoir à différentes échelles, fournissant des éléments nouveaux et complémentaires qui peuvent aider à comprendre défis de la gouvernance de l'eau, Questo articolo fornisce una panoramica delle diverse politiche, delle strategie politiche e dei conflitti territoriali sulle questioni idriche nella Spagna del XXI secolo, con un esempio illustrativo sulla gestione del fiume Tago. Questo bacino fluviale internazionale, condiviso tra Spagna e Portogallo, deve soddisfare i requisiti della Direttiva quadro sulle acque, come tutti i bacini fluviali dell'Unione Europea. Il potere concesso alle regioni spagnole, i loro modelli di sviluppo economico asimmetrici e l'aggravarsi della siccità associata ai cambiamenti climatici hanno creato un conflitto idrico. Questo articolo mostra, attraverso l'approccio geopolitico francese, come si è evoluta la politica idrica in Spagna negli ultimi decenni e come la scarsità d'acqua sia diventata una rappresentazione geopolitica in alcuni territori. Questo studio si concentra sull'osservazione territoriale delle rivalità di potere a diverse scale, fornendo elementi nuovi e complementari che possono aiutare a comprendere le sfide della governance idrica in Spagna negli anni a venire., Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral de diferentes políticas, estratégias políticas e conflitos espaciais relacionadas com questões hídricas em Espanha no século XXI, com um exemplo ilustrativo focado na gestão do Rio Tejo. Esta bacia hidrográfica internacional, que é partilhada entre Espanha e Portugal, tem de cumprir os requisitos da Directiva-Quadro da Água, como é o caso em todas bacias hidrográficas da União Europeia. O poder concedido às regiões espanholas, os padrões assimétricos de desenvolvimento económico, e o agravamento de secas associadas a alterações climáticas, criaram um conflito hídrico. Este artigo mostra, usando uma abordagem geopolítica francesa, como a política da água em Espanha evoluiu nestas últimas décadas e como a escassez de água se tornou uma representação geopolítica em determinados territórios. Este estudo foca-se na observação territorial das rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, fornecendo elementos novos e complementares que ajudam a compreender os desafios da governação da água., Este artículo ofrece una visión general de las diferentes políticas y conflictos espaciales en materia de agua en España durante el siglo XXI, con un ejemplo ilustrativo sobre la gestión del río Tajo. Esta cuenca hidrográfica, compartida entre España y Portugal, debe cumplir los requisitos de la Directiva Marco del Agua. El poder otorgado a las regiones españolas, su desarrollo económico asimétrico y el aumento de la severidad de las sequías asociada al cambio climático han creado un conflicto hídrico. Este artículo muestra, a través del enfoque geopolítico francés, cómo la política del agua en España ha evolucionado estas últimas décadas y cómo la escasez hídrica se ha convertido en una representación geopolítica en determinados territorios. Este estudio, centrado en la observación territorial de las rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, aporta elementos nuevos y complementarios que ayudan a comprender los retos de la gobernanza del agua en España.

Introduction: Currently, the specialized literature agreed on the need to democratize knowledge in techno-cognitive decision-making. In particular, some participation mechanisms are questionated because are considered mere exercises used to legitimize pre-existing decisions. This accounts for the need to outline new tools to analyze the participatory dynamics in the generation of projects and technologies for local development. Objective: This paper aims to propose an analytical framework to map participatory dynamics, applied to the analysis of local development projects promoted by research institutions through the design and apply of a specific typology. Methodology: This qualitative research is based on two case studies, which involved in-depth interviews with relevant actors, documentary analysis and fieldwork in key participatory action research. To carry out the analysis, we use a theoretical-methodological approach based on the sociology of constructivist technology, which proposes to inquire the way in which society and technology are co-constructed. Results: The analysis of two case studies alowed to identify two different trajectories of social participation. The first case initiate with aa broad participation experience, but derived a form of expert control. The second case began with expert control, but participation broadened and intensified throughout the process. Conclusions: Finally, the paper propose some reflections on how participatory dynamics work in the promotion of interactive learning processes and capacity building in techno-scientific projects for local development., Introducción: Actualmente, en la literatura especializada existe un extendido consenso sobre la necesidad de democratizar el conocimiento en la toma de decisiones tecno-cognitivas. En particular, se cuestiona que los mecanismos de participación se transforman en ejercicios utilizados para legitimar decisiones preexistentes. Esto da cuenta de la necesidad de construir nuevas herramientas para analizar las dinámicas participativas en proyectos y tecnologías para desarrollo local. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un marco analítico para mapear dinámicas participativas en proyectos de desarrollo local impulsados desde instituciones públicas de investigación a partir del diseño y aplicación de una tipología específica. Metodología: La investigación, de tipo cualitativo, está basada en dos estudios de caso que involucraron entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave, revisión documental y trabajo de campo en clave investigación-acción participativa. Para el análisis, se recurrió a un abordaje teórico-metodológico basado en la sociología de la tecnología que propone indagar el modo en el que sociedad y tecnología se co-construyen mutuamente. Resultados: El análisis de dos estudios de caso permitió identificar dos trayectorias de participación social diferentes. En el primero, su buscó realizar una experiencia de participación amplia, pero derivó una forma de control experto. En el segundo, el inició con control experto, pero participación se amplió e intensificó a lo largo del proceso. Conclusiones: El trabajo concluye con algunas reflexiones sobre cómo operan las dinámicas participativas en la promoción de procesos de aprendizaje interactivo y construcción de capacidades en proyectos científico-tecnológicos para desarrollo local.

This paper adopts a problematising review approach to examine the extent of mitigating climate change research in the sustainable tourism literature. As climate change has developed into an existential global environmental crisis and while tourism's emissions are still increasing, one would expect it to be at the heart of sustainable tourism research. However, from a corpus of 2573 journal articles featuring ‘sustainable tourism’ in their title, abstract, or keywords, only 6.5% covered climate change mitigation. Our critical content analysis of 35 of the most influential papers found that the current methods, scope and traditions of tourism research hamper effective and in-depth research into climate change. Transport, the greatest contributor to tourism's emissions, was mostly overlooked, and weak definitions of sustainability were common. Tight system boundaries, lack of common definitions and incomplete data within tourism studies appear to hamper assessing ways to mitigate tourism's contribution to climate change.

This paper adopts a problematising review approach to examine the extent of mitigating climate change research in the sustainable tourism literature. As climate change has developed into an existential global environmental crisis and while tourism's emissions are still increasing, one would expect it to be at the heart of sustainable tourism research. However, from a corpus of 2573 journal articles featuring ‘sustainable tourism’ in their title, abstract, or keywords, only 6.5% covered climate change mitigation. Our critical content analysis of 35 of the most influential papers found that the current methods, scope and traditions of tourism research hamper effective and in-depth research into climate change. Transport, the greatest contributor to tourism's emissions, was mostly overlooked, and weak definitions of sustainability were common. Tight system boundaries, lack of common definitions and incomplete data within tourism studies appear to hamper assessing ways to mitigate tourism's contribution to climate change.

This paper provides an overview of different policies, political strategies and spatial conflicts on water issues in 21st century Spain, with an illustrating example about the management of the Tagus River. This international river basin, which is shared between Spain and Portugal, must meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, as all the river basins in the European Union do. The power granted to Spanish regions, their asymmetric economic development patterns, and the worsening droughts associated with climate change have created a water conflict. This paper shows, through the French geopolitical approach, how water policy in Spain has evolved these last decades and how water scarcity has become a geopolitical representation in certain territories. This study focuses on the territorial observation of power rivalries at different scales, providing new and complementary elements that can help understand water governance challenges in Spain in the years to come., Cet article fournit une vue d'ensemble des différentes politiques, stratégies politiques et conflits spatiaux sur les questions d'eau en Espagne pendant le 21ème siècle, avec un exemple illustrant la gestion du fleuve Tage. Ce bassin fluvial international, partagé entre l'Espagne et le Portugal, doit répondre aux exigences de la directive-cadre sur l'eau, comme tous les bassins fluviaux de l'Union européenne. Le pouvoir accordé aux régions espagnoles, leur mode de développement économique asymétrique et l'aggravation des sécheresses liées au changement climatique ont créé un conflit de l'eau. Cet article montre, à travers l'approche géopolitique française, comment la politique de l'eau en Espagne a évolué ces dernières décennies et comment la pénurie d'eau est devenue une représentation géopolitique dans certains territoires. Cette étude se concentre sur l'observation territoriale des rivalités de pouvoir à différentes échelles, fournissant des éléments nouveaux et complémentaires qui peuvent aider à comprendre défis de la gouvernance de l'eau, Questo articolo fornisce una panoramica delle diverse politiche, delle strategie politiche e dei conflitti territoriali sulle questioni idriche nella Spagna del XXI secolo, con un esempio illustrativo sulla gestione del fiume Tago. Questo bacino fluviale internazionale, condiviso tra Spagna e Portogallo, deve soddisfare i requisiti della Direttiva quadro sulle acque, come tutti i bacini fluviali dell'Unione Europea. Il potere concesso alle regioni spagnole, i loro modelli di sviluppo economico asimmetrici e l'aggravarsi della siccità associata ai cambiamenti climatici hanno creato un conflitto idrico. Questo articolo mostra, attraverso l'approccio geopolitico francese, come si è evoluta la politica idrica in Spagna negli ultimi decenni e come la scarsità d'acqua sia diventata una rappresentazione geopolitica in alcuni territori. Questo studio si concentra sull'osservazione territoriale delle rivalità di potere a diverse scale, fornendo elementi nuovi e complementari che possono aiutare a comprendere le sfide della governance idrica in Spagna negli anni a venire., Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral de diferentes políticas, estratégias políticas e conflitos espaciais relacionadas com questões hídricas em Espanha no século XXI, com um exemplo ilustrativo focado na gestão do Rio Tejo. Esta bacia hidrográfica internacional, que é partilhada entre Espanha e Portugal, tem de cumprir os requisitos da Directiva-Quadro da Água, como é o caso em todas bacias hidrográficas da União Europeia. O poder concedido às regiões espanholas, os padrões assimétricos de desenvolvimento económico, e o agravamento de secas associadas a alterações climáticas, criaram um conflito hídrico. Este artigo mostra, usando uma abordagem geopolítica francesa, como a política da água em Espanha evoluiu nestas últimas décadas e como a escassez de água se tornou uma representação geopolítica em determinados territórios. Este estudo foca-se na observação territorial das rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, fornecendo elementos novos e complementares que ajudam a compreender os desafios da governação da água., Este artículo ofrece una visión general de las diferentes políticas y conflictos espaciales en materia de agua en España durante el siglo XXI, con un ejemplo ilustrativo sobre la gestión del río Tajo. Esta cuenca hidrográfica, compartida entre España y Portugal, debe cumplir los requisitos de la Directiva Marco del Agua. El poder otorgado a las regiones españolas, su desarrollo económico asimétrico y el aumento de la severidad de las sequías asociada al cambio climático han creado un conflicto hídrico. Este artículo muestra, a través del enfoque geopolítico francés, cómo la política del agua en España ha evolucionado estas últimas décadas y cómo la escasez hídrica se ha convertido en una representación geopolítica en determinados territorios. Este estudio, centrado en la observación territorial de las rivalidades de poder a diferentes escalas, aporta elementos nuevos y complementarios que ayudan a comprender los retos de la gobernanza del agua en España.

Innovation and adaptation of renewable energy technologies significantly reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and increase energy efficiency. Understanding the convergence patterns in renewable energy innovation will enable policymakers to design policies to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption and reduce CO2 emissions. This paper applies the convergence algorithm proposed by Philips and Sul to assess the convergence in renewable energy innovation for 90 countries covering the period between 1993 and 2018. This paper also examines the determinants/factors driving the convergence clubs of the countries using Probit and Logit regression. The convergence analyses suggest that there is no global convergence in renewable energy innovation. Findings highlight two convergence clubs: i) a club comprising more innovative countries and ii) another club that includes less innovative countries. We find that countries with higher income per capita, CO2 emissions per capita, research and development (R&D) investment, better environmental regulations and stronger institutional settings are more likely to be part of the innovative club. Countries should increase their R&D investment and environmental regulations and improve their institutional quality to increase their likelihood of belonging to a more innovative club. Furthermore, less innovative countries could promote policies to transfer renewable energy technologies from innovative countries