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Resource allocation is an evolving part of many Cloud computing and data center management problems. For infrastructure as a service (IaaS) in the Cloud, the Cloud service provider allocates virtual machines (VMs) to the customers with required CPU, memory and disk configurations. In addition to the computing infrastructures, the bandwidth resources would also be allocated to customers for data transmission between reserved VMs. In the near future, users may also want to reserve multiple virtual data centers (VDCs) to construct their own virtual Cloud, which could be called data center as a service (DCaaS). For these two types of services, how to provide guaranteed network bandwidth over an optical network and achieve the joint resource allocation is a challenge to the central resource manager. In this dissertation, we focus on network-aware resource allocation in Cloud/Grid over optical networks first. We investigate this problem from the provider's perspective and user's perspective. A multi-layer (IP-over-OTN-over-WDM) optical network architecture is utilized for reserving network resources. We develop mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) mathematical models and propose different heuristics for the optimal network-aware resource allocation problem from the Cloud/Grid provider's and the customer's perspectives with different targets. Furthermore, we investigate the network-efficient virtualized cloud infrastructure provisioning (NE-VCIP) problem in IP-over-EON inter-data center network (DCN) based on the DCaaS model. The elastic optical network (EON) is adopted to provide spectrum and cost-efficient networking resources for large bandwidth requests. We develop MILP mathematical models for this problem and propose a cost-optimized heuristic to solve this problem. To investigate the cost and blocking rate for the served demands, different modulation formats and optical transponders are compared in the EON layer, and the sliceable bandwidth variable transponders (SBVT) and optical traffic grooming technology are considered. Finally the network-efficient virtual resource provisioning is investigated for intra-DCN based on different types of optical intra-DCN architectures: a hybrid packet and circuit switched DCN architecture (HyPaC), a novel optical switching DCN architecture (OSA) with reconfigurable optical switching matrix and a pure optical DCN architecture with fully connected non-blocking optical switching matrix. Multi-objective MILP and mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) models are constructed for the optimal resource provisioning problems for the corresponding DCN architectures. Adviser: Byrav Ramamurthy