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In 2002, the Swedish National Food Administration and the University of Stockholm reported that certain foods which are processed at high temperatures may contain high levels of acrylamide. Acrylamide is synthesized via the Maillard reaction from the amino acid asparagine and a reducing sugar. It has been proven from animal experiments that acrylamide is a toxic compound and it is a probable carcinogen and a mutagen for humans. Acrylamide has been found in starchy foods such as French fries, bread crust, and baked cereal foods. Some of these foods are commonly consumed by weaning infants and children. For the first time, this thesis estimated the acrylamide exposure of Saudi infants by determining the acrylamide content in foods commonly consumed by Saudi infants using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and estimating exposure using deterministic approach. Additionally, the thesis estimated the exposure to acrylamide of the UK infants, children and whole population by using published acrylamide composition and dietary information from the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys of 1992-3 (SN3481) and 2011-12 (SN6533) using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Acrylamide levels were analysed in 16 foods commonly consumed by Saudi infants using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however, the resolution of the acrylamide peak was not sufficient to allow quantification. LC-MS was consequently used. The food samples were extracted with water after adding 2 µg/mL of internal standard C13 acrylamide. The extract was cleaned-up with solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. The LC-MC was set in positive mode at m/z 72 and 75 for acrylamide and acrylamide C13 respectively. Acrylamide levels in most foods were found to be lower than the limit of detection (LOD) (17.2 µg/kg). Saudi infants had a median exposure of 0.22 µg/kg-bw/day. The exposure in British infants, children and whole population were ranged between 0.43 to 1.07 µg/kg-bw/day. Most groups –except Saudi infants- have an upper percentile that exceeds the tolerable daily intake (TDI) cancer value (2.6 µg/kg-bw/day). Overall, results show Saudi infants are at low risk of acrylamide-related disease, but 25% of UK infants, children and whole population may be at risk and should reduce consumption of acrylamide containing foods.

Lately, medical data and services interchanges throughout the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) have become not only possible but essential. Nowadays, interactions involving doctor's tablets, patients' insulin pumps, Heart monitors, etc., are becoming everyday occurrences. In such a scenario, traditional assumptions for establishing and enforcing access control regulations no longer hold. The entities need to authenticate and trust each other to exchange sensitive medical information. Interactions are further complicated because the interacting entities usually belong to different security domains or don't have preexistent relationships. To address such issues; Trust Management can be used. Trust management is essentially the study of access control policies, digital credentials, and building trust relationships for a widely distributed environment where authorization cannot be based on identity authentication. The term trust management was first coined by Blaze, Feigenbaum, and Laze (M. Blaze, 1996) IoMT deals with a patient-data-rich segment, making security and privacy a severe concern to patients. Therefore, access control is a significant issue to ensure trust in the IoMT. However, deploying existing authentication and authorization solutions to the IoMT is not straightforward because of highly dynamic and possibly unprotected environments and resource limitations.This dissertation proposes Soter, a negotiation-based access control system for constrained devices in the IoMT environment. This dissertation aims to provide new approaches toautomatic, secure, and efficient trust establishment among multiple parties in a constrained environment ofthe IoMT. The implementation of an access control system can be divided into three design layers:• Access Control Policy language,• Access Control Model, and• Access Control Mechanisms.So, in this dissertation, we used these abstraction layers, and we designed Soter, a HIPPA-based access control system for the constraints of IoMT environments.