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Does the stethoscope in the picture make the adjacent person a doctor or a patient? This, of course, depends on the contextual relationship of the two objects. If it is obvious, why don not explanation methods for vision models use contextual information? In this paper, we (1) review the most popular methods of explaining computer vision models by pointing out that they do not take into account context information, (2) provide examples of real-world use cases where spatial context plays a significant role, (3) propose new research directions that may lead to better use of context information in explaining computer vision models, (4) argue that a change in approach to explanations is needed from 'where' to 'how'., Comment: Accepted for ICML 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has witnessed rapid growth, especially in the subfields Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML) and Computer Vision (CV). Keeping pace with this rapid progress poses a considerable challenge for researchers and professionals in the field. In this arXiv report, the second of its kind, which covers the period from January to September 2023, we aim to provide insights and analysis that help navigate these dynamic areas of AI. We accomplish this by 1) identifying the top-40 most cited papers from arXiv in the given period, comparing the current top-40 papers to the previous report, which covered the period January to June; 2) analyzing dataset characteristics and keyword popularity; 3) examining the global sectoral distribution of institutions to reveal differences in engagement across geographical areas. Our findings highlight the continued dominance of NLP: while only 16% of all submitted papers have NLP as primary category (more than 25% have CV and ML as primary category), 50% of the most cited papers have NLP as primary category, 90% of which target LLMs. Additionally, we show that i) the US dominates among both top-40 and top-9k papers, followed by China; ii) Europe clearly lags behind and is hardly represented in the top-40 most cited papers; iii) US industry is largely overrepresented in the top-40 most influential papers.

Tender notices are usually sought by most of the companies at regular intervals as a means for obtaining the contracts of various projects. These notices consist of all the required information like description of the work, period of construction, estimated amount of project, etc. In the context of Nepal, tender notices are usually published in national as well as local newspapers. The interested bidders should search all the related tender notices in newspapers. However, it is very tedious for these companies to manually search tender notices in every newspaper and figure out which bid is best suited for them. This project is built with the purpose of solving this tedious task of manually searching the tender notices. Initially, the newspapers are downloaded in PDF format using the selenium library of python. After downloading the newspapers, the e-papers are scanned and tender notices are automatically extracted using a neural network. For extraction purposes, different architectures of CNN namely ResNet, GoogleNet and Xception are used and a model with highest performance has been implemented. Finally, these extracted notices are then published on the website and are accessible to the users. This project is helpful for construction companies as well as contractors assuring quality and efficiency. This project has great application in the field of competitive bidding as well as managing them in a systematic manner.

Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) models are able to capture the semantic relationship of images and texts and have enabled a wide range of applications, from image retrieval to classification. These models are trained with datasets extracted from web crawls, which are of large quantity but limited quality. This paper explores whether limited amounts higher quality data in a specific domain improve the general performance of CLIP models. To this purpose, we extract text-image data from scientific papers hosted in the arXiv and PubMed Central repositories. Experiments on small-scale CLIP models (ViT B/32) show that model performance increases on average, but only moderately. This result indicates that using the data sources considered in the paper to train large-scale CLIP models is a worthwile research direction., Comment: ICCV 2023 Workshop

Generative deep learning models are able to create realistic audio and video. This technology has been used to impersonate the faces and voices of individuals. These ``deepfakes'' are being used to spread misinformation, enable scams, perform fraud, and blackmail the innocent. The technology continues to advance and today attackers have the ability to generate deepfakes in real-time. This new capability poses a significant threat to society as attackers begin to exploit the technology in advances social engineering attacks. In this paper, we discuss the implications of this emerging threat, identify the challenges with preventing these attacks and suggest a better direction for researching stronger defences.

We describe the development of a real-time smartphone app that allows the user to digitize paper receipts in a novel way by "waving" their phone over the receipts and letting the app automatically detect and rectify the receipts for subsequent text recognition. We show that traditional computer vision algorithms for edge and corner detection do not robustly detect the non-linear and discontinuous edges and corners of a typical paper receipt in real-world settings. This is particularly the case when the colors of the receipt and background are similar, or where other interfering rectangular objects are present. Inaccurate detection of a receipt's corner positions then results in distorted images when using an affine projective transformation to rectify the perspective. We propose an innovative solution to receipt corner detection by treating each of the four corners as a unique "object", and training a Single Shot Detection MobileNet object detection model. We use a small amount of real data and a large amount of automatically generated synthetic data that is designed to be similar to real-world imaging scenarios. We show that our proposed method robustly detects the four corners of a receipt, giving a receipt detection accuracy of 85.3% on real-world data, compared to only 36.9% with a traditional edge detection-based approach. Our method works even when the color of the receipt is virtually indistinguishable from the background. Moreover, our method is trained to detect only the corners of the central target receipt and implicitly learns to ignore other receipts, and other rectangular objects. Including synthetic data allows us to train an even better model. These factors are a major advantage over traditional edge detection-based approaches, allowing us to deliver a much better experience to the user.

Medieval paper, a handmade product, is made with a mould which leaves an indelible imprint on the sheet of paper. This imprint includes chain lines, laid lines and watermarks which are often visible on the sheet. Extracting these features allows the identification of paper stock and gives information about chronology, localisation and movement of books and people. Most computational work for feature extraction of paper analysis has so far focused on radiography or transmitted light images. While these imaging methods provide clear visualisation for the features of interest, they are expensive and time consuming in their acquisition and not feasible for smaller institutions. However, reflected light images of medieval paper manuscripts are abundant and possibly cheaper in their acquisition. In this paper, we propose algorithms to detect and extract the laid and chain lines from reflected light images. We tackle the main drawback of reflected light images, that is, the low contrast attenuation of lines and intensity jumps due to noise and degradation, by employing the spectral total variation decomposition and develop methods for subsequent line extraction. Our results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using reflected light images in paper analysis. This work enables the feature extraction for paper manuscripts that have otherwise not been analysed due to a lack of appropriate images. We also open the door for paper stock identification at scale.

The performance of a machine learning model degrades when it is applied to data from a similar but different domain than the data it has initially been trained on. The goal of domain adaptation (DA) is to mitigate this domain shift problem by searching for an optimal feature transformation to learn a domain-invariant representation. Such a domain shift can appear in handwriting recognition (HWR) applications where the motion pattern of the hand and with that the motion pattern of the pen is different for writing on paper and on tablet. This becomes visible in the sensor data for online handwriting (OnHW) from pens with integrated inertial measurement units. This paper proposes a supervised DA approach to enhance learning for OnHW recognition between tablet and paper data. Our method exploits loss functions such as maximum mean discrepancy and correlation alignment to learn a domain-invariant feature representation (i.e., similar covariances between tablet and paper features). We use a triplet loss that takes negative samples of the auxiliary domain (i.e., paper samples) to increase the amount of samples of the tablet dataset. We conduct an evaluation on novel sequence-based OnHW datasets (i.e., words) and show an improvement on the paper domain with an early fusion strategy by using pairwise learning., Comment: Accepted at IAPR Intl. Workshop on Multimodal Pattern Recognition of Social Signals in Human Computer Interaction (MPRSS), Montreal, Canada, August 2022

Image denoising (removal of additive white Gaussian noise from an image) is one of the oldest and most studied problems in image processing. An extensive work over several decades has led to thousands of papers on this subject, and to many well-performing algorithms for this task. Indeed, 10 years ago, these achievements have led some researchers to suspect that "Denoising is Dead", in the sense that all that can be achieved in this domain has already been obtained. However, this turned out to be far from the truth, with the penetration of deep learning (DL) into image processing. The era of DL brought a revolution to image denoising, both by taking the lead in today's ability for noise removal in images, and by broadening the scope of denoising problems being treated. Our paper starts by describing this evolution, highlighting in particular the tension and synergy that exist between classical approaches and modern DL-based alternatives in design of image denoisers. The recent transitions in the field of image denoising go far beyond the ability to design better denoisers. In the 2nd part of this paper we focus on recently discovered abilities and prospects of image denoisers. We expose the possibility of using denoisers to serve other problems, such as regularizing general inverse problems and serving as the prime engine in diffusion-based image synthesis. We also unveil the idea that denoising and other inverse problems might not have a unique solution as common algorithms would have us believe. Instead, we describe constructive ways to produce randomized and diverse high quality results for inverse problems, all fueled by the progress that DL brought to image denoising. This survey paper aims to provide a broad view of the history of image denoising and closely related topics. Our aim is to give a better context to recent discoveries, and to the influence of DL in our domain.

To date, a large number of research papers have been written on the classification of malware, its identification, classification into different families and the distinction between malware and goodware. These works have been based on captured malware samples and have attempted to analyse malware and goodware using various techniques, including techniques from the field of artificial intelligence. For example, neural networks have played a significant role in these classification methods. Some of this work also deals with analysing malware using its visualisation. These works usually convert malware samples capturing the structure of malware into image structures, which are then the object of image processing. In this paper, we propose a very unconventional and novel approach to malware visualisation based on dynamic behaviour analysis, with the idea that the images, which are visually very interesting, are then used to classify malware concerning goodware. Our approach opens an extensive topic for future discussion and provides many new directions for research in malware analysis and classification, as discussed in conclusion. The results of the presented experiments are based on a database of 6 589 997 goodware, 827 853 potentially unwanted applications and 4 174 203 malware samples provided by ESET and selected experimental data (images, generating polynomial formulas and software generating images) are available on GitHub for interested readers. Thus, this paper is not a comprehensive compact study that reports the results obtained from comparative experiments but rather attempts to show a new direction in the field of visualisation with possible applications in malware analysis., Comment: This paper is under review; the section describing conversion from malware structure to fractal figure is temporarily erased here to protect our idea. It will be replaced by a full version when accepted

Purpose: An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the simplest and fastest bio-medical test that is used to detect any heart-related disease. ECG signals are generally stored in paper form, which makes it difficult to store and analyze the data. While capturing ECG leads from paper ECG records, a lot of background information is also captured, which results in incorrect data interpretation. Methods: We propose a deep learning-based model for individually extracting all 12 leads from 12-lead ECG images captured using a camera. To simplify the analysis of the ECG and the calculation of complex parameters, we also propose a method to convert the paper ECG format into a storable digital format. The You Only Look Once, Version 3 (YOLOv3) algorithm has been used to extract the leads present in the image. These leads are then passed on to another deep learning model which separates the ECG signal and background from the single-lead image. After that, vertical scanning is performed on the ECG signal to convert it into a 1-Dimensional (1D) digital form. To perform the task of digitalization, we used the pix-2-pix deep learning model and binarized the ECG signals. Results: Our proposed method was able to achieve an accuracy of 97.4 %. Conclusion: The information on the paper ECG fades away over time. Hence, the digitized ECG signals make it possible to store the records and access them anytime. This proves highly beneficial for heart patients who require frequent ECG reports. The stored data can also be useful for research purposes, as this data can be used to develop computer algorithms that are capable of analyzing the data.

Research papers, in addition to textual documents, are a designed interface through which researchers communicate. Recently, rapid growth has transformed that interface in many fields of computing. In this work, we examine the effects of this growth from a media archaeology perspective, through the changes to figures and tables in research papers. Specifically, we study these changes in computer vision over the past decade, as the deep learning revolution has driven unprecedented growth in the discipline. We ground our investigation through interviews with veteran researchers spanning computer vision, graphics and visualization. Our analysis focuses on the research attention economy: how research paper elements contribute towards advertising, measuring and disseminating an increasingly commodified ``contribution.'' Through this work, we seek to motivate future discussion surrounding the design of both the research paper itself as well as the larger sociotechnical research publishing system, including tools for finding, reading and writing research papers.

The fashion industry is one of the most active and competitive markets in the world, manufacturing millions of products and reaching large audiences every year. A plethora of business processes are involved in this large-scale industry, but due to the generally short life-cycle of clothing items, supply-chain management and retailing strategies are crucial for good market performance. Correctly understanding the wants and needs of clients, managing logistic issues and marketing the correct products are high-level problems with a lot of uncertainty associated to them given the number of influencing factors, but most importantly due to the unpredictability often associated with the future. It is therefore straightforward that forecasting methods, which generate predictions of the future, are indispensable in order to ameliorate all the various business processes that deal with the true purpose and meaning of fashion: having a lot of people wear a particular product or style, rendering these items, people and consequently brands fashionable. In this paper, we provide an overview of three concrete forecasting tasks that any fashion company can apply in order to improve their industrial and market impact. We underline advances and issues in all three tasks and argue about their importance and the impact they can have at an industrial level. Finally, we highlight issues and directions of future work, reflecting on how learning-based forecasting methods can further aid the fashion industry., Comment: 2nd International Workshop on Industrial Machine Learning @ ICPR 2022

Recommender systems have been increasingly popular in entertainment and consumption and are evident in academics, especially for applications that suggest submitting scientific articles to scientists. However, because of the various acceptance rates, impact factors, and rankings in different publishers, searching for a proper venue or journal to submit a scientific work usually takes a lot of time and effort. In this paper, we aim to present two newer approaches extended from our paper [13] presented at the conference IAE/AIE 2021 by employing RNN structures besides using Conv1D. In addition, we also introduce a new method, namely DistilBertAims, using DistillBert for two cases of uppercase and lower-case words to vectorize features such as Title, Abstract, and Keywords, and then use Conv1d to perform feature extraction. Furthermore, we propose a new calculation method for similarity score for Aim & Scope with other features; this helps keep the weights of similarity score calculation continuously updated and then continue to fit more data. The experimental results show that the second approach could obtain a better performance, which is 62.46% and 12.44% higher than the best of the previous study [13] in terms of the Top 1 accuracy., Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, 8 tables

The recommendation system plays a vital role in many areas, especially academic fields, to support researchers in submitting and increasing the acceptance of their work through the conference or journal selection process. This study proposes a transformer-based model using transfer learning as an efficient approach for the paper submission recommendation system. By combining essential information (such as the title, the abstract, and the list of keywords) with the aims and scopes of journals, the model can recommend the Top K journals that maximize the acceptance of the paper. Our model had developed through two states: (i) Fine-tuning the pre-trained language model (LM) with a simple contrastive learning framework. We utilized a simple supervised contrastive objective to fine-tune all parameters, encouraging the LM to learn the document representation effectively. (ii) The fine-tuned LM was then trained on different combinations of the features for the downstream task. This study suggests a more advanced method for enhancing the efficiency of the paper submission recommendation system compared to previous approaches when we respectively achieve 0.5173, 0.8097, 0.8862, 0.9496 for Top 1, 3, 5, and 10 accuracies on the test set for combining the title, abstract, and keywords as input features. Incorporating the journals' aims and scopes, our model shows an exciting result by getting 0.5194, 0.8112, 0.8866, and 0.9496 respective to Top 1, 3, 5, and 10., Comment: 13 pages, 1 table, 4 figures

The present paper introduces a group activity involving writing summaries of conference proceedings by volunteer participants. The rapid increase in scientific papers is a heavy burden for researchers, especially non-native speakers, who need to survey scientific literature. To alleviate this problem, we organized a group of non-native English speakers to write summaries of papers presented at a computer vision conference to share the knowledge of the papers read by the group. We summarized a total of 2,000 papers presented at the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, a top-tier conference on computer vision, in 2019 and 2020. We quantitatively analyzed participants' selection regarding which papers they read among the many available papers. The experimental results suggest that we can summarize a wide range of papers without asking participants to read papers unrelated to their interests.

With the recent advances in A.I. methodologies and their application to medical imaging, there has been an explosion of related research programs utilizing these techniques to produce state-of-the-art classification performance. Ultimately, these research programs culminate in submission of their work for consideration in peer reviewed journals. To date, the criteria for acceptance vs. rejection is often subjective; however, reproducible science requires reproducible review. The Machine Learning Education Sub-Committee of SIIM has identified a knowledge gap and a serious need to establish guidelines for reviewing these studies. Although there have been several recent papers with this goal, this present work is written from the machine learning practitioners standpoint. In this series, the committee will address the best practices to be followed in an A.I.-based study and present the required sections in terms of examples and discussion of what should be included to make the studies cohesive, reproducible, accurate, and self-contained. This first entry in the series focuses on the task of image classification. Elements such as dataset curation, data pre-processing steps, defining an appropriate reference standard, data partitioning, model architecture and training are discussed. The sections are presented as they would be detailed in a typical manuscript, with content describing the necessary information that should be included to make sure the study is of sufficient quality to be considered for publication. The goal of this series is to provide resources to not only help improve the review process for A.I.-based medical imaging papers, but to facilitate a standard for the information that is presented within all components of the research study. We hope to provide quantitative metrics in what otherwise may be a qualitative review process.

In the last 15 years, the segmentation of vessels in retinal images has become an intensively researched problem in medical imaging, with hundreds of algorithms published. One of the de facto benchmarking data sets of vessel segmentation techniques is the DRIVE data set. Since DRIVE contains a predefined split of training and test images, the published performance results of the various segmentation techniques should provide a reliable ranking of the algorithms. Including more than 100 papers in the study, we performed a detailed numerical analysis of the coherence of the published performance scores. We found inconsistencies in the reported scores related to the use of the field of view (FoV), which has a significant impact on the performance scores. We attempted to eliminate the biases using numerical techniques to provide a more realistic picture of the state of the art. Based on the results, we have formulated several findings, most notably: despite the well-defined test set of DRIVE, most rankings in published papers are based on non-comparable figures; in contrast to the near-perfect accuracy scores reported in the literature, the highest accuracy score achieved to date is 0.9582 in the FoV region, which is 1% higher than that of human annotators. The methods we have developed for identifying and eliminating the evaluation biases can be easily applied to other domains where similar problems may arise.

The promising performances of CNNs often overshadow the need to examine whether they are doing in the way we are actually interested. We show through experiments that even over-parameterized models would still solve a dataset by recklessly leveraging spurious correlations, or so-called 'shortcuts'. To combat with this unintended propensity, we borrow the idea of printer test page and propose a novel approach called White Paper Assistance. Our proposed method involves the white paper to detect the extent to which the model has preference for certain characterized patterns and alleviates it by forcing the model to make a random guess on the white paper. We show the consistent accuracy improvements that are manifest in various architectures, datasets and combinations with other techniques. Experiments have also demonstrated the versatility of our approach on fine-grained recognition, imbalanced classification and robustness to corruptions., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

While neural networks have advanced the frontiers in many applications, they often come at a high computational cost. Reducing the power and latency of neural network inference is key if we want to integrate modern networks into edge devices with strict power and compute requirements. Neural network quantization is one of the most effective ways of achieving these savings but the additional noise it induces can lead to accuracy degradation. In this white paper, we introduce state-of-the-art algorithms for mitigating the impact of quantization noise on the network's performance while maintaining low-bit weights and activations. We start with a hardware motivated introduction to quantization and then consider two main classes of algorithms: Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware-Training (QAT). PTQ requires no re-training or labelled data and is thus a lightweight push-button approach to quantization. In most cases, PTQ is sufficient for achieving 8-bit quantization with close to floating-point accuracy. QAT requires fine-tuning and access to labeled training data but enables lower bit quantization with competitive results. For both solutions, we provide tested pipelines based on existing literature and extensive experimentation that lead to state-of-the-art performance for common deep learning models and tasks.

This article is devoted to the features that were under development between RoboCup 2019 Sydney and RoboCup 2021 Worldwide. These features include vision-related matters, such as detection and localization, mechanical and algorithmic novelties. Since the competition was held virtually, the simulation-specific features are also considered in the article. We give an overview of the approaches that were tried out along with the analysis of their preconditions, perspectives and the evaluation of their performance., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

Image classification is a major application domain for conventional deep learning (DL). Quantum machine learning (QML) has the potential to revolutionize image classification. In any typical DL-based image classification, we use convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features from the image and multi-layer perceptron network (MLP) to create the actual decision boundaries. On one hand, QML models can be useful in both of these tasks. Convolution with parameterized quantum circuits (Quanvolution) can extract rich features from the images. On the other hand, quantum neural network (QNN) models can create complex decision boundaries. Therefore, Quanvolution and QNN can be used to create an end-to-end QML model for image classification. Alternatively, we can extract image features separately using classical dimension reduction techniques such as, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) or Convolutional Autoencoder (CAE) and use the extracted features to train a QNN. We review two proposals on quantum-classical hybrid ML models for image classification namely, Quanvolutional Neural Network and dimension reduction using a classical algorithm followed by QNN. Particularly, we make a case for trainable filters in Quanvolution and CAE-based feature extraction for image datasets (instead of dimension reduction using linear transformations such as, PCA). We discuss various design choices, potential opportunities, and drawbacks of these models. We also release a Python-based framework to create and explore these hybrid models with a variety of design choices.

The MICCAI conference has encountered tremendous growth over the last years in terms of the size of the community, as well as the number of contributions and their technical success. With this growth, however, come new challenges for the community. Methods are more difficult to reproduce and the ever-increasing number of paper submissions to the MICCAI conference poses new questions regarding the selection process and the diversity of topics. To exchange, discuss, and find novel and creative solutions to these challenges, a new format of a hackathon was initiated as a satellite event at the MICCAI 2020 conference: The MICCAI Hackathon. The first edition of the MICCAI Hackathon covered the topics reproducibility, diversity, and selection of MICCAI papers. In the manner of a small think-tank, participants collaborated to find solutions to these challenges. In this report, we summarize the insights from the MICCAI Hackathon into immediate and long-term measures to address these challenges. The proposed measures can be seen as starting points and guidelines for discussions and actions to possibly improve the MICCAI conference with regards to reproducibility, diversity, and selection of papers., Comment: Revision of discussion; update e-mail address of one author

In their recent paper titled "Large Associative Memory Problem in Neurobiology and Machine Learning" [arXiv:2008.06996] the authors gave a biologically plausible microscopic theory from which one can recover many dense associative memory models discussed in the literature. We show that the layers of the recent "MLP-mixer" [arXiv:2105.01601] as well as the essentially equivalent model in [arXiv:2105.02723] are amongst them., Comment: 1 page, 8 formulae

This white paper presents a summary of the discussions regarding critical considerations to develop an extensive repository of online videos annotated with labels indicating questionable content. The main discussion points include: 1) the type of appropriate labels that will result in a valuable repository for the larger AI community; 2) how to design the collection and annotation process, as well as the distribution of the corpus to maximize its potential impact; and, 3) what actions we can take to reduce risk of trauma to annotators.

Automatically detecting the positions of key-points (e.g., facial key-points or finger key-points) in an image is an essential problem in many applications, such as driver's gaze detection and drowsiness detection in automated driving systems. With the recent advances of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), Key-Points detection DNNs (KP-DNNs) have been increasingly employed for that purpose. Nevertheless, KP-DNN testing and validation have remained a challenging problem because KP-DNNs predict many independent key-points at the same time -- where each individual key-point may be critical in the targeted application -- and images can vary a great deal according to many factors. In this paper, we present an approach to automatically generate test data for KP-DNNs using many-objective search. In our experiments, focused on facial key-points detection DNNs developed for an industrial automotive application, we show that our approach can generate test suites to severely mispredict, on average, more than 93% of all key-points. In comparison, random search-based test data generation can only severely mispredict 41% of them. Many of these mispredictions, however, are not avoidable and should not therefore be considered failures. We also empirically compare state-of-the-art, many-objective search algorithms and their variants, tailored for test suite generation. Furthermore, we investigate and demonstrate how to learn specific conditions, based on image characteristics (e.g., head posture and skin color), that lead to severe mispredictions. Such conditions serve as a basis for risk analysis or DNN retraining., Comment: to appear in ISSTA 2021

This compendium gathers all the accepted extended abstracts from the Third International Conference on Medical Imaging with Deep Learning (MIDL 2020), held in Montreal, Canada, 6-9 July 2020. Note that only accepted extended abstracts are listed here, the Proceedings of the MIDL 2020 Full Paper Track are published in the Proceedings of Machine Learning Research (PMLR)., Comment: Accepted extended abstracts can also be found at https://openreview.net/group?id=MIDL.io/2020/Conference#abstract-accept-papers

Recognizing Families In the Wild (RFIW): an annual large-scale, multi-track automatic kinship recognition evaluation that supports various visual kin-based problems on scales much higher than ever before. Organized in conjunction with the 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG) as a Challenge, RFIW provides a platform for publishing original work and the gathering of experts for a discussion of the next steps. This paper summarizes the supported tasks (i.e., kinship verification, tri-subject verification, and search & retrieval of missing children) in the evaluation protocols, which include the practical motivation, technical background, data splits, metrics, and benchmark results. Furthermore, top submissions (i.e., leader-board stats) are listed and reviewed as a high-level analysis on the state of the problem. In the end, the purpose of this paper is to describe the 2020 RFIW challenge, end-to-end, along with forecasts in promising future directions., Comment: White Paper for challenge in conjunction with 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020)

In this article, we briefly describe various tools and approaches that algebraic geometry has to offer to straighten bent objects. Throughout this article we will consider a specific example of a bent or curved piece of paper which in our case acts very much like an elastica curve. We conclude this article with a suggestion to algebraic geometry as a viable and fast performance alternative of neural networks in vision and machine learning. The purpose of this article is not to build a full blown framework but to show possibility of using algebraic geometry as an alternative to neural networks for recognizing or extracting features on manifolds., Comment: 5 pages , 5 figures

Sarcasm is often expressed through several verbal and non-verbal cues, e.g., a change of tone, overemphasis in a word, a drawn-out syllable, or a straight looking face. Most of the recent work in sarcasm detection has been carried out on textual data. In this paper, we argue that incorporating multimodal cues can improve the automatic classification of sarcasm. As a first step towards enabling the development of multimodal approaches for sarcasm detection, we propose a new sarcasm dataset, Multimodal Sarcasm Detection Dataset (MUStARD), compiled from popular TV shows. MUStARD consists of audiovisual utterances annotated with sarcasm labels. Each utterance is accompanied by its context of historical utterances in the dialogue, which provides additional information on the scenario where the utterance occurs. Our initial results show that the use of multimodal information can reduce the relative error rate of sarcasm detection by up to 12.9% in F-score when compared to the use of individual modalities. The full dataset is publicly available for use at https://github.com/soujanyaporia/MUStARD, Comment: Accepted at ACL 2019

We introduce a comprehensive benchmark for local features and robust estimation algorithms, focusing on the downstream task -- the accuracy of the reconstructed camera pose -- as our primary metric. Our pipeline's modular structure allows easy integration, configuration, and combination of different methods and heuristics. This is demonstrated by embedding dozens of popular algorithms and evaluating them, from seminal works to the cutting edge of machine learning research. We show that with proper settings, classical solutions may still outperform the perceived state of the art. Besides establishing the actual state of the art, the conducted experiments reveal unexpected properties of Structure from Motion (SfM) pipelines that can help improve their performance, for both algorithmic and learned methods. Data and code are online https://github.com/vcg-uvic/image-matching-benchmark, providing an easy-to-use and flexible framework for the benchmarking of local features and robust estimation methods, both alongside and against top-performing methods. This work provides a basis for the Image Matching Challenge https://vision.uvic.ca/image-matching-challenge., Comment: Added: KeyNet-SOSNet, AffNet-HardNet, TFeat, MKD from kornia

In this report, we provide additional and corrected results for the paper "Extended YouTube Faces: a Dataset for Heterogeneous Open-Set Face Identification". After further investigations, we discovered and corrected wrongly labeled images and incorrect identities. This forced us to re-generate the evaluation protocol for the new data; in doing so, we also reproduced and extended the experimental results with other standard metrics and measures used in the literature. The reader can refer to the original paper for additional details regarding the data collection procedure and recognition pipeline., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the number of paper submissions to computer vision conferences. The sheer volume of paper submissions and the insufficient number of competent reviewers cause a considerable burden for the current peer review system. In this paper, we learn a classifier to predict whether a paper should be accepted or rejected based solely on the visual appearance of the paper (i.e., the gestalt of a paper). Experimental results show that our classifier can safely reject 50% of the bad papers while wrongly reject only 0.4% of the good papers, and thus dramatically reduce the workload of the reviewers. We also provide tools for providing suggestions to authors so that they can improve the gestalt of their papers., Comment: Project page: https://github.com/vt-vl-lab/paper-gestalt

Due to the recent boom in artificial intelligence (AI) research, including computer vision (CV), it has become impossible for researchers in these fields to keep up with the exponentially increasing number of manuscripts. In response to this situation, this paper proposes the paper summary generation (PSG) task using a simple but effective method to automatically generate an academic paper summary from raw PDF data. We realized PSG by combination of vision-based supervised components detector and language-based unsupervised important sentence extractor, which is applicable for a trained format of manuscripts. We show the quantitative evaluation of ability of simple vision-based components extraction, and the qualitative evaluation that our system can extract both visual item and sentence that are helpful for understanding. After processing via our PSG, the 979 manuscripts accepted by the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2018 are available. It is believed that the proposed method will provide a better way for researchers to stay caught with important academic papers., Comment: International Conference on Machine Vision 2018, Munich, Germany

An early stage of developing user-facing applications is creating a wireframe to layout the interface. Once a wireframe has been created it is given to a developer to implement in code. Developing boiler plate user interface code is time consuming work but still requires an experienced developer. In this dissertation we present two approaches which automates this process, one using classical computer vision techniques, and another using a novel application of deep semantic segmentation networks. We release a dataset of websites which can be used to train and evaluate these approaches. Further, we have designed a novel evaluation framework which allows empirical evaluation by creating synthetic sketches. Our evaluation illustrates that our deep learning approach outperforms our classical computer vision approach and we conclude that deep learning is the most promising direction for future research.

In recent years, the number of papers on Alzheimer's disease classification has increased dramatically, generating interesting methodological ideas on the use machine learning and feature extraction methods. However, practical impact is much more limited and, eventually, one could not tell which of these approaches are the most efficient. While over 90\% of these works make use of ADNI an objective comparison between approaches is impossible due to variations in the subjects included, image pre-processing, performance metrics and cross-validation procedures. In this paper, we propose a framework for reproducible classification experiments using multimodal MRI and PET data from ADNI. The core components are: 1) code to automatically convert the full ADNI database into BIDS format; 2) a modular architecture based on Nipype in order to easily plug-in different classification and feature extraction tools; 3) feature extraction pipelines for MRI and PET data; 4) baseline classification approaches for unimodal and multimodal features. This provides a flexible framework for benchmarking different feature extraction and classification tools in a reproducible manner. We demonstrate its use on all (1519) baseline T1 MR images and all (1102) baseline FDG PET images from ADNI 1, GO and 2 with SPM-based feature extraction pipelines and three different classification techniques (linear SVM, anatomically regularized SVM and multiple kernel learning SVM). The highest accuracies achieved were: 91% for AD vs CN, 83% for MCIc vs CN, 75% for MCIc vs MCInc, 94% for AD-A$\beta$+ vs CN-A$\beta$- and 72% for MCIc-A$\beta$+ vs MCInc-A$\beta$+. The code is publicly available at https://gitlab.icm-institute.org/aramislab/AD-ML (depends on the Clinica software platform, publicly available at http://www.clinica.run).

The paper gives futuristic challenges disscussed in the cvpaper.challenge. In 2015 and 2016, we thoroughly study 1,600+ papers in several conferences/journals such as CVPR/ICCV/ECCV/NIPS/PAMI/IJCV.

This letter presente a comment on the paper Prediction of Kidney Function from Biopsy Images using Convolutional Neural Networks by Ledbetter et al. (2017), Comment: 2 pages, 1 figure

Falsification of medicines is a big problem in many developing countries, where technological infrastructure is inadequate to detect these harmful products. We have developed a set of inexpensive paper cards, called Paper Analytical Devices (PADs), which can efficiently classify drugs based on their chemical composition, as a potential solution to the problem. These cards have different reagents embedded in them which produce a set of distinctive color descriptors upon reacting with the chemical compounds that constitute pharmaceutical dosage forms. If a falsified version of the medicine lacks the active ingredient or includes substitute fillers, the difference in color is perceivable by humans. However, reading the cards with accuracy takes training and practice, which may hamper their scaling and implementation in low resource settings. To deal with this, we have developed an automatic visual recognition system to read the results from the PAD images. At first, the optimal set of reagents was found by running singular value decomposition on the intensity values of the color tones in the card images. A dataset of cards embedded with these reagents is produced to generate the most distinctive results for a set of 26 different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. Then, we train two popular convolutional neural network (CNN) models, with the card images. We also extract some "hand-crafted" features from the images and train a nearest neighbor classifier and a non-linear support vector machine with them. On testing, higher-level features performed much better in accurately classifying the PAD images, with the CNN models reaching the highest average accuracy of over 94\%., Comment: in Proc. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2016

Researchers often summarize their work in the form of scientific posters. Posters provide a coherent and efficient way to convey core ideas expressed in scientific papers. Generating a good scientific poster, however, is a complex and time consuming cognitive task, since such posters need to be readable, informative, and visually aesthetic. In this paper, for the first time, we study the challenging problem of learning to generate posters from scientific papers. To this end, a data-driven framework, that utilizes graphical models, is proposed. Specifically, given content to display, the key elements of a good poster, including attributes of each panel and arrangements of graphical elements are learned and inferred from data. During the inference stage, an MAP inference framework is employed to incorporate some design principles. In order to bridge the gap between panel attributes and the composition within each panel, we also propose a recursive page splitting algorithm to generate the panel layout for a poster. To learn and validate our model, we collect and release a new benchmark dataset, called NJU-Fudan Paper-Poster dataset, which consists of scientific papers and corresponding posters with exhaustively labelled panels and attributes. Qualitative and quantitative results indicate the effectiveness of our approach., Comment: 10 pages, submission to IEEE TPAMI. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1604.01219

In this work, we present a novel module to perform fusion of heterogeneous data using fully convolutional networks for semantic labeling. We introduce residual correction as a way to learn how to fuse predictions coming out of a dual stream architecture. Especially, we perform fusion of DSM and IRRG optical data on the ISPRS Vaihingen dataset over a urban area and obtain new state-of-the-art results., Comment: Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE), Mar 2017, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event 2017

In this position paper we suggest a possible metric approach to shape comparison that is based on a mathematical formalization of the concept of observer, seen as a collection of suitable operators acting on a metric space of functions. These functions represent the set of data that are accessible to the observer, while the operators describe the way the observer elaborates the data and enclose the invariance that he/she associates with them. We expose this model and illustrate some theoretical reasons that justify its possible use for shape comparison., Comment: Preprint of the position paper submitted to the Eurographics Workshop on 3D Object Retrieval (2016)

Noise is always presents in digital images during image acquisition, coding, transmission, and processing steps. Noise is very difficult to remove it from the digital images without the prior knowledge of noise model. That is why, review of noise models are essential in the study of image denoising techniques. In this paper, we express a brief overview of various noise models. These noise models can be selected by analysis of their origin. In this way, we present a complete and quantitative analysis of noise models available in digital images.

Automatic authentication of paper money has been targeted. Indian bank notes are taken as reference to show how a system can be developed for discriminating fake notes from genuine ones. Image processing and pattern recognition techniques are used to design the overall approach. The ability of the embedded security aspects is thoroughly analysed for detecting fake currencies. Real forensic samples are involved in the experiment that shows a high precision machine can be developed for authentication of paper money. The system performance is reported in terms of both accuracy and processing speed. Comparison with human subjects namely forensic experts and bank staffs clearly shows its applicability for mass checking of currency notes in the real world. The analysis of security features to protect counterfeiting highlights some facts that should be taken care of in future designing of currency notes., Comment: There were several errors in the experimental section which we are looking into

With the development of connected filters for the last decade, many algorithms have been proposed to compute the max-tree. Max-tree allows to compute the most advanced connected operators in a simple way. However, no fair comparison of algorithms has been proposed yet and the choice of an algorithm over an other depends on many parameters. Since the need of fast algorithms is obvious for production code, we present an in depth comparison of five algorithms and some variations of them in a unique framework. Finally, a decision tree will be proposed to help user in choosing the right algorithm with respect to their data.

Human identification plays a prominent role in terms of security. In modern times security is becoming the key term for an individual or a country, especially for countries which are facing internal or external threats. Gait analysis is interpreted as the systematic study of the locomotive in humans. It can be used to extract the exact walking features of individuals. Walking features depends on biological as well as the physical feature of the object; hence, it is unique to every individual. In this work, gait features are used to identify an individual. The steps involve object detection, background subtraction, silhouettes extraction, skeletonization, and training 3D Convolution Neural Network on these gait features. The model is trained and evaluated on the dataset acquired by CASIA B Gait, which consists of 15000 videos of 124 subjects walking pattern captured from 11 different angles carrying objects such as bag and coat. The proposed method focuses more on the lower body part to extract features such as the angle between knee and thighs, hip angle, angle of contact, and many other features. The experimental results are compared with amongst accuracies of silhouettes as datasets for training and skeletonized image as training data. The results show that extracting the information from skeletonized data yields improved accuracy.

This paper presents a novel approach to the digital signing of electronic documents through the use of a camera-based interaction system, single-finger tracking for sign recognition, and multi commands executing hand gestures. The proposed solution, referred to as "Air Signature," involves writing the signature in front of the camera, rather than relying on traditional methods such as mouse drawing or physically signing on paper and showing it to a web camera. The goal is to develop a state-of-the-art method for detecting and tracking gestures and objects in real-time. The proposed methods include applying existing gesture recognition and object tracking systems, improving accuracy through smoothing and line drawing, and maintaining continuity during fast finger movements. An evaluation of the fingertip detection, sketching, and overall signing process is performed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The secondary objective of this research is to develop a model that can effectively recognize the unique signature of a user. This type of signature can be verified by neural cores that analyze the movement, speed, and stroke pixels of the signing in real time. The neural cores use machine learning algorithms to match air signatures to the individual's stored signatures, providing a secure and efficient method of verification. Our proposed System does not require sensors or any hardware other than the camera.

This paper investigates the dynamics of a deep neural network (DNN) learning interactions. Previous studies have discovered and mathematically proven that given each input sample, a well-trained DNN usually only encodes a small number of interactions (non-linear relationships) between input variables in the sample. A series of theorems have been derived to prove that we can consider the DNN's inference equivalent to using these interactions as primitive patterns for inference. In this paper, we discover the DNN learns interactions in two phases. The first phase mainly penalizes interactions of medium and high orders, and the second phase mainly learns interactions of gradually increasing orders. We can consider the two-phase phenomenon as the starting point of a DNN learning over-fitted features. Such a phenomenon has been widely shared by DNNs with various architectures trained for different tasks. Therefore, the discovery of the two-phase dynamics provides a detailed mechanism for how a DNN gradually learns different inference patterns (interactions). In particular, we have also verified the claim that high-order interactions have weaker generalization power than low-order interactions. Thus, the discovered two-phase dynamics also explains how the generalization power of a DNN changes during the training process.

As large language models (LLMs) evolve, their integration with 3D spatial data (3D-LLMs) has seen rapid progress, offering unprecedented capabilities for understanding and interacting with physical spaces. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies enabling LLMs to process, understand, and generate 3D data. Highlighting the unique advantages of LLMs, such as in-context learning, step-by-step reasoning, open-vocabulary capabilities, and extensive world knowledge, we underscore their potential to significantly advance spatial comprehension and interaction within embodied Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Our investigation spans various 3D data representations, from point clouds to Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs). It examines their integration with LLMs for tasks such as 3D scene understanding, captioning, question-answering, and dialogue, as well as LLM-based agents for spatial reasoning, planning, and navigation. The paper also includes a brief review of other methods that integrate 3D and language. The meta-analysis presented in this paper reveals significant progress yet underscores the necessity for novel approaches to harness the full potential of 3D-LLMs. Hence, with this paper, we aim to chart a course for future research that explores and expands the capabilities of 3D-LLMs in understanding and interacting with the complex 3D world. To support this survey, we have established a project page where papers related to our topic are organized and listed: https://github.com/ActiveVisionLab/Awesome-LLM-3D.

This paper explores the size-invariance of evaluation metrics in Salient Object Detection (SOD), especially when multiple targets of diverse sizes co-exist in the same image. We observe that current metrics are size-sensitive, where larger objects are focused, and smaller ones tend to be ignored. We argue that the evaluation should be size-invariant because bias based on size is unjustified without additional semantic information. In pursuit of this, we propose a generic approach that evaluates each salient object separately and then combines the results, effectively alleviating the imbalance. We further develop an optimization framework tailored to this goal, achieving considerable improvements in detecting objects of different sizes. Theoretically, we provide evidence supporting the validity of our new metrics and present the generalization analysis of SOD. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The code is available at https://github.com/Ferry-Li/SI-SOD., Comment: This paper has been accepted by ICML2024