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Simplistically, words are the mental bundling of a form and a referent. However, words also dynamically interact with one another in the cognitive system, and have other so-called 'lexical properties'. For example, the word 'dog' will cue recognition of 'dock' by shared phonology, and 'cat', by shared semantics. Researchers have suggested that such lexical engagement between words emerges slowly, and with sleep. However, newer research suggests that this is not the case. Herein, seven experiments investigate this claim. Fast mapping (FM), a developmental word learning procedure, has been reported to promote lexical engagement before sleep in adults. Experiment 1 altered the task parameters and failed to replicate this finding. Experiment 2 attempted a methodological replication - again, no effect was found. It is concluded that the effect reported is not easily replicable. Other findings of pre-sleep lexical engagement were then considered using a novel methodology - computer mouse tracking. Experiments 3 and 4 developed optimal mouse tracking procedures and protocols for studying lexical engagement. Experiment 5 then applied this methodology to novel word learning, and found clear evidence of immediate lexical engagement. Experiment 6 provided evidence that participants were binding the word form to the referent in these pre-sleep lexical representations. Experiment 7 sought to strengthen this finding, but has been postponed due to the CoViD-19 pandemic. The results are discussed in the context of the distributed cohort model of speech perception, a complementary learning systems account of word learning, and differing abstractionist and episodic accounts of the lexicon. It is concluded that the results may be most clearly explained by an episodic lexicon, although there is a need to develop hybrid models, factoring in consolidation and abstraction for the efficient storage of representations in the long term.

The problem of this project study was that middle school teachers in a public school district in southwestern United States did not understand the principals' expectations for implementing the team model and its effect on their relationship with administrators the team model regarding the relationship between administrators and teachers. The purpose of this basic qualitative project study was to investigate the perceptions of school principals and middle school teachers regarding the team model and the principals' expectations for classroom instruction. The conceptual framework for this project was the team model of transformational leadership. The research site was a public school district located in the southwestern United States. Purposeful sampling was used to select 10 teachers and 3 administrators. Data collected using semi-structured, Zoom interviews were thematically analyzed, resulting in the following emergent themes: (a) contrasting teacher and administrator perceptions; (b) importance of roles: trust, communication, and understanding for the proper implementation of the team model; (c) lack of communication, empathy, and unity as hindrances to the implementation of the team model; and (d) administrative and staff support and improved disciplinary procedures as benefits of the team model. Teachers and principals indicated that the team model is an effective tool for implementing the processes and disciplinary procedures needed at a campus. The key recommendation was a 3-day professional development (PD) seminar developed for principals and teachers to learn how to improve their relations. The findings of this project study may lead to positive social change by supporting improved relationships between administrators and teachers, increasing teacher self-efficacy, and establishing more effective classroom instruction. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Pollination is an ecosystem service critical to both crop production and the functioning of many ecosystems. Hoverflies (Syrphidae) are a key group of non-hymenopteran pollinators. Using a combination of field and molecular techniques, this thesis explored hoverfly communities in grasslands, investigating how they are structured, and their possible role in pollination. In addition, it also created a library of hoverfly DNA barcodes that has applications for monitoring. Hoverfly abundance and species richness was not related to grassland plant community, but was influenced by flower abundance. Distinctive hoverfly communities were also associated with agriculturally unimproved grassland communities. Focussing on species-rich marshy grasslands, a four year study showed that hoverfly abundance and species richness was influenced by weather conditions. Hoverfly abundance was at a maximum at a daily mean temperature of 15°C and at moderate rainfall, declining with both high and low temperature and rainfall. Species-richness declined with increasing daily temperature. Sequences of the standard animal barcode COI were obtained from 82 hoverfly species caught in Britain. This was added to world-wide publicly available sequences for British species to create a library of over 70% of the British hoverfly fauna. These barcodes were effective at distinguishing hoverfly species, although discrimination was poor in a small number of genera. By DNA metabarcoding pollen derived from hoverflies, the structure of hoverfly pollen transport networks in marshy grasslands was investigated. In Eristalis species, networks were generalised at the whole network and species level, but showed some specialisation by individual hoverflies. Networks of 11 hoverfly species showed that although pollen carried by hoverflies came from a few common plant taxa, different hoverfly species carried distinctive pollen loads derived from at least 40% of the entomophilous plants present. Collectively, these results increase our understanding of hoverfly community function, and their role in grassland ecosystems.

This work will reflect the clinical practice and experience of the current author. The work is structured around this and a further three sections: empirical research into pain related disability and pain self efficacy; professional practice describing my role on the Active Back Programme and a critical review of the literature on Goal Attainment Scaling. I am a chartered health psychologist working in a specialist National Health Service orthopaedic hospital. This work will draw on my experience over the past seven years. My duties include delivering individual and group cognitive behavioural therapy sessions, service evaluation and development. I provide clinical leadership and expertise within chronic pain rehabilitation for two in-patient programmes. This work will draw on both programmes: the empirical research will use data from the Pain Management Programme, and the professional practice will describe how I developed and deliver my contribution on the Active Back programme. Goal Attainment Scaling is used as an outcome and evaluation tool on the Pain Management Programme. Section D is a critical review of the Goal Attainments caling literature.

The use of arrays of seismometers for seismic refraction measurements of crustal structure using explosions is reviewed, and the general factors to be considered in the design of equipment for the acquisition and processing of such data are discussed. The design and construction of a particular system using digital magnetic tape recording are described in detail. The three main modes of operation are the recording of ten channels of seismic information in the field, the replay in the laboratory of these ten channels to a multi-channel galvanometer oscillograph, and the transfer of the digital information to punched paper tape for input to a general purpose digital computer. The programmes that have been developed for handling this data on an Elliott 803 computer are described. The system was used during a crustal experiment using depth charges in September, 1%$. The performance during this test is evaluated. II - Stress systems in an inhomogeneous crust. The plane strain stress in an elastic half-space in which there are discrete variations in density over rectangular areas of the cross section is calculated by the double integration of .the result for a point force acting within an homogeneous elastic half-space. The resulting stress system is shown to be a valid solution of the equations of elasticity, and analytical results are derived for several special cases. The application of the theory of elasticity to crustal processes is reviewed, and numerical results are used to discuss the stress systems associated with isostatic compensation and with a crust of varying density.

This dissertation provides an overview of what gauge-gravity duality, often called holography, has taught us about quantum condensed matter physics, with particular emphasis on the problem of thermoelectric transport. A comprehensive theory of transport in weakly disordered metals is subsequently developed using a variety of techniques, all of which precisely agree. The theory in its present form may be applied directly to realistic models of transport in strongly interacting strange metallic phases, and also serves as a point of direct contact between gauge-gravity duality and more traditional theories of condensed matter physics. Next, novel techniques are developed to demonstrate the absence of disorder-driven metal-insulator transitions in holographic metals in two spatial dimensions. Finally, experimental evidence is presented for hydrodynamic transport in charge neutral graphene, and new theories are developed to understanding the resulting data., Physics

Neutrinos have shaped cosmic history in important ways. In early epochs, they left their mark on the expansion of the universe and the genesis of primordial nuclei. In more recent eras, their signature has been repeatedly etched into the explosive dynamics of massive stars and the chemical enrichment of the cosmos. In the guise of sterile neutrinos, they may even constitute the dark matter. None of these roles is, as of yet, fully understood. Aside from the observational challenges, there are significant theoretical ones. Neutrinos are known to come in at least three different flavors, each of which interacts differently with other particles. They are also known to oscillate: due to quantum mechanics, a neutrino's flavor changes in the course of its propagation. The phenomenology that emerges in dense neutrino systems as a result of flavor oscillations is a frontier topic of precision cosmology and high-energy astrophysics. It is the focal point of this dissertation. The central theme is nonlinearity. When a system is dense in neutrinos, kinetic behaviors can arise that differ dramatically from those in systems dense only in "ordinary" matter like electrons and nucleons. The key piece of microphysics in this regard is the forward scattering of neutrinos on one another, which causes the flavor evolution of any given neutrino to depend on the flavor states of all neutrinos that it crosses paths with. The chapters here explore some of the macroscopic consequences of this subtle quantum phenomenon, with applications to the lepton-asymmetric early universe, core-collapse supernovae, and sterile neutrino dark matter.

Use of the small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) for commercial applications is growing. Once approval is granted to conduct flights Beyond Visual Line Of Sight (BVLOS), utilization of the sUAS will accelerate. Hazards associated with sUAS flight, including weather hazards, must be understood when flying BVLOS. One of the leading weather hazards is wind. In this study, nested Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations with horizontal grid spacings of 12 km, 4 km, 1.33 km, and 0.444 km were conducted to evaluate the impact changing resolution has on wind fields and, thus, on the forecasting of sUAS wind hazards. The simulated area lies within Central New York (CNY); the surrounding topographic features commonly generate small-scale wind patterns, creating excellent opportunities to explore the dependence of winds on model resolution. Results suggest the importance in increasing model resolution to increase sUAS safety, where a 1.33 km resolution well-identifies hazardous winds. The 0.444 km resolution resolved more detailed atmospheric features at the cost of an increase in computational power. An ensemble model approach along with human interpretation is hypothesized to best facilitate a sUAS-centric forecast.

The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between soil erosion and sedimentation within Wills Creek, Senecaville Lake, and Salt Fork watersheds of Ohio. Both Senecaville Lake and Salt Fork Lake watersheds are entirely located within the watershed of Wills Creek Lake. Experimental results using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and a sediment delivery equation in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems are compared to sedimentation reports prepared by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Results of this comparison show that the type of land cover has the highest impact on the amount of soil erosion, specifically the lands associated with cultivated crops. Furthermore, the sediment yield of a watershed is not accurately calculated based on average annual sedimentation and present RUSLE erosion potential.

The Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway is one of the critical developmental pathways for control of cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell growth. The DEP domain, located on the C-terminus of Dishevelled (Dvl), plays a role in cytoplasm-membrane association, which branches the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway within the cell. It has been suggested that the DEP domain requires the recruitment of ionic lipids, such as phosphatidic acid, to regulate its localization to the plasma membrane and association to the frizzle receptor. However, the physical mechanism for DEP association to the plasma membrane is still unknown. We show that mDvl2-DEP interacts with phosphatidic acid at a distinct patch on the surface formed by a positively charged surface area by NMR spectroscopy. The binding of this interaction was also found at physiologically relevant concentration using fluorescence spectroscopy. We also determined that the interaction is pH-dependent and regulated through a 'histidine switch' mechanism at His464 and His465 where there is increased association of mDvl2-DEP to the plasma membrane at higher pH values (7.5). This association is based on tertiary structure conformational changes with rearrangement of the loop regions by a change in local pH, not its interaction with phosphatidic acid. Overall, our work will contribute to elucidate how cells regulate their developmental pathways through localized molecular interactions.

This work will reflect the clinical practice and experience of the current author. The work is structured around this and a further three sections: empirical research into pain related disability and pain self efficacy; professional practice describing my role on the Active Back Programme and a critical review of the literature on Goal Attainment Scaling. I am a chartered health psychologist working in a specialist National Health Service orthopaedic hospital. This work will draw on my experience over the past seven years. My duties include delivering individual and group cognitive behavioural therapy sessions, service evaluation and development. I provide clinical leadership and expertise within chronic pain rehabilitation for two in-patient programmes. This work will draw on both programmes: the empirical research will use data from the Pain Management Programme, and the professional practice will describe how I developed and deliver my contribution on the Active Back programme. Goal Attainment Scaling is used as an outcome and evaluation tool on the Pain Management Programme. Section D is a critical review of the Goal Attainments caling literature.

Evidence gathered three decades ago showed persistently elevated total and new primary production over the continental shelf of the Southern California Bight. This dissertation examines the mechanisms that drive the flux of nitrate necessary to support the phytoplankton productivity over the shelf. Using results gathered from an intensive field experiment, I show that strong, persistent cross-shelf gradients in phytoplankton standing stock, primary productivity and community composition result from nitrate flux due to internal waves of tidal and higher frequency. I report the first estimates of the horizontal flux of nitrate due to the internal tide, and demonstrate that it is quantitatively similar to the nitrate demand of the inner shelf phytoplankton population. The local winds, contrary to expectations based on previous research, support a biologically- relevant tilt of the nitracline. Variability in the magnitude of the cross-shore shoaling of the nitracline in turn impacts the magnitude of the internal tide mediated nitrate flux. Remotely-forced large scale variability in the offshore depth of the nitracline controls the continental shelf ǹitrate climate.' During episodes of anomalously warm ocean temperatures, a correspondingly deep nitracline can shut off nitrate supply to the continental shelf, resulting in low phytoplankton biomass. During more typical conditions, the phytoplankton community over the inner shelf is dominated by taxa capable of rapid nitrate assimilation, while offshore waters have a proportionally greater amount of oligotrophic species. The results of this dissertation indicate that relatively small changes in the offshore depth of the nitracline could account for the long-term increase primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass noted by recent studies, even in the absence of increased local wind-forced upwelling. Finally, I examine the baroclinic semidiurnal variability in currents and water column structure in the shallow water of the inner shelf. The results of this analysis demonstrate that the behavior of the semidiurnal variability is not consistent with a propagating or standing low mode internal wave. Analyses of linearized momentum balances suggest that the semidiurnal variability may result from the interaction of barotropic tidal flow, friction in the bottom boundary layer, and rotation