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As global warming threatens to be a major environmental crisis, the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions is necessary. International shipping currently accounts for 2 to 3% of global emissions. A switch to alternative propulsion methods could significantly reduce these emissions. Several concepts may be capable of achieving this, including transitioning to alternative fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, or methanol. A key technical consideration is their storage requirements, including volume and mass. To assess this a novel bottom-up approach has been developed. Some alternative fuels can use fuel cells, which achieve higher efficiencies than combustion methods, but may require a battery hybrid system to meet changes in demand. In this thesis, a series of models for different fuel cell types and other technologies have been developed. The models have been used to run dynamic simulations for different energy system setups. Simulations tested against power profiles from real-world shipping data to establish the minimum viable setup capable of meeting all the power demand for the case study vessel. Results showed that the minimum viable setup for hydrogen was with liquid storage, a 94.6MWPEM fuel cell stack and 5.8MWhof batteries, resulting in a total system size of 9,088 m3. By comparison, an ammonia SOFC system had a total system size of 9,772 m3, and a methanol high-temperature PEM fuel cell system had a total system size of 6,150 m3. Hydrogen is often dismissed as a shipping fuel due to its perceived low volumetric energy density, however results show that the actual volume requirements are not unrealistic. Data analysis showed that ships tend to have the fuel storage capacity of 1.9 times more than required for any given voyage. The dynamic modelling method for sizing energy systems shows that viability of some systems is considerably higher than using traditional methods. These results will help to demonstrate to the shipping industry that there are some concepts, particularly liquid hydrogen fuel cell concepts, that can viably deliver zero emission shipping. Should the shipping industry begin to reach more of a consensus on the makeup of future propulsion systems, then this will de-risk the transition and help to accelerate the decarbonisation of the sector.

This dissertation provides clear evidential support for the argument that KS5 (years 12-13) is the crucial stage for providing early career intervention. It is a Doctoral study approached from the standpoint of a practicing teacher, applying an action research framework to ‘unpack’ the benefits of work placement opportunities for creative and media students and addresses three key themes: identity, pedagogy and industry. Firstly, it provides rich empirical data from individual students who played out and explored possible professional roles and identities in the creative and media industry. Their narratives provide lived experiential accounts of Bourdieu’s theoretical concept of ‘habitus’, and Giddens’ theoretical notion of ‘structuration’. Secondly, this research lays claim for teachers to adopt and adapt different modes of pedagogy within their classroom practice which can only be drawn from a closer understanding and interaction with the professional working environment. Thirdly, it suggests that creative and media teachers can only embrace institutional changes in the creative and media industry into their classroom practice through a much closer connection and working relationship to the expectations and changes in this industry. As Bulger and Davison suggest, media education needs to develop a ‘coherent understanding of the media environment’ and ‘develop curricula for addressing action in addition to interpretation’ (2018, p. 4). As such, this framework of interaction – which I have called Creative Pathways – provides a model of successful intervention to address the ‘disconnect’ between the academic (A level) classroom and the local creative and media work room. Indeed, as a result of this research I can now present this (replicable) framework for fellow practitioners and encourage them to set-up bespoke, structured work placement schemes that also look to build similarly positive, productive and useful relationships between their classrooms and their local creative and media work rooms. The focus on a structured work placement scheme is key, and this paper outlines how this can be achieved and how it can be distinguished from a familiar position of ‘ad hoc’ relationships with the local creative and media community. Finally, this research is also presented in support of the positive and productive stance of the ‘teacher- as-researcher’. A radical position aimed at changing and improving professional practice, where teachers are in themselves able to reconsider and thereafter reject orthodox educational research, or ‘the unchallengeable validity of mainstream modes of research’ (Kincheloe, 2012, p. 172). In summary, it is my contention that the relationship between the academic (A level) classroom of creative and media subjects at Key Stage 5 and the local creative and media industry, which has thus far been neglected from academic scrutiny, is an area that can be more richly developed, contextualised and understood, with a clear benefit for students, teachers and the local creative and media community. As such, this paper looks to be the start of an innovative approach towards positive intervention that links the creative and media classroom and the creative and media workroom, in a relationship that is more than ‘just another photography project!’

It has been proposed that as animals explore their environment they build and maintain a cognitive map, an internal representation of their surroundings (Tolman, 1948). We tested this hypothesis using a task designed to assess the ability of rats to make a spatial inference (take a novel shortcut)(Roberts et al., 2007). Our findings suggest that rats are unable to make a spontaneous spatial inference. Furthermore, they bear similarities to experiments which have been similarly unable to replicate or support Tolman’s (1948) findings. An inability to take novel shortcuts suggests that rats do not possess a cognitive map (Bennett, 1996). However, we found evidence of alternative learning strategies, such as latent learning (Tolman & Honzik, 1930b) , which suggest that rats may still be building such a representation, although it does not appear they are able to utilise this information to make complex spatial computations. Neurons found in the hippocampus show remarkable spatial modulation of their firing rate and have been suggested as a possible neural substrate for a cognitive map (O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978). However, the firing of these place cells often appears to be modulated by features of an animal’s behaviour (Ainge, Tamosiunaite, et al., 2007; Wood, Dudchenko, Robitsek, & Eichenbaum, 2000). For instance, previous experiments have demonstrated that the firing rate of place fields in the start box of some mazes are predictive of the animal’s final destination (Ainge, Tamosiunaite, et al., 2007; Ferbinteanu & Shapiro, 2003). We sought to understand whether this prospective firing is in fact related to the goal the rat is planning to navigate to or the route the rat is planning to take. Our results provide strong evidence for the latter, suggesting that rats may not be aware of the location of specific goals and may not be aware of their environment in the form of a contiguous map. However, we also found behavioural evidence that rats are aware of specific goal locations, suggesting that place cells in the hippocampus may not be responsible for this representation and that it may reside elsewhere (Hok, Chah, Save, & Poucet, 2013). Unlike their typical activity in an open field, place cells often have multiple place fields in geometrically similar areas of a multicompartment environment (Derdikman et al., 2009; Spiers et al., 2013). For example, Spiers et al. (2013) found that in an environment composed of four parallel compartments, place cells often fired similarly in multiple compartments, despite the active movement of the rat between them. We were able to replicate this phenomenon, furthermore, we were also able to show that if the compartments are arranged in a radial configuration this repetitive firing does not occur as frequently. We suggest that this place field repetition is driven by inputs from Boundary Vector Cells (BVCs) in neighbouring brain regions which are in turn greatly modulated by inputs from the head direction system. This is supported by a novel BVC model of place cell firing which predicts our observed results accurately. If place cells form the neural basis of a cognitive map one would predict spatial learning to be difficult in an environment where repetitive firing is observed frequently (Spiers et al., 2013). We tested this hypothesis by training animals on an odour discrimination task in the maze environments described above. We found that rats trained in the parallel version of the task were significantly impaired when compared to the radial version. These results support the hypothesis that place cells form the neural basis of a cognitive map; in environments where it is difficult to discriminate compartments based on the firing of place cells, rats find it similarly difficult to discriminate these compartments as shown by their behaviour. The experiments reported here are discussed in terms of a cognitive map, the likelihood that such a construct exists and the possibility that place cells form the neural basis of such a representation. Although the results of our experiments could be interpreted as evidence that animals do not possess a cognitive map, ultimately they suggest that animals do have a cognitive map and that place cells form a more than adequate substrate for this representation.

The scope of the thesis encapsulates the wider post-war White Separatist Movement from the origins of American Nazism under George Lincoln Rockwell to the later developments of leaderless resistance and the political and cultural changes to the movement. The specific focus will be upon the relationship between George Lincoln Rockwell and the leaderless resistance concepts, in particular through its development and utilisation. Due to the complexity of the issues and the variety of influencing factors it is necessary in the first instance to assess it in terms of a historiography to allow themes to develop. As a result of this historical analysis themes have become evident to allow a conceptual analysis. In particular the thesis will utilise the following thematic contexts for assessing the various developments within White Separatism: including, state building; political marketing; the role of the media; and the propensity for terror and hate activities. In assessing the basis upon which the conceptual analysis is developed the research has utilised extensive use of texts, radio broadcasts, and pamphlets from the movement. The study has also been able to consider, government reports, law enforcement updates and communications from Civil Rights groups and other agencies. In the conceptual analysis of this information and themes, the thesis utilises new concepts as a means of creating an understanding of a rapidly changing area of politics; including ‘organic politic’ and ‘political firms’, when assessing political marketing trends; and assessing terrorist motivation.

The problem of automatically extracting structured information from texts is an important, unsolved problem within the field of Natural Language Processing. The extraction of such information can facilitate activities such as the building of knowledge bases, automatic summarisation and sentiment analysis. A human reader can easily discern the events described in a text, along with the participants and the relationships between them, but using a computer to automatically discover the same information is much more challenging. Particular focus has been given to extracting relations between the entities in a text, such as those representing geographical locations, personal and social relationships, and employment. In this thesis, we consider two closely related entity relationships, which are interesting, frequent and have not been tackled previously, which we refer to collectively as entity instantiations. We define an entity instantiation as an entity relation in which a set of entities is introduced, and either a member or subset of this set is mentioned. In the example below, we see a set membership instantiation, between ‘several EU countries’ and ‘the UK’, along with a subset instantiation, between the same set and ‘the low countries’. Inflation has increased sharply in several EU countries. In the UK, this has accompanied a drop in interest rates, but in the low countries rates have remained steady. This thesis details the creation of the first corpus of entity instantiations. The final corpus consists of 4,521 instantiations, 2,118 of which are intersentential, and 2,403 of which are intrasentential, annotated over 75 Penn Treebank Wall Street Journal newswire texts. The subsequent annotation study shows high levels of inter-annotator agreement and our corpus study analyses the annotated entity instantiations in terms of their internal structure, the distance between arguments and their syntactic relationship, finding a particularly strong link between syntactic parent-child relationships and sentence-internal entity instantiations. To establish that the accurate automatic identification of entity instantiations is possible, we develop the first instantiation identification algorithm, which uses a supervised machine learning approach. The feature set draws on surface, syntactic, contextual, salience and knowledge features to aid classification. We separately apply our classifier to intersentential and intrasentential entity instantiations and experiment with both balanced data, with a 50/50 positive/negative split, and the original unbalanced corpus. The classifier records highly significant performance increases over both unigram-based and majority class baselines on the balanced data, and also on the original distribution of intrasentential instantiations. In order to take advantage of the aforementioned link between syntax and intrasentential entity instantiations, tree kernels were employed to learn directly from the syntactic parse trees which contain the two potential participants in an intrasentential instantiation. The tree kernel features perform similarly to the unstructured feature set, with a much shorter development time. Combining tree kernels with unstructured features gives further improvements over both the baselines, and either method in isolation. We also apply our entity instantiations to the difficult problem of implicit discourse relation classification, hypothesising that introducing features identifying the presence of an entity instantiation between the arguments of a discourse relation can improve classification performance. Our experiments show that an entity instantiation is a strong indicator of the presence of an Expansion.Instantiation discourse relation. We create a binary Expansion.Instantiation classifier, based on the feature set detailed in Sporleder and Lascarides (2008), but augment it by adding entity instantiation features based on gold standard annotations. The classifier which includes entity instantiation data performs significantly better than the same classifier without entity instantiation data. We also experiment with the incorporation of machine-identified entity instantiations. However, our entity instantiation classifier is not sufficiently accurate to impact on discourse relation classification.

This thesis is concerned with the electronic absorption spectroscopy and photochemical relaxation mechanisms of binary metal carbonyl complexes. These paradigm complexes exhibit a wide range of photoinduced vibronic coupling related phenomena that are only recently beginning to be understood with the development of modern experimental and computational techniques. These experiments have shown that after irradiation using ultrafast (femtosecond) laser pulses an unsaturated photoproduct is produced, and possibly relaxes through a conical intersection at a Jahn-Teller active geometry, on the same ultrafast timescale. However while experiment can imply the presence of conical intersection, only theoretical methods can confirm this and accurately probe the appropriate part of the potential energy surfaces relevant to this mechanism. The accurate assignment of the electronic excited states of these carbonyls is also a matter of debate with different theoretical and experimental techniques applied to these systems over the years. The large density of excited states of different character within a small energy range and the high computational expense of studying transition metal complexes with highly correlated methods presents a considerable challenge to the theoretical chemist. The research presented in this thesis falls into two main parts, firstly the electronic excited states of the binary transition metal carbonyl complexes Fe(CO)5, Cr(CO)6 and Ni(CO)4 were studied with highly correlated coupled cluster methods as well as their one-photon and two-photon absorption spectra. These results were compared with previous experimental and theoretical results. The electronic excited states and one-photon absorption spectra were also studied for the group 7 mixed-metal bimetallic carbonyls (MnTc(CO)10, MnRe(CO)10 and TcRe(CO)10) for the first time with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), the ability of TD-DFT methods to describe charge-transfer states was also investigated here. The second part of this thesis focussed on the relaxation pathways of the 2Mn(CO)5 and 1Fe(CO)4 initial photoproducts of the photodissociation of Mn2(CO)10 and Fe(CO)5 respectively using CASSCF. Both were found to relax to their lowest energy state through a Jahn-Teller induced conical intersection at a Jahn-Teller active geometry in agreement with experimental observation.

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are a diverse array of natural and manmade substances capable of interfering with hormonally mediated processes. They are particularly harmful to cells that are differentiating and dividing rapidly, can stimulate unwanted cell growth, and can interfere with normal epigenetic imprinting causing changes that in some instances are heritable. Due to their epigenetic effects and effects on tissue growth and development, organisms at certain life stages are more vulnerable than others and effects may manifest a long time after exposure. The risks posed to human and environmental health by these compounds are currently unknown, but there is a growing scientific consensus that precautionary measures and further research to understand and quantify these risks are needed. Endocrine Disrupting pesticides represent a subset of EDC capable of reaching humans from a diverse range of sources via many different exposure routes. No definitive lists or screening methodologies exist to identify them. In the UK, exposure routes involving occupational pesticide use for agricultural purposes or the residues of these pesticides in food and water are well quantified but other sources of exposure are not. If risk management measures are to be enacted to protect the population, these exposures will have to be quantified and the risks they pose assessed. This project aims to identify the hazards posed by ED pesticides to humans living in the UK, prepare a framework for the assessment and management of risks they pose, identify the tasks that remain to be completed before such a framework could be implemented, and to investigate poorly documented ED pesticide exposure sources. Current toxicological testing of pesticides was found to be inadequate. Properties frequently exhibited by EDCs, such as non-monotonic (j-type) dose responses and the additive and synergistic actions of compounds were not taken into account. Only active ingredients are legally required to be tested even although adjuvants used to improve formulation effectiveness are not always inert and formulations can be more toxic or have greater ED potential than their active ingredients alone. Adjuvants are assessed on a reactive basis, which is not adequate to protect public health. A tiered risk assessment and management framework capable of screening potential ED pesticides and making recommendations for risk management can be created using existing deterministic and probabilistic models of human pesticide exposure. The identification of critical groups that are more vulnerable than the general population to the effects of EDCs allows risk assessment and management to be tailored to protect these groups, allowing the risk to both these groups and the general population to be minimised, in keeping with the precautionary principle. Further work is required, however, to collect appropriate datasets to model non agricultural exposure routes and model the exposure of rural residents and bystanders. Assumptions made in the creation of foreign models would need to be checked to ensure they were compatible with UK conditions. Appropriate ADIs for EDCs showing non-monotonic dose responses would also need to be determined, and exposure profile differences between people living in urban, periurban and rural environments would also have to be taken into account. A number of ED pesticides used for medicinal, veterinary and domestic purposes and the municipal and commercial maintenance of infrastructure and recreational areas were identified. Unfortunately little could be determined about the factors influencing their use by the public. The number of years spent in secondary education correlated positively with non ED medicinal pesticide use and both ED and non ED veterinary and domestic use. It was unclear why this should be. Golf courses were the most heavily treated publicly accessible areas studied and used the most ED pesticides. Large parks received least, with pesticide use concentrated on hard surfaces and high maintenance ornamental areas. Pesticide use in parks is dominated by herbicides. Applications to pavements and other publicly accessible hard surfaces consisted almost entirely of glyphosate based herbicides. Herbicide applications on pavements and in parks mostly take place in the spring and early summer. The bulk of pesticide applications on golf courses were applied in the autumn. Contractors carrying out maintenance work for local authorities were found to use more pesticides than local authority employees. Non chemical methods of ectoparasite, pest and weed prevention and control have the potential to reduce pesticide use. Some of the methods currently in use, however, were found to be more costly and challenging to implement than chemical methods. The integration of these into parasite, pest and weed prevention and control strategies where possible and their further should be encouraged.

The aim of this thesis was to examine the ability of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to store and controllably release biologically significant amounts of nitric oxide (NO). Initial work involved the synthesis of a series of isostructural MOFs, known as M-CPO-27, which display coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (CUSs) when fully activated (guest solvent molecules both coordinated and uncoordinated to the metal atom are removed). Two of these frameworks (Ni and Co CPO-27) displayed exceptional performance over the entire cycle of activation, storage and delivery showing the largest storage and release of NO of any known porous material (up to 7 mmolg⁻¹). These frameworks would therefore be considered for initial research into the formulation of MOFs, for possible use in medical applications. It was shown that they still release large amounts of NO even when placed inside porous paper bags, creams or hydrocolloids. The other versions of M-CPO-27 also displayed significant adsorption of NO however they show poor total NO release. It was also shown that it is possible to synthesise both Ni and Co CPO-27 using microwave synthesis without any detrimental effect to the porous structure. Several iron-based MOFs were also investigated for NO storage and release. The results showed that Fe MIL-88 based structures adsorb good amounts of NO but only release a small amount of the irreversibly adsorbed NO. Two successfully amine grafted giant pore MOFs were then investigated to attempt to improve the NO adsorption and release. This result was not observed however, due to the poor total amine grafting coverage and pore blockage resulting from the amines. In-situ IR studies reveal that when exposed to NO, activated Fe MIL-100 forms a chemical bond with the NO. The studies also displayed that when water is then allowed to attempt to replace the NO that only a small amount of NO is actually released, the majority of the NO either remains chemically bonded to the Fe atom or forms N₂O in conjunction with a Fe-OH group. Other MOFs were also successfully synthesised and characterised for NO storage and release. Both Ni succinate and Ni STA-12 display good adsorption and excellent release of NO. This indicates that Ni based MOFs show the best results for NO adsorption and release. In the conclusion of the thesis I am able to categorise the NO release ability of MOFs based on composition and formulate a theory as to why this happens.

When a vehicle is parked on a slope with hot brakes, what appears to be a sufficient parking brake action can sometimes become insufficient. When the brakes cool down, the braking force reduces due to relaxation of the entire parking brake system, and the vehicle may start to move, leading to obvious catastrophic consequences. This phenomenon is known as vehicle rollaway. This thesis describes the problem in detail and postulates a mechanism that accounts for the occurrence of the rollaway event on vehicles using integrated rear callipers. Different testing methods are presented that are used to investigate the propensity of a vehicle's parking brake system to rollaway. These include on-vehicle evaluations and laboratory based measurements. A description is given of a novel dynamometer facility that was developed for this research that is capable of testing vehicle parking brake systems for rollaway. Two mathematical modelling techniques are presented that demonstrate how the parking brake system parameters influence the likelihood of rollaway occurring. A finite element model was used to simulate the change in contact pressure at the frictional interface during a rollaway event. A numerical model was also used to predict the change in torque developed by a parking brake system cooling from an initial elevated temperature. The change in clamp load at the frictional interface was modelled using an essentially I-D quasi-static system that showed how the stiffness and the thermal properties of the system qualitatively affect the phenomenon. The research found that rollaway does not always start with a uniform motion, but with a stick/slip motion. The likelihood of rollaway occurring was found to be directly linked to the temperature of the brake when the vehicle is parked. Rollaway can be reduced by lowering the initial temperature of the brake prior to parking. Rollaway can also be reduced by increasing the input load to the system when applying the parking brake. The research identifies the key design parameters of the brake system components whose values require close control within the real system if rollaway is to be avoided.

This study focuses on the role of the Mental Health Officer and the topic of gender. Twenty Mental Health Officers working for the City of Edinburgh Council Social Work Department were interviewed, ten female and ten male. Meanings of gender are explored in relation to Mental Health Officers’ understandings of their professional role and their membership of a social work organisation. Meanings of gender are also explored in relation to their personal view and these are found to overlap with their professional responsibilities. This thesis uses a qualitative approach informed by feminist theory and methodology Schutzian phenomenology has been drawn on to explore categorisation and experience. Meanings of gender arise in relation to three areas: personal biography, cultural context, and social institution. Informants’ personal biographies emphasise the sense of uniqueness of individuals and raised gender-related topics. These topics are sexuality issues, age, emotions, and the male personal gender. The cultural context of gender, or gender culture, is studied from various informants’ views, and shared experiences based on gender groupings are discussed. At the social institutional level, the issues of vertical and horizontal segregation is raised by several informants. Informants also discuss their working relations with medical colleagues, particularly medical doctors. Key practice issues and policy implications arise from the study. These relate firstly, to reported working practice. 1. substitution of a mental health social worker for one of the other sex 2. joint working 3. avoidance This study also raises more general issues in relation to mental health social work. Six areas are explored in the thesis: children, heterosexuality, commonality, patriarchy, age, and emotion.

This thesis is a comparative study of three overtly unrelated authors. Thomas Mann, Kafka and Cernuda, setting them in a European context of a 'crisis of faith' where doubt in the existence of an ordered universe ultimately governed by God is becoming widespread. Rather than a philosophical or theological study, however, this thesis concentrates on the way that this loss of faith finds its expression in literature. After a brief introduction, setting the context, the focus is first of all on the way that faith in God (or some kind of Absolute) and order generally becomes lost, and the consequences of that loss in individual lives. Not surprisingly, this loss of order is grounds for despair, but what then manifests itself is a desire to find order once again. It is this desire for order which then provides the focus for the whole of the rest of the thesis. There is a desire both for absolute order and for order in the material world. Chapter two concentrates on the quest for absolute order, which would give genuine ontological security and a sense that there is ultimate meaning and purpose in the cosmos. This quest does however fail, but there are other quests for order, in both 'love' and erotic impulses and in art. The problems however continue, for 'love' is dominated by a sexuality which causes more chaos than it does order, and at its best is only transient. Similarly, art, while at times positive, at least temporarily, can divorce the artist from life and can bring him into contact with a darker, more 'chaotic' side of existence. There is also the desire to write literary works themselves, but this has problems of its own: the fluid nature of meaning and the fate of literature once it has left the control of the writer.

The persistence of psychosocial symptoms after severe head injury has been identified as one of the main long-term difficulties facing such patients and their families. Not only have such problems proved persistent, they have been found to present particular problems for community re-entry including return to work. They have been associated in particular with stress on carers and also with disruption of family activities and health. Given that so many survivors of severe head injury rely on their families for long-term support, this topic has attracted increasing attention. The present study described the psychosocial problems after severe head injury and their relationship to various "burdens" on carers and the wider family based on a group of 54 patients studied at 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury. Replication and extension of some findings is made through study of a multi-centre internationally collected group of 562 survivors of severe head injury. Thepersistence of psychosocial problems is noted alongside their differing relationships to various aspects of "burden". Aspects of burden, and especially of social isolation, present challenges especially for those working in rehabilitation and community re-entry programmes

The effects of adhesion to surfaces on the specific growth rates of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp. were determined in batch culture systems both in monoculture and co-culture. It was found that the presence of a glass slide in co-cultures of these bacteria significantly reduced the specific growth rates of both species of bacteria. In monoculture, the specific growth rate of N. europaea was significantly lower in a mature biofilm system. The specific rates of production of ammonia by these four species of Pseudomonas were investigated in minimal medium. All four species converted approximately 60 - 80% of the provided L-alanine to ammonia, and this production of ammonia raised the pH of the medium. All four strains were capable of this when the initial pH of the medium was 5.5 or 7.5, however, lowering the initial pH of the medium reduced the specific rate of production of ammonia for P. cepacia, P. fluorescens and P. syringae, and reduced the final concentration of ammonia produced by P. cepacia. Ammonia produced by P. fluorescens could support the growth of N. europaea in liquid batch culture. The growth of the pseudomonad increased the pH of the medium from 5.5 to 6.8 and this increase in pH allowed growth of the nitrifier in the medium with the lower initial pH. The growth of N. europaea and P. fluorescens in continuous flow biofilm reactors was examined, and the addition of P. fluorescens to a nitrifying biofilm raised the pH of the bulk medium, thus removing the effects of pH inhibition on the ammonia oxidiser. Further investigations were carried out in continuous flow sand column systems and it was found that the rapid growth of the pseudomonad caused obstruction of the column.

A variant of BHK 21/C13 cells, which arose spontaneously in culture, was isolated and cloned. The aggregative behaviour of the variant was studied by means of a reciprocating shaker/electronic particle counting technique and found to differ from that of the parent line. Freshly trypsinized C13 cells aggregate rapidly at 37°C while the variant and a polyoma virus transformed derivative show little aggregation after forty minutes. Neither neuraminidase nor dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased the aggregation of the variant to the level attained by C13 cells. When the variant cells were removed from the culture flasks by ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), rather than trypsin, they aggregated in a manner similar to C13 cells while the transformed derivative still showed little aggregation. The variant had a lower sialyl transferase aotlvity towards endogenous acceptors but the same activity towards exogenous acceptors as C13 cells. The cells were also assayed for galactosyl transferase activity and no differences were found between the variant and the parent line. Isolated plasma membranes were also assayed and again no differences were found. The proteins of the isolated plasma membranes were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two proteins of estimated molecular weights 182,000 and 47,500 were absent from the membranes of polyoma virus transformed cells. These same two proteins were released from C13 and the variant cell membranes by mild trypsinization. The possible role of these proteins in cell adhesion is discussed.

The thesis begins with a criticism of the 'theory of meaning' approach to the philosophy of language. It then goes on to establish an account of language understanding in terms of Wittgenstein's comments on rule-following and meaning as use. This characterization is extended to aspects of the philosophy of social science. Inferences are then drawn, on the basis of this extension, as to the overall framework within which empirical social studies should be located. A critical assessment is offered of a specific social scientific theory which is, in some ways, typical of empirical social research. This criticism is followed by a formulation of an alternative approach to empirical questions in the social sciences. The alternative approach is depicted as more sympathetic to the general perspective on social scientific theories outlined earlier.

The object of this thesis is to show how R.S. Candlish sets forth the relation of incarnation to atonement in a truly Biblical way. Candlish was brought up in a theological tradition in which the atonement was conceived of almost wholly in terms of Christ's passive obedience. This exclusive emphasis on Christ's passive obedience resulted in a corresponding neglect of the place of the Incarnation in theology, especially in its relation to the Atonement. Candlish, in his theology, restored the doctrine of the Incarnation to a central place in two quite decisive ways. First, in seeking to recover the long-neglected Biblical teaching on the sonship of believers, Candlish was disposed to give a much more central place to the Incarnation. This was necessary, since, in his view, the sonship of believers took its rise in the One Eternal Sonship of Jesus Christ. Since originally and primarily there was but one Sonship - Christ's very own - it was necessary that the Word become flesh in order that sonship might be revealed, communicated, and shared with men. Thus Candlish was led to stress the human nature of Christ in which He enjoyed the life of Sonship. Indeed, for Candlish, true evangelical sonship stands or falls with the real humanity of Christ. Thus believers come to share Christ's Sonship by union with Him in His human nature. And so Candlish defines Adoption not forensically as in Federal Theology and in the Westminster Confession of Faith, but as union and communion with Christ in His Sonship. In recovering this Biblical view of Sonship which takes its rise in Christ's Sonship revealed through the Incarnation, Candlish was opposing the view that the Incarnation is merely instrumental. The second way in which Candlish restored the Incarnation to a central place in his theology, was by showing that in a truly Biblical doctrine of atonement, it is impossible to separate incarnation from atonement, since these are really two aspects of the one work of God in Jesus Christ for man's redemption. To do this, meant that he had to oppose the teaching of Federal Theology with its exclusive emphasis on the passive obedience of Christ in the work of atonement. Following Irenaeus and Calvin, Candlish taught that atonement was wrought by "the whole course of His obedience." Thus he was led to place greater weight on the life and ministry of Jesus and the saving significance of His humanity. Atonement includes both the active and passive obedience of Christ, beginning with the humiliation of the Son of God taking our flesh, and reaching its climax in His death on the Cross. The death of Christ is not the whole atonement; rather it is the climax of all that He has been doing throughout His whole life of earthly obedience. Candlish related the incarnation to the atonement by emphasising the importance of grounding atonement in the fact of the hypostatic union. Indeed, atonement was the hypostatic union in reconciling action. Candlish further showed how incarnation and atonement are related by stressing that the work of Christ is both substitutionary and representative in character. Substitution stresses the forensic aspect of atonement, while representation emphasises the incarnational aspect.

This report is an account of some aspects of the utilisation behaviour of eighty-seven lower working class families, in Aberdeen City. It examines some of the ways in which and the reported reasons for which these families acted in response to certain health, illness and social welfare episodes over a period of about one and a half years. The families were first seen around the second half of 1968 and were followed through until the end of 1969. Both in time and in depth, the investigation encompasses a wide and varied range of utilization behaviour for the study families, a range which could not be adequately covered in one report. In the six chapters that follow, therefore, only selected aspects of utilisation behaviour shall be considered. These are presented in a logical order, beginning with a review of a variety of studies which illustrate different approaches used in the study of utilistion (chapter two); this is followed by a detailed description of the methodology and field techniques employed during the investigation and of some of the advantages and disadvantages of the various research strategies adopted (chapter three); some socio-demographic characteristics of utilisers and underutilisers are than presented, both to add to existing knowledge of underutilisers, and to provide the reader with a detailed description of the sample drawn (chapter four), data are then examined to shed light on the social network differences between the utilising and underutilising study groups and some suggestions are offered as to how these differences may explain variations in utilisation behaviour (chapter five), following this, some ways in which the method of delivering medical care and social welfare appears to influence the utilisation behaviour of the lower working class, given the presence of some actual or perceived need, are examined (chapter six); the final chapter presents a synthesis of the foregoing discussion, as well as some suggestions for the possible reshaping of some health and welfare services, and a consideration of some of the broader implications of the study for continuing and emerging issues in sociological theory.

A dusty plasma is a four-component plasma consisting of electrons, ions, neutral gas, and microparticles (dust) which collect charge from the surrounding plasma environment. They can be found in every regime of plasma physics - from ice in planetary rings to eroded materials in fusion devices. Academics view dust as a potential tool; the coupling between the equilibrium properties of the dust and the properties of the background plasma gives isolated particles potential as a minimally-perturbative plasma diagnostic, while the ability to measure individual and collective particle behavior through direct observation instead of instrumental inference makes them extremely appealing as an analog for studying the behavior of soft-body systems or as a tool for investigating statistical mechanics. Conversely, most practical plasma applications view dust as a nuisance that needs to be avoided or removed. Both sets of interest are ultimately hindered by our lack of direct and independent control over the most fundamental property of the dust - the charge. The research presented in this dissertation focuses on investigating and developing techniques to exert control over the equilibrium charge of dust suspended in a plasma, specifically whether it can be accomplished with minimal perturbation of the background plasma. The details and results of two experiments are presented: In the first, an electric field oscillating at a frequency greater than the dust response, but less than the ion-neutral collision rate is applied in an attempt to generate a net increase in ion collection. In the second, an ultraviolet (UV) source is used to generate photoelectric currents from the particles to shed excess negative charge. A computational project examining the role of particle geometry in photoelectric charging is also presented.

The graphics processing unit (GPU) was initially designed for raster-based graphics com- putations, but marked improvements in performance and programmability have generated considerable interest in it as a high-performance computing platform. GPU hardware design places a large number of low-power cores on the one chip, as opposed to multiple high-power chips. This configuration has a powerful effect on locality: data can be processed without the throughput costs of spilling it to buffers in the higher levels of the memory hierarchy. However, throughput-oriented algorithms must now explicitly express and optimize memory access.This dissertation explores the design and deployment of memory-efficient tensor product representations for throughput-oriented processors. These representations lead naturally to algorithms with excellent data-locality and can be used to construct efficient and scalable represenations for hierarchical tensor-based algorithms. In addition to presenting the under- lying mathematical framework of tensor product representation, we present applications to several important numerical algorithms.Our first contribution is a memory-efficient parallel Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform algorithm. We present test results from an implementation that performs extremely well on commodity desktop GPU hardware. The small memory footprint of our representation contributes to an efficient data decompression algorithms and ultimately to high quality image analysis software.We also consider the general problems associated with the efficient deployment of pro- cedures that utilize tensor product representations. We propose an abstract approach to heterogenous cluster application programming, which combines throughput-oriented algo- rithmic primitives and an integrated work-partitioning mechanism. We then present an experimental OpenCL-based implementation and test it on an N-body simulation in 2-d using the Barnes-Hut algorithm. Our implementation demonstrates good performance on a heterogeneous cluster of GPU-equipped machines.Finally we present a general framework for creating tensor product representations of integral kernels in d dimensions. We conduct a detailed analysis of the memory complexity characteristics of the Barnes-Hut and Fast Multipole Methods in the general d-dimensional case, again using tensor product representations as primitives. We then present performance benchmarks for the two algorithms, and verify our theoretical results with experimentally measured values.

The present study investigated the relationship of 16 Personality Factor (16 PF) Scores to institutional adjustment, educational level, recidivism, and escapism of 665 prisoners in a maximum security prison. Two phases of data analysis were conducted. Multiple two-tailed Students' t tests resulted in significant differences on all 16 PF Factor Scores between prisoners and Cattell adult norm group. Significant differences were also found between prisoners and Cattell prisoner norms. In phase two, four multiple linear regression models were constructed. Significant 16 PF scales, age, and educational differences were found within the prisoner sample. Possible implications of the use of the 16 PF in regression models in paramorphic clinical prediction programs are discussed.

The specific purpose of the study was to determine the differential efficacy of three different multicompetent cognitive strategies in the control of an induced pain. An exploratory investigation was also conducted to determine the relationship of health locus of control, expectancy, compliance, and anxiety ratings with the variables of pain tolerance and subjective pain ratings.

British Muslims make up the second largest, and fastest growing, non- Christian religious community in Britain. Because of this, their integration into society has become a focus of interest for academic study and in broader social and political debates. Despite this, the question of how Muslims make sense of their own religious identity remains relatively unexplored in previous research. The same is true for the question of how they construct understandings of what integration means to them and of how this relates to what they say about their own wellbeing. This thesis aims to fill these gaps in extant research and to provide a platform for the voices of this minority group to be heard. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 first generation and 20 second generation Muslim immigrants and a further four focus groups were also conducted. Gender was balanced across all of these. Data were analysed using discourse analysis focusing on participants’ discursive constructions of religion, identity, integration, wellbeing, and the problems that impacted on wellbeing. Analysis showed that British Muslims adopt a variety of forms of categorization in constructing their religious and ethnic identity. Some first generation Muslims focus on presenting their identities as flexible phenomena that depend upon the culture they are living in; others display a rigid religious identity. Second generation Muslims use hyphenated identities for defining the multiplicity of their belongings to Britain and their ethnic home country. Integration in Britain is usually welcomed by both generations but is described as being restricted and guided by religious boundaries. British Muslims construct happiness and unhappiness in relation to life in Britain in a complex manner. The most prevalent reasons they give for happiness are the religious freedom and security found in Britain. But these are described by comparing Britain with their home countries, where such freedoms and security are often said to be lacking. In a sense, this allows participants to legitimize their status as immigrants into Britain. Unhappiness is also associated with life in Britain, with references made to moral decline and to discrimination and racism. Participants also construct a sense of their wellbeing, or lack of it, in relation to other problems. They present Muslims’ selfs-egregation, and a lack of proper leadership among Muslims in Britain, as further major problems associated with living in Britain. However, while talking about these problems, participants seek to distance themselves from them by making vague attributions of agency and by indicating that such problems were faced by others rather than by themselves. When participants talk of ways in which Muslims’ wellbeing could be enhanced, they focus on Muslims’ own need for personal improvement but also on the need for responsible media coverage of Muslims and Islam. The thesis concludes by discussing these findings in relation to previous literature and by reviewing their implications for future policy, practice and research.

This thesis aimed to investigate, first, the potentially traumatic effects of AIDS-related bereavement on HIV/AIDS aid workers in South Africa; second, the resources that aid workers utilise in order to cope with their work; and third, differences in the experiences of local versus international aid workers. HIV/AIDS work is associated with various stresses and burnout is commonly observed among HIV/AIDS caregivers. Care of HIV/AIDS aid workers, however, has been largely overlooked; research has typically focused on the experiences of professional health workers, and often outside of an African setting. This present study, therefore, addressed these limitations with the use of participant observation ethnography and ethnographic interviewing. A period of one year was spent with an organisation in South Africa that provides care for vulnerable children in need and affected by HIV/AIDS. Openended semi-structured interviews were conducted with 63 male and female local and international staff and volunteers. The interviews were analysed using discourse analysis (DA), a methodology novel within HIV/AIDS and trauma research and particularly suitable for investigating language, social context and interaction, and identities, which are factors found to be important in HIV/AIDS work. Participants’ discourses were analysed to identify how they construct their identities, concepts such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, events they experienced, and how they made sense of these phenomena. The main finding of this study was that contemporary HIV/AIDS aid work involves new challenges that have surpassed AIDS-related bereavement as the most prominent concern. The main challenges reported by participants involved the inability to control HIV/AIDS treatment and consequently inability to prevent, or control, AIDS-related death as a result of patient non-compliance. Participants further constructed HIV contraction as controllable and, therefore, avoidable, and used this micro discourse on control to counter HIV-related stigma, particularly stigma they experienced as HIV/AIDS aid workers. This rhetorical technique, however, rather maintains the macro discourse on HIV-related stigma by maintaining the blame component of the disease. Two identity constructions emerged in participants’ discourses. First, the characteristics inherent in the child identity suggested that loss is not merely a matter of death but also sadness for and on behalf of children for their various losses. Second, the caregiver identity prescribed how ‘proper’ and ‘genuine’ HIV/AIDS caregivers are expected to behave. The prescriptive nature of this identity can explain burnout among HIV/AIDS caregivers. The rewards of caregiving, however, can act as a buffer against difficult or traumatic experiences inherent in HIV/AIDS work. Managerial support and global belief systems that allow finding meaning were further identified as important coping resources for HIV/AIDS aid workers. Finally, differences between local and international participants, in terms of how they conceptualise phenomena and consequently have different needs, emphasise the role of culture in the experiences of HIV/AIDS aid workers. In the thesis I further discuss these findings in light of theories of social psychology, such as the Just World hypothesis, Cognitive Dissonance, and Identity Control Theory and Self-Categorization Theory. I conclude that although AIDS-related death no longer is a prominent issue, care of HIV/AIDS aid workers should not be overlooked. Contemporary HIV/AIDS work simply involves new challenges and traumas, and it is important that such work is continuously researched to identify evolving needs.

Although the United Kingdom is committed to the protection of refugees and the integration of migrants into society, many aspects of the asylum system actually prevent access to refuge or create barriers to integration. Extant research on this topic has often paid little attention to the role of discourse in legitimising particular asylum policies and notions of integration or has otherwise neglected the social functions of asylum seeker and refugee discourse. This thesis addressed these gaps by exploring the discourse of majority group members and asylum seekers / refugees, paying attention to the relationship between place and identity and the ways that notions of intercultural contact were constructed. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with seventeen people who work to support asylum seekers and refugees, fifteen asylum seekers / refugees and thirteen Scottish locals who reside in the areas where asylum seekers are housed. The data were analysed using discourse analysis, focusing on the ways that particular narratives and descriptions function to justify or criticise certain policies or sets of social relations. The analysis illustrated that the presence of asylum seekers could be justified through portraying their countries of origin as dangerous and the host society as problem-free, whereas the presence of asylum seekers was resisted through portraying the host society as ‘full’. When discussing antagonism towards asylum seekers, interviewees constructed this as stemming from ‘ignorance’, which functioned to portray the behaviour as unwarranted while emphasising the potential for positive social change. Similarly, asylum seekers’ and refugees’ accounts of violence tended to deny or downplay racial motivation, or produce accusations of racism in a tentative or reluctant manner, implying that a ‘taboo’ on racial accusations exists even in cases of violence. The analysis also illustrated how constructions of ‘integration’ perform social actions, such as highlighting the responsibility of asylum seekers or the host society. The analysis showed how the refugee status determination process could be criticised through references to a ‘culture of disbelief’, claims that it was racist or portrayals of cultural differences that undermine the process. The right of asylum seekers to work was advocated through portraying it as consistent with the national interest. Aspects of the asylum system related to destitution, detention and deportation were criticised through portraying them as ‘tools’ that treated asylum seekers inhumanely and by constructing asylum seekers in humane ways such as ‘families’ or as ‘human’. Overall the results illustrated that, in the context of asylum seekers, notions of identity and place are linked so that constructions of place constitute identity, in the sense of portraying people as legitimately in need of refuge, and these constructions can work to justify or criticise asylum policies. Results also illustrated that victims of seemingly racist violence may construct their accounts in ways that deny or downplay racial motivations, making racist behaviour difficult to identify and challenge. The analyses suggested that ‘two-way’ constructions of integration may function to overcome the view that asylum seekers have ‘special privileges’ over other members of the community and emphasise the responsibilities of the host society. Portraying punitive asylum policies as ‘inhumane’, and constructing asylum seekers in humane ways, provides a potential strategy for reforming aspects of the asylum system.

Psi is the phenomenon of apparently responding to or receiving information by means other than the recognised senses. Psi information may influence human behaviour, without the individual intending this or even being aware of it. This thesis seeks to investigate nonintentional behavioural responses to psi. We present five empirical studies that investigated nonintentional behavioural responses to psi information. In each study, the psi information was hidden from participants, in that the participants neither had sensory access to it, nor did they know that it existed. Two different combinations of psi information and a behavioural response were examined. The first was the influence of hidden psi information on psychological task performance. The second was the influence of covert, remote observation by hidden observers on the social facilitation effect. In all the studies, the effects of individual differences in participants’ personalities were also considered. In Experiment 1 we investigated whether hidden targets influenced participants’ judgements of the lengths of lines. There was no overall psi effect, but we found a replication of a response bias effect and a significant correlation between psi and participants’ extraversion. In Experiment 2 we investigated whether hidden targets influenced participants’ speed on a maths task. There was no overall psi effect and no correlations between personality and psi scores. We reviewed previous research literature on social facilitation from the novel angle of investigating whether being watched can, in and of itself, lead to the social facilitation effect. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 developed the paradigm of testing for a social facilitation effect from remote observation, investigating whether remote observation leads to the same behavioural changes as knowingly being observed by a physically present person. We compared participants’ performance on psychological tasks under different observation conditions: alone, remotely observed by a hidden observer, and observed by a physically present observer. The expected social facilitation effect was not found in these experiments, leading to a series of improvements to the sampling, methodology, and tasks over the course of these experiments. As the social facilitation effect from a physically present observer was not reliably replicated, these experiments were not conclusive tests of whether there is a social facilitation effect from remote observation. However, there was an indication in Experiment 3 that remote observation does not exert a significant behavioural effect. Considered together, our studies explored novel approaches to examining nonintentional behavioural responses to psi. The significant correlation between participants’ extraversion and psi is, to our knowledge, the first time this effect has been found in a nonintentional psi experiment. This, and the replication of the response bias effect, represent important advances in parapsychology. Our experiments are also the first to test the assumption, inherent in many research designs, that covert observation does not affect participants’ behaviour. Overall, our findings did not support the psi hypothesis.

Using a critical rearticulation of Michel Foucault's broad output, this thesis analyses juridical fingerprinting in England to illuminate panoptic systems as inevitably failing projects. Explicitly, it presents original scholarship in delineating twenty criteria that summarise Foucault's contribution to surveillance studies literature and which comprise the theoretical framework for this thesis. In narrating the story of the incremental panoptification of fingerprinting, it elucidates his interpretation of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon design and how fingerprinting fails to meet this specific description of panopticism. This thesis also assesses a supplementary argument that whilst Foucault's work has influenced discourse of almost every genre, the inaccurate rendering of his texts has been frequent. The criticism of 'traditional' readings of Foucault centres on the ahistorical spatiality which eclipses discourse on moments of rupture and change that were so crucial to his genealogy. The thesis asserts that closer evaluation of Foucault's panopticon is required for application to contemporary surveillance assemblages, carefully rejecting the inappropriate extensions offered by petit Foucauldians who have limitedly engaged with his work. Utilising Pyrrhonian scepticism in line with Foucault's own, this thesis exposes accepted understandings of surveillance, especially fingerprinting, as flawed. By describing fingerprint technology as existed historically and as exists now, whilst predicting a future of intensified (but still failing) panoptification, this thesis explores the fundamental fragility of the mechanism. Furthermore, such corporal surveillance is therefore ineffective as a regime of governmental population control.

In the past decade researchers began to remedy a literature deficit in the study of broadcasting institutions – addressing in particular the issues of labour process, restructuring and industrial relations. This thesis which considers management change, industrial relations and restructuring within the United Kingdom (‘UK’) broadcasting industry employs a case study format with a view to highlighting the variations of industry (macro) and firm (micro) based restructuring. Organizational change was not a uniform process throughout the UK broadcasting industry and significantly different strategies were developed by management within the two main terrestrial broadcasters – in particular in attempting to fundamentally alter the organization of programme production. The labour process and experience of employees and owner-managers within the independent production sector was also distinguishable as between the two main UK terrestrial broadcasters. In order to provide a theoretical underpinning to the empirical studies which form the centrepiece of this thesis, the four themes of contemporary labour process theory are explored. These contributions are included because examinations undertaken of labour processes have resulted in critical insights as to the nature of management and labour relationships. Together with firm based organizational restructuring of the broadcasting industry, the past 25 years have seen very significant regulatory change consequent on a variety of legislative initiatives and which are set out. The case studies begin with the wide-scale restructuring of industrial relations within the Independent Television (‘ITV’) sector since 1979 (Chapter 4). The second case study (Chapter 5) is concerned with the implementation of a set of managerial strategies aimed at reshaping the labour processes within the Central Scotland ITV franchise – Scottish Television Ltd. (‘STV’). Chapter 6 deals with the implementation of new working practices and what might be described as an attack on employee identity within BBC Scotland. The restructuring of the Corporation along quasi-commercial lines with specific reference to the employment of the directorate (distinct business units) system is examined. The final case study (Chapter 7) is an examination of the independent production sector tracing the emergence of a group of Producer Owners (independent production company owners) who emerged during the first half of the 1990s and who have since become a significant force in British television production. This study also traces the development of the career and networking labour of the group of individuals employed on short-term contracts by the independent production company owners.

This thesis is concerned with parapsychology as a field of experimental science. It is based on the discourse analysis of interviews with experimental parapsychologists, in which they provide accounts of their field, their own research practices and experimental outcomes. Drawing on literature from the fields of parapsychology and social studies of science, experimental parapsychologists are characterised as having an asymmetrical standing within science. Whilst they share with other experimental scientists (e.g. psychologists) many of their core assumptions and investigative methods, they differ significantly in how their phenomena, basic propositions and empirical expertise are actively disputed both outwith and within parapsychology. It is this asymmetrical standing, the disputed nature of the reality of their object and of the scientific justification of its existence that makes parapsychologists' accounts of their work particularly interesting to the exploration of discursive practices involved in the construction of what they do a doing science. Drawing both on literature relating to the "linguistic turn" in social studies of science, and on recent methodological developments in discourse analysis, this thesis puts forward that the analysis of parapsychologists' accounts provides a particularly rich insight into how scientific knowledge and practice are discursively accomplished. It thus focuses on how these parapsychologists produce meaningfully variable factual versions of what they do as 'doing science', and of their disputed object as a real phenomenon. The aims of the study were the following: a) to examine parapsychologists' own accounts of their field, research practices and experimental outcomes; b) to analyse how these accounts attend to normative versions of what 'counts' as science; and c) to analyse the discursive resources they use to achieve factual accounts of 'doing science'. The analysis of the data obtained from 20 interviews with experimental parapsychologists begins with the examination of how they constructed their field as a community, as a body of evidence, and as a field with a particular relationship to a standard view of science. The analysis was inspired by the thread of discourse analytic research which focuses on 'fact construction'. It shows how they orient to ideas of demarcation and constitute parapsychology as a field with characteristics that compromise the scientificity of their own knowledge and practice. It also shows how these parapsychologists attend to and manage the relationship between what they do and these compromising characteristics, by building them up as essential properties of the evidence for the phenomena (as essentially ambiguous), and even of psi itself (as essentially elusive). The construction of parapsychology as inherently problematic (i.e. a 'less than perfect' scientific field), allows these parapsychologists to constitute their research work as an almost heroic achievement. Regarding the participants' versions of their research practices, the analysis shows that they make these scientifically safe (e.g., by appealing to, and by presenting them as, in line with, ordinary versions of empirical research). The analysis further explores these parapsychologists' constructions of their practices as doing strict and extreme empiricism, with no assumptions, expectations, theoretical uderpinnings or objectives. Their appeal to the primacy of facts, the doing of methodology, neutrality and the dispensability of theory and models, constitute versions of scientific inquiry that are bearably in line with a version of science as 'doing strict empiricism'. The analysis argues that the variety and extremity of these formulations constitute the extent to which the empirical quality of their research is oriented to by them as something that is not taken for granted (and thus needs to be accounted for). Paradoxically, this same extremity rhetorically breaches normative accounts of doing science, through the intense problematization of theory or expectations of any sort. The final focus of the analysis is the exploration of these parapsychologists' constructions of the outcomes of their own research, specifically their categories of psi and of anomaly. The analysis shows that, though both of these concern the central object and claim of parapsychology, the participants present radically different categories of each, which are functionally meaningful in relation to their versions of doing science. Overall, the thesis argues that these parapsychologists constitute a paradoxical discursive position in relation to normative accounts of doing science. On the one hand, they actively appeal to the primacy of evidence and empiricism On the other hand, they construct a set of characteristics for their research object and evidence that compromise the rhetorical achievements of empiricism; also, the extremity of these accounts is such that this constructed empiricism is made into a remarkable rhetorically brittle account of scientific practice in parapsychology. Finally, the thesis discusses the implications of these arguments for parapsychology, namely, for the development of a reflexive and discursive thread of research within the field. It also examines the limitations of this approach and possible future research.

The development of Type 1 diabetes has a profound impact on many aspects of everyday life, health and well-being. In this thesis the literature relevant to different aspects coping with Type 1 diabetes is reviewed. The research described in the thesis includes (i) a prospective assessment of how psychosocial factors affect diabetes-related outcomes in adults following the onset of Type 1 diabetes, (ii) qualitative analysis of interviews that were conducted to explore the patient's perspective of what it means to cope with diabetes, and (iii) the development, pilot testing, and subsequent partial validation of a diabetes-specific questionnaire. The Edinburgh Prospective Diabetes Study examines the relationships between psychosocial variables recorded at diagnosis and diabetes related outcomes recorded at four months (n = 69), 12 months (n = 65), 24 months (n = 56) and 36 months (n = 40) after diagnosis. The results showed that individuals who had a lower socio-economic status had consistently poorer glycaemic control at 24 months (p < 0.001) and at 36 months (p < 0.01) after diagnosis. Diabetes knowledge at four months after diagnosis was a significant predictor of glycaemic control at 12 months (r= 0.35, p < 0.01) and at 36 months after diagnosis (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). In adults, self-reported outcomes were significantly predicted by longstanding psychological (e.g. personality traits) and social factors (e.g. quality of life). There was some evidence to suggest that coping strategies have an intermediate position between psychosocial factors and diabetes-related outcomes. The results and their implications for future research are discussed in terms of existing theories of coping. To date there are few psychometrically sound instruments capable of assessing how well a person is coping with their diabetes. With this in mind, the present research was undertaken to develop a new diabetes self-report measure termed the Diabetes Impact, Adjustment and Lifestyle Scales (DIALS). The development, pilot testing and partial validation of the DIALS are described. Semi-structured interviews (n = 1 0) were conducted to explore the patients' descriptions of their adjustment to diabetes and the impact that diabetes has on aspects of their daily life. A grounded theory approach (Strauss, 1987) was adopted to analyse the data. Several domains were established, from which items were generated. Two studies, a small pilot study (n =57), and a large cross-sectional validation study (n = 246) were carried out to establish the underlying structure, internal consistency, partial validity, and stability of the DIALS. Principal components analysis of the DIALS identified five dimensions: Impact, Adherence, Information-seeking, Fear of complications and Diabetes-related distress. Overall, the results suggest that the DIALS is a valid, reliable and stable indicator of coping in adults with Type 1 diabetes. A hierarchal model of causal relationships between psychological constructs (i.e. personality traits and illness-related coping constructs) and the DIALS was formulated and tested formally using Structural Equation Modelling. There was considerable overlap in the constructs, with evidence for two latent variables relating to 'emotionoriented' and 'task-oriented coping'. In summary, coping variables may be important mediators in the link between antecedent variables such as longstanding character traits (e.g. personality) and self-reported outcomes of diabetes.

During post-alighting behaviour gravid female turnip root fly, D.jloralis, select a plant for oviposition predominantly during the initial landing phase; the cabbage root fly, D.radicum, also utilise the leaf resting phase. The post-alighting behaviour exhibited by D.radicum and D.floralis infers that oviposition site selection is primarily based upon positive stimuli present on the leaf surface. Ranking of four genotypes of plants for antixenotic resistance to oviposition by D.radicum and D.jloralis was found to be the same for both fly species, tested in the laboratory (swede cv Doon Major, most susceptible; kale cv Fribor, most resistant) and varied x80 (D.floralis) and x5 (D.radicum). Field experiments showed that oviposition (which was dominated by D.radicum) varied x2 between plant genotypes (swede cv Doon Major, most susceptible; swede cv GRL aga, most resistant). Testing of Brassica leaf surface extracts, applied to surrogate plants, indicated that leaf surface chemicals strongly influence the site of oviposition of D.floralis. Methanol soluble polar compounds are the most stimulatory element for D.floralis and a fraction which contained aliphatic glucosinolates stimulated oviposition strongly although glucosinolates were not the primary oviposition stimulant. Collaborative experiments indicate that "CIF" (cabbage identification factor) is probably present in this fraction. The concentrations of Brassica root sugars are generally reduced by the damage of both D.radicum and D.floralis and appear to influence larval development. The percentages of plant fibre and lignin in the roots of Brassicas rise following the damage of D.floralis. The concentrations of individual glucosinolates in Brassica roots arc radically altered by the damage of D.floralis and D.radicum. D.floralis damage resulted in a rise in the concentration of aromatic glucosinolates and a fall in the concentration of aliphatic glucosinolates. D.radicum damage generally resulted in an elevated concentration of both aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolates. There was no clear evidence that glucosinolatc profiles were associated with different levels of antibiotic resistance to D.radicum and D.floralis. GRL aga (SCRI breeding line) was consistently resistant to the oviposition and larval feeding of D.radicum and D.floralis both in the laboratory and in the field. It was shown that the use of end-of-season chemical analysis to assess the influence of plant chemistry on insect development or host plant resistance in field experiments and the use of damage indexes based on the percentage of a plant root damaged by D.radicum may be flawed.