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In 2014, the European Union and its members agreed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent before 2030. The Bonus-Malus, a feebate tax scheme, was introduced in Sweden in 2018 in the hopes that it would result in lower carbon dioxide emission from Sweden’s transport sector. Sweden’s feebate is a regulatory measure to achieve an efficient cost-constrained environmental policy, thus reduce the negative externalities from the transport sector. Using a Difference-in-Differences approach, this paper aims to determine who benefits from tax incentives created from the implementation of the feebate tax in Sweden using panel data of list prices and vehicle characteristics between 2015 and 2020. The results indicates that there is no long-run price effect when introducing the Swedish feebate tax. Moreover, the results from the additional analysis indicate that the manufacturers’ list price adjustments to the Swedish feebate tax are overshadowed by the introduction of the EU carbon dioxide emission standards because of the close time proximity between the two policy measures. The lack of list price adjustments enables consumers in Sweden to exploit an arbitrage opportunity in that they can gain the entirety of the subsidy but also suffer the entire cost of the malus fees.

Este artículo constituye una reflexión en diferentes contextos acerca del impacto que tienen los impuestos departamentales y municipales en el crecimiento económico de las regiones. Para ello, aborda la descripción de las particularidades de la estructura y dinámica de los impuestos territoriales en Colombia en cada uno de sus ámbitos específicos de aplicación, al igual que el desempeño de la actividad económica desde las cuentas nacionales departamentales cubriendo el periodo 2005-2018. Al lado de la lectura de los indicadores significativos de dicho comportamiento, se adelanta el estudio de los términos per cápita del Producto Interno Bruto y la tributación de las entidades territoriales, así como la exploración de un modelo estadístico que identifique en contexto la naturaleza y magnitud de la causalidad que los tributos regionales tienen en el comportamiento de la economía para el periodo elegido. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de tener una estructura tributaria anquilosada, compleja, desactualizada, sin un marco legal que se ajuste de manera flexible a las particularidades y potencialidades económicas de cada región, los impuestos departamentales y municipales tienen un efecto progresivo en el crecimiento económico., This article reflects on the impact of departmental and municipal taxes on the economic growth of the regions in different contexts. To this end, it describes the particularities of the structure and dynamics of land taxes in Colombia in each of its specific areas of application, as well as the performance of the economic activity based on departmental national accounts covering the period 2005-2018. In addition to analyzing the significant indicators of said behavior, it studies the per capita gross domestic product and the taxation of territorial entities. Similarly, the paper explores a statistical model that identifies in context the nature and magnitude of the influence of regional taxes on the behavior of the economy for the chosen period. The results show that despite having a stagnant, complex, and outdated tax structure, without a legal framework that flexibly adjusts to the particularities and economic potential of each region, departmental and municipal taxes have a progressive effect on economic growth.

Este artículo constituye una reflexión en diferentes contextos acerca del impacto que tienen los impuestos departamentales y municipales en el crecimiento económico de las regiones. Para ello, aborda la descripción de las particularidades de la estructura y dinámica de los impuestos territoriales en Colombia en cada uno de sus ámbitos específicos de aplicación, al igual que el desempeño de la actividad económica desde las cuentas nacionales departamentales cubriendo el periodo 2005-2018. Al lado de la lectura de los indicadores significativos de dicho comportamiento, se adelanta el estudio de los términos per cápita del Producto Interno Bruto y la tributación de las entidades territoriales, así como la exploración de un modelo estadístico que identifique en contexto la naturaleza y magnitud de la causalidad que los tributos regionales tienen en el comportamiento de la economía para el periodo elegido. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de tener una estructura tributaria anquilosada, compleja, desactualizada, sin un marco legal que se ajuste de manera flexible a las particularidades y potencialidades económicas de cada región, los impuestos departamentales y municipales tienen un efecto progresivo en el crecimiento económico., This article reflects on the impact of departmental and municipal taxes on the economic growth of the regions in different contexts. To this end, it describes the particularities of the structure and dynamics of land taxes in Colombia in each of its specific areas of application, as well as the performance of the economic activity based on departmental national accounts covering the period 2005-2018. In addition to analyzing the significant indicators of said behavior, it studies the per capita gross domestic product and the taxation of territorial entities. Similarly, the paper explores a statistical model that identifies in context the nature and magnitude of the influence of regional taxes on the behavior of the economy for the chosen period. The results show that despite having a stagnant, complex, and outdated tax structure, without a legal framework that flexibly adjusts to the particularities and economic potential of each region, departmental and municipal taxes have a progressive effect on economic growth.

This document constitutes a reflection in different contexts about the impact that departmental and municipal taxes have on the economic growth of the regions. To do this, it addresses the description of the particularities of the structure and dynamics of land taxes in Colombia in each of its specific areas of application, as well as the performance of economic activity from the departmental national accounts covering the period 2005 – 2018 . Along with the reading of the significant indicators of said behavior, the study of the per capita ratios of the gross domestic product and the taxation of the territorial entities is carried out, as well as the exploration of a statistical model that identifies in context, the nature and magnitude of the causality that regional taxes have in the behavior of the economy for the chosen period. The results show that despite having a stagnant, complex, outdated tax structure, without a legal framework that flexibly adjusts to the particularities and economic potential of each region, departmental and municipal taxes have a progressive effect on economic growth. . Therefore, if the national government promotes the reforms that various experts have proposed from different spheres to modernize the regional tax structure, the possibilities of intensifying the sectoral added value and economic activities that base their production processes on the fiscal restrictions that the The institutional framework of the Colombian State has been maintained in the long term., Este documento constituye una reflexión en diferentes contextos acerca del impacto que tienen los impuestos departamentales y municipales en el crecimiento económico de las regiones. Para ello, aborda la descripción de las particularidades de la estructura y dinámica de los impuestos territoriales en Colombia en cada uno de sus ámbitos específicos de aplicación, al igual que el desempeño de la actividad económica desde las cuentas nacionales departamentales cubriendo el periodo 2005-2018. Al lado de la lectura de los indicadores significativos de dicho comportamiento se adelanta el estudio de los ratios per cápita del producto interno bruto y la tributación de las entidades territoriales, así como la exploración de un modelo estadístico que identifique en contexto, la naturaleza y magnitud de la causalidad que los tributos regionales tienen en el comportamiento de la economía para el periodo elegido. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de tener una estructura tributaria anquilosada, compleja, desactualizada, sin un marco legal que se ajuste de manera flexible a las particularidades y potencialidades económicas de cada región, los impuestos departamentales y municipales tienen un efecto progresivo en el crecimiento económico. Por tanto, si el gobierno nacional impulsa las reformas que desde diferentes ámbitos varios expertos han propuesto para modernizar la estructura tributaria regional, se potenciarían las posibilidades de intensificación del valor agregado sectorial y de actividades económicas que basan sus procesos productivos desde las restricciones fiscales que la institucionalidad del Estado colombiano ha mantenido a largo plazo.

In 2014, the European Union and its members agreed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent before 2030. The Bonus-Malus, a feebate tax scheme, was introduced in Sweden in 2018 in the hopes that it would result in lower carbon dioxide emission from Sweden’s transport sector. Sweden’s feebate is a regulatory measure to achieve an efficient cost-constrained environmental policy, thus reduce the negative externalities from the transport sector. Using a Difference-in-Differences approach, this paper aims to determine who benefits from tax incentives created from the implementation of the feebate tax in Sweden using panel data of list prices and vehicle characteristics between 2015 and 2020. The results indicates that there is no long-run price effect when introducing the Swedish feebate tax. Moreover, the results from the additional analysis indicate that the manufacturers’ list price adjustments to the Swedish feebate tax are overshadowed by the introduction of the EU carbon dioxide emission standards because of the close time proximity between the two policy measures. The lack of list price adjustments enables consumers in Sweden to exploit an arbitrage opportunity in that they can gain the entirety of the subsidy but also suffer the entire cost of the malus fees.

This document constitutes a reflection in different contexts about the impact that departmental and municipal taxes have on the economic growth of the regions. To do this, it addresses the description of the particularities of the structure and dynamics of land taxes in Colombia in each of its specific areas of application, as well as the performance of economic activity from the departmental national accounts covering the period 2005 – 2018 . Along with the reading of the significant indicators of said behavior, the study of the per capita ratios of the gross domestic product and the taxation of the territorial entities is carried out, as well as the exploration of a statistical model that identifies in context, the nature and magnitude of the causality that regional taxes have in the behavior of the economy for the chosen period. The results show that despite having a stagnant, complex, outdated tax structure, without a legal framework that flexibly adjusts to the particularities and economic potential of each region, departmental and municipal taxes have a progressive effect on economic growth. . Therefore, if the national government promotes the reforms that various experts have proposed from different spheres to modernize the regional tax structure, the possibilities of intensifying the sectoral added value and economic activities that base their production processes on the fiscal restrictions that the The institutional framework of the Colombian State has been maintained in the long term., Este documento constituye una reflexión en diferentes contextos acerca del impacto que tienen los impuestos departamentales y municipales en el crecimiento económico de las regiones. Para ello, aborda la descripción de las particularidades de la estructura y dinámica de los impuestos territoriales en Colombia en cada uno de sus ámbitos específicos de aplicación, al igual que el desempeño de la actividad económica desde las cuentas nacionales departamentales cubriendo el periodo 2005-2018. Al lado de la lectura de los indicadores significativos de dicho comportamiento se adelanta el estudio de los ratios per cápita del producto interno bruto y la tributación de las entidades territoriales, así como la exploración de un modelo estadístico que identifique en contexto, la naturaleza y magnitud de la causalidad que los tributos regionales tienen en el comportamiento de la economía para el periodo elegido. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de tener una estructura tributaria anquilosada, compleja, desactualizada, sin un marco legal que se ajuste de manera flexible a las particularidades y potencialidades económicas de cada región, los impuestos departamentales y municipales tienen un efecto progresivo en el crecimiento económico. Por tanto, si el gobierno nacional impulsa las reformas que desde diferentes ámbitos varios expertos han propuesto para modernizar la estructura tributaria regional, se potenciarían las posibilidades de intensificación del valor agregado sectorial y de actividades económicas que basan sus procesos productivos desde las restricciones fiscales que la institucionalidad del Estado colombiano ha mantenido a largo plazo.

Tobacco products in Mexico are levied with the excise and value added taxes. The former has and ad-valorem component at 160%, and a per unit component at $0.35 per cigarette. One of the objectives of tobacco taxes is to reduce its consumption, so that tobacco related diseases are also reduced. That depends, however, of how the tax is shifted into the price paid by the consumers. Using monthly data from January 1994 to June 2017, in this paper, we estimate the incidence of the excise tobacco tax. We find that both, the ad-valorem and the specific components of the excise tax have a positive and statistically significant relationship to the tobacco price index, but the tax is not shifted to the consumers. Price changes are explained by increases in production costs faced by tobacco producers. This result diminishes the effectiveness of fiscal policy aimed to reduce tobacco consumption., Los productos de tabaco en México están gravados con el IEPS y el IVA. El primero tiene un componente ad-valorem de 160% y otro específico de $0.35 por cigarrillo. Uno de los objetivos de los impuestos es reducir el consumo de tabaco para así bajar la incidencia de enfermedades asociadas al tabaquismo. Esto depende, sin embargo, de que el impuesto sea trasladado al precio que pagan los consumidores. En este artículo estimamos la incidencia del IEPS al tabaco en México usando una base de datos mensuales de enero 1994 a junio de 2017. Encontramos que, si bien el componente ad-valorem y el específico del IEPS guardan una relación directa y estadísticamente significativa con el índice de precios de productos de tabaco, la carga del IEPS no es trasladada a los consumidores. Las modificaciones en precios se explican primordialmente por los aumentos en costos que enfrentan las empresas que fabrican productos de tabaco. Este resultado resta efectividad a la política fiscal que tiene por objeto reducir el consumo de tabaco.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.

Tobacco products in Mexico are levied with the excise and value added taxes. The former has and ad-valorem component at 160%, and a per unit component at $0.35 per cigarette. One of the objectives of tobacco taxes is to reduce its consumption, so that tobacco related diseases are also reduced. That depends, however, of how the tax is shifted into the price paid by the consumers. Using monthly data from January 1994 to June 2017, in this paper, we estimate the incidence of the excise tobacco tax. We find that both, the ad-valorem and the specific components of the excise tax have a positive and statistically significant relationship to the tobacco price index, but the tax is not shifted to the consumers. Price changes are explained by increases in production costs faced by tobacco producers. This result diminishes the effectiveness of fiscal policy aimed to reduce tobacco consumption., Los productos de tabaco en México están gravados con el IEPS y el IVA. El primero tiene un componente ad-valorem de 160% y otro específico de $0.35 por cigarrillo. Uno de los objetivos de los impuestos es reducir el consumo de tabaco para así bajar la incidencia de enfermedades asociadas al tabaquismo. Esto depende, sin embargo, de que el impuesto sea trasladado al precio que pagan los consumidores. En este artículo estimamos la incidencia del IEPS al tabaco en México usando una base de datos mensuales de enero 1994 a junio de 2017. Encontramos que, si bien el componente ad-valorem y el específico del IEPS guardan una relación directa y estadísticamente significativa con el índice de precios de productos de tabaco, la carga del IEPS no es trasladada a los consumidores. Las modificaciones en precios se explican primordialmente por los aumentos en costos que enfrentan las empresas que fabrican productos de tabaco. Este resultado resta efectividad a la política fiscal que tiene por objeto reducir el consumo de tabaco.

In April 2014, the Belgian government reduced the VAT rate on the electricity price from 21% to 6% to support low-income families. In September 2015, the tax cut was repealed, and the VAT rate was reinstated to 21% in the context of a change of government. This paper investigates the impact of such temporary and (plausibly) exogenous VAT reform on the Belgian electricity market. We study the pass-through of the VAT reform to electricity prices and the effect of this (exogenous) price change on electricity demand. We estimate the VAT pass-through on residential electricity prices by a difference-in-differences method, using business electricity prices (not subject to VAT) as a control group. Our findings reveal that both the tax cut and the tax hike were entirely shifted to the electricity price (100% pass-through). To assess the impact of the VAT change on demand, we perform a counterfactual demand analysis of the electricity flowing monthly over the grid at the network operator level. Exploiting VAT and non-VAT related price variations, our results show a price elasticity of residential demand for electricity between -0.09 and -0.17. Interestingly, we also find that demand reacted quickly and symmetrically to the VAT cut and the subsequent VAT hike.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.

In April 2014, the Belgian government reduced the VAT rate on the electricity price from 21% to 6%. In September 2015, however, this tax cut was repealed, and the VAT rate was reinstated to 21%. This paper investigates the impact of such temporary exogenous VAT reform on the Belgian electricity market. We study both the pass-through of the VAT reform to electricity prices and the effect of this (exogenous) price change on electricity consumption. We estimate the VAT pass-through by a difference-in-differences approach using business electricity prices (not subject to VAT) as a control group. To estimate the impact of the VAT change on demand, we perform an event study on the electricity flowed monthly over the grid at the network operator level. Our findings reveal that both the tax cut and the tax hike were entirely shifted to the electricity price (i.e., 100%). Exploiting different sources of price variation, our results reveal a price elasticity of residential demand for electricity between -0.09 and -0.17. Interestingly, we also find that consumption reacted quickly and symmetrically to the VAT cut and the subsequent VAT hike.

Senator Jake Anderegg's weekly outreach to his constituents to discuss the issues facing Utah and Senate District 13.

Senator Jake Anderegg's weekly outreach to his constituents to discuss the issues facing Utah and Senate District 13.

The question of who paid for the welfare state in postwar Sweden has been subject to extensive debate. Many have focused on the comparatively high, and steeply progressive, taxes on income. Others have claimed that low and middle earners paid disproportionately more, pointing to the comparatively high revenue share of value added tax (VAT) for instance. No convincing assessment has been made of the extent to which consumption taxes counteracted the progressivity of income taxes. The thesis presents new estimates based on tax assessments and household surveys, which show that consumption taxes did offset tax progressivity considerably. Moreover, they were important even before the VAT. There was not a sharp break, but a gradual transition from excise and customs duties to general sales tax to VAT. The VAT meant a shifting of the weight more towards the lower end of the income distribution. This insight begs the question of what caused such a fiscal arrangement. What made postwar Sweden’s labour governments favour a tax that fell disproportionately on low earners, a core part of their constituency? Through an analysis of policy documents, the author shows that the governing Social Democrats were well aware of the dilemma. The party leaders used general consumption taxes explicitly as a ‘lesser evil’ component in a strategy for expanding the public sector and welfare systems. That aspect has previously been neglected when telling the story of this formative era. The thesis demonstrates that it deserves to be brought into a central place in that story. Corporatism remains a valid explanatory factor. The business community had an influence on determining the details of the general sales tax, albeit not the overall level. Tax reliefs on certain important inputs such as building materials and were granted after a series of appeals. The author argues that the transition from sales tax to VAT can be seen as a final solution to these protests about business inputs being unfai

The general opinion is that an increase in fuel taxation would affect the countryside of Sweden to a greater extent, than the inner-city areas of the country. The topic of fuel taxation has become widely discussed on a political level throughout Europe. This paper examines the distributional effects on taxation of fuel in Sweden, by comparing different municipalities from different regions. By using aggregated data from different sources and estimate an increase in fuel prices by 10 percent, this paper estimates the direct effects of an increase in fuel taxation. The results show that by increasing the price on fuel with 10 percent, the municipalities located in the countryside of Sweden have a higher distributional impact and a greater tax burden compared to municipalities located near larger cities. But the differences are modest, and this paper concludes that the fuel tax should be considered proportional throughout all regions of the country.

The general opinion is that an increase in fuel taxation would affect the countryside of Sweden to a greater extent, than the inner-city areas of the country. The topic of fuel taxation has become widely discussed on a political level throughout Europe. This paper examines the distributional effects on taxation of fuel in Sweden, by comparing different municipalities from different regions. By using aggregated data from different sources and estimate an increase in fuel prices by 10 percent, this paper estimates the direct effects of an increase in fuel taxation. The results show that by increasing the price on fuel with 10 percent, the municipalities located in the countryside of Sweden have a higher distributional impact and a greater tax burden compared to municipalities located near larger cities. But the differences are modest, and this paper concludes that the fuel tax should be considered proportional throughout all regions of the country.

The question of who paid for the welfare state in postwar Sweden has been subject to extensive debate. Many have focused on the comparatively high, and steeply progressive, taxes on income. Others have claimed that low and middle earners paid disproportionately more, pointing to the comparatively high revenue share of value added tax (VAT) for instance. No convincing assessment has been made of the extent to which consumption taxes counteracted the progressivity of income taxes. The thesis presents new estimates based on tax assessments and household surveys, which show that consumption taxes did offset tax progressivity considerably. Moreover, they were important even before the VAT. There was not a sharp break, but a gradual transition from excise and customs duties to general sales tax to VAT. The VAT meant a shifting of the weight more towards the lower end of the income distribution. This insight begs the question of what caused such a fiscal arrangement. What made postwar Sweden’s labour governments favour a tax that fell disproportionately on low earners, a core part of their constituency? Through an analysis of policy documents, the author shows that the governing Social Democrats were well aware of the dilemma. The party leaders used general consumption taxes explicitly as a ‘lesser evil’ component in a strategy for expanding the public sector and welfare systems. That aspect has previously been neglected when telling the story of this formative era. The thesis demonstrates that it deserves to be brought into a central place in that story. Corporatism remains a valid explanatory factor. The business community had an influence on determining the details of the general sales tax, albeit not the overall level. Tax reliefs on certain important inputs such as building materials and were granted after a series of appeals. The author argues that the transition from sales tax to VAT can be seen as a final solution to these protests about business inputs being unfai

The question of who paid for the welfare state in postwar Sweden has been subject to extensive debate. Many have focused on the comparatively high, and steeply progressive, taxes on income. Others have claimed that low and middle earners paid disproportionately more, pointing to the comparatively high revenue share of value added tax (VAT) for instance. No convincing assessment has been made of the extent to which consumption taxes counteracted the progressivity of income taxes. The thesis presents new estimates based on tax assessments and household surveys, which show that consumption taxes did offset tax progressivity considerably. Moreover, they were important even before the VAT. There was not a sharp break, but a gradual transition from excise and customs duties to general sales tax to VAT. The VAT meant a shifting of the weight more towards the lower end of the income distribution. This insight begs the question of what caused such a fiscal arrangement. What made postwar Sweden’s labour governments favour a tax that fell disproportionately on low earners, a core part of their constituency? Through an analysis of policy documents, the author shows that the governing Social Democrats were well aware of the dilemma. The party leaders used general consumption taxes explicitly as a ‘lesser evil’ component in a strategy for expanding the public sector and welfare systems. That aspect has previously been neglected when telling the story of this formative era. The thesis demonstrates that it deserves to be brought into a central place in that story. Corporatism remains a valid explanatory factor. The business community had an influence on determining the details of the general sales tax, albeit not the overall level. Tax reliefs on certain important inputs such as building materials and were granted after a series of appeals. The author argues that the transition from sales tax to VAT can be seen as a final solution to these protests about business inputs being unfai

The question of who paid for the welfare state in postwar Sweden has been subject to extensive debate. Many have focused on the comparatively high, and steeply progressive, taxes on income. Others have claimed that low and middle earners paid disproportionately more, pointing to the comparatively high revenue share of value added tax (VAT) for instance. No convincing assessment has been made of the extent to which consumption taxes counteracted the progressivity of income taxes. The thesis presents new estimates based on tax assessments and household surveys, which show that consumption taxes did offset tax progressivity considerably. Moreover, they were important even before the VAT. There was not a sharp break, but a gradual transition from excise and customs duties to general sales tax to VAT. The VAT meant a shifting of the weight more towards the lower end of the income distribution. This insight begs the question of what caused such a fiscal arrangement. What made postwar Sweden’s labour governments favour a tax that fell disproportionately on low earners, a core part of their constituency? Through an analysis of policy documents, the author shows that the governing Social Democrats were well aware of the dilemma. The party leaders used general consumption taxes explicitly as a ‘lesser evil’ component in a strategy for expanding the public sector and welfare systems. That aspect has previously been neglected when telling the story of this formative era. The thesis demonstrates that it deserves to be brought into a central place in that story. Corporatism remains a valid explanatory factor. The business community had an influence on determining the details of the general sales tax, albeit not the overall level. Tax reliefs on certain important inputs such as building materials and were granted after a series of appeals. The author argues that the transition from sales tax to VAT can be seen as a final solution to these protests about business inputs being unfai

The question of who paid for the welfare state in postwar Sweden has been subject to extensive debate. Many have focused on the comparatively high, and steeply progressive, taxes on income. Others have claimed that low and middle earners paid disproportionately more, pointing to the comparatively high revenue share of value added tax (VAT) for instance. No convincing assessment has been made of the extent to which consumption taxes counteracted the progressivity of income taxes. The thesis presents new estimates based on tax assessments and household surveys, which show that consumption taxes did offset tax progressivity considerably. Moreover, they were important even before the VAT. There was not a sharp break, but a gradual transition from excise and customs duties to general sales tax to VAT. The VAT meant a shifting of the weight more towards the lower end of the income distribution. This insight begs the question of what caused such a fiscal arrangement. What made postwar Sweden’s labour governments favour a tax that fell disproportionately on low earners, a core part of their constituency? Through an analysis of policy documents, the author shows that the governing Social Democrats were well aware of the dilemma. The party leaders used general consumption taxes explicitly as a ‘lesser evil’ component in a strategy for expanding the public sector and welfare systems. That aspect has previously been neglected when telling the story of this formative era. The thesis demonstrates that it deserves to be brought into a central place in that story. Corporatism remains a valid explanatory factor. The business community had an influence on determining the details of the general sales tax, albeit not the overall level. Tax reliefs on certain important inputs such as building materials and were granted after a series of appeals. The author argues that the transition from sales tax to VAT can be seen as a final solution to these protests about business inputs being unfai

This paper provides novel evidence on the multi-factor effective marginal tax rates (EMTRs) for a sample of 17 OECD countries and 11 manufacturing sectors. We use a single framework encompassing capital, labour and energy taxes. Our cross-country/cross-sector approach allows us to analyse the contributions of these input factors to the effective tax borne by firms, taking explicitly into account their degree of substitution, their tax incidence and the role of mark-ups. We find that the labour tax plays a particularly important role in the overall level of the EMTR and that the presence of mark-ups can significantly alter the levels of the multi-factor EMTR, although without significantly altering the ranking of countries. We also find that the bulk of the variation in EMTRs is across countries, rather than across sectors (within countries)., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper estimates the national tax burden on workers and owners of capital in Colombia during the period 2000-2014 by using an effective tax rates approach. For the aggregate of the income tax and the value added tax (VAT), the results indicate that, for most of the period, labor income had a higher effective rate than capital income, although the gap has tended to close, Este artículo estima la carga tributaria nacional sobre los trabajadores y los propietarios de capital en Colombia durante el periodo 2000-2014, con base en un enfoque de tarifas impositivas efectivas. Para el agregado del impuesto de renta y el impuesto sobre el valor agregado (IVA), los resultados indican que durante casi todo el periodo los ingresos laborales soportaron una tarifa efectiva superior a la que recayó sobre los ingresos de capital, aunque la brecha ha tendido a cerrarse.

This paper estimates the national tax burden on workers and owners of capital in Colombia during the period 2000-2014 by using an effective tax rates approach. For the aggregate of the income tax and the value added tax (VAT), the results indicate that, for most of the period, labor income had a higher effective rate than capital income, although the gap has tended to close, Este artículo estima la carga tributaria nacional sobre los trabajadores y los propietarios de capital en Colombia durante el periodo 2000-2014, con base en un enfoque de tarifas impositivas efectivas. Para el agregado del impuesto de renta y el impuesto sobre el valor agregado (IVA), los resultados indican que durante casi todo el periodo los ingresos laborales soportaron una tarifa efectiva superior a la que recayó sobre los ingresos de capital, aunque la brecha ha tendido a cerrarse.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá dopady změn sazeb spotřební daně a daně z přidané hodnoty u cigaret a piva v období let 2006-2016. Teoretická část definuje základní pojmy jako je daňová incidence, spotřební daň, daň z přidané hodnoty a další související pojmy. V praktické části je analyzován daňový dopad na kupujícího a výrobce vybraných komodit v České republice. Zároveň je zkoumáno inkaso spotřební daně a vliv daní na spotřebu cigaret a piva., The bachelor thesis deals with the incidence of changes in the rates of excise duty and value added tax on cigarettes and beer in the period 2006-2016. The theoretical part defines basic terms such as tax incidence, excise duty, value added tax and other related terms. In the practical part is analyzed the tax impact on buyer and producer of selected commodities in the Czech Republic. It is also studied collection of excise duty and the impact of taxes on the consumption of cigarettes and beer., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Studentka představila základní teze své bakalářské práce. Uvedla cíl bakalářské práce, způsob řešení a prezentovala výsledky, kterých dosáhla. V rámci rozpravy odpověděla na tyto otázky: Na základě provedené analýzy doporučujete další zvyšování spotřební daně u cigaret? Jaké dopady by toto zvyšování pravděpodobně mělo?Následně proběhla rozprava k bakalářské práci.

This paper estimates the national tax burden on workers and owners of capital in Colombia during the period 2000-2014 by using an effective tax rates approach. For the aggregate of the income tax and the value added tax (VAT), the results indicate that, for most of the period, labor income had a higher effective rate than capital income, although the gap has tended to close., Este artículo estima la carga tributaria nacional sobre los trabajadores y los propietarios de capital en Colombia durante el periodo 2000-2014, con base en un enfoque de tarifas impositivas efectivas. Para el agregado del impuesto de renta y el impuesto sobre el valor agregado (IVA), los resultados indican que durante casi todo el periodo los ingresos laborales soportaron una tarifa efectiva superior a la que recayó sobre los ingresos de capital, aunque la brecha ha tendido a cerrarse., Esse artigo estima o ônus tributário nacional sobre os trabalhadores e os proprietários de capital na Colômbia durante o período 2000-2014, com base no enfoque de tarifas impositivas efetivas. Levando em conta o adicionado ao imposto de renda e ao imposto sobre o valor agregado (IVA), os resultados indicam que durante quase todo o período as receitas trabalhistas suportaram uma taxa efetiva superior à que veio para as receitas de capital, mesmo que a fenda tenha tendência a fechar-se.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.

This paper studies the distributive impact of the tax system in Argentina using the last two available Household Expenditure Surveys for 2004/05 and 2012/13. Calculations were made using both household per capita income and household per capita consumption as welfare indicators. By using household per capita income, the tax system puts relatively more pressure on both tails of the distribution, being approximately constant for the intermediate deciles. On the other hand, choosing per capita consumption as welfare indicator makes the tax system roughly proportional, with the exception of the last decile, where tax pressure becomes much higher. These differences on the results make clear the relevance of the chosen welfare indicator for tax incidence analysis., El trabajo estudia la incidencia distributiva del sistema tributario argentino (por impuesto y a nivel agregado) haciendo uso de las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Gasto de los Hogares correspondientes a los años 2004/05 y 2012/13. Al utilizar el ingreso per cápita familiar como indicador de bienestar, se obtiene que el sistema tributario ejerce mayor presión en ambas colas de la distribución, siendo constante en los deciles intermedios. Por otro lado, si se utiliza el consumo per cápita familiar como indicador, la incidencia resulta proporcional con excepción del último decil, en donde aumenta considerablemente. De este modo se pone de manifiesto la relevancia del indicador de bienestar elegido a la hora de realizar un análisis de incidencia tributaria.