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This study is of a comparison of two instructional methods used in elementary band settings. This study examined the effect of tonal patterned instruction with vocalization techniques.The musical concepts under examination include articulation and phrasing. In addition, an effort was made to determine the extent to which vocalization practices are used in West Virginia, and the methods which may or may not be employed. The study compared the performance levels of fifth-grade students after they had engaged in vocalized tonal patterned instruction to performance levels after traditional note-to-note instruction. The musical concepts under examination include articulation and phrasing. Results from the study support the use of vocalization in an instrumental setting. Analysis of data show significant correlation of vocalization practices employed in this study to achievement levels in articulation and phrasing. Results suggest the use of vocalization with tonal patterned instruction over traditional methods. (Contains 43 references and 12 appendixes.) (EH)

This thesis considered the repercussions in higher education of the changes in the teaching and learning of mechanics in schools/colleges in England. Within the last decade there has been an abundance of reports detailing concerns about the insufficient mathematical ability of students entenng numerate degree programmes. In 2003, at an Engineering Professors Council meeting, Prof: Mike Savage indicated concern not only about students' knowledge of mathematics upon arrival, but also of mechanics. Thus, this thesis considered if there was now also a mechamcs problem. In this thesis, following a review of pre-university mathematics qualifications, three primary areas were considered: the schools' perspective; students' knowledge of mechanics upon arrival at university; and engineering academics' perspective. In addition, linear multiple regression models were created to predict students' first year performance. In both 2004 and 2006 questionnaires were sent to 497 schools to determine the availability and uptake of specific modules in Mathematics A-levels. Changes detected in these undoubtedly have repercussions for higher education educators lecturing first year students. Questionnaires, interviews and a mechanics diagnostic test were given to engineering students to establish the level to which they had studied mechanics prior to entry to university and to determine what knowledge of mechanics they had. Nearly a third of (1087) questionnaire replies gave indication that little or no mechanics had been studied, which has repercussions for those teaching a first year university module in mechanics. Questionnaires and interviews were also used to gain engineering academics' perspective and one of the major issues was found to be a misalignment between expectation and reality. Finally, linear multiple regression models, created to predict students' first year performance, highlighted variables such as a student's mathematics diagnostic test result and whether they made use of the mathematics learning support centre as being important.

An extensive experimental study has shown that the external bonding of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates or Carbon Fibre Sheets (CFS) to the tension face of concrete beams is an effective strengthening method to increase the flexural load capacity and the stiffness. The strengthening mechanism relies on composite action between the concrete and the laminate. If composite action is not fully achieved, the strengthening effect will not be realized. Test resulted have indicated that the local failure of the concrete layer between the bonded and longitudinal reinforcement in retrofitted beams is predominant. In this study, two modes of debonding were observed: (1) laminate end debonding due to a thick or stiff CFS laminate, and (2) flexural cracks initiated in the vicinity of the loading point which would induce debonding away from the laminate end. Also, the ductility factor of the strengthened beam has, in general, been reduced. The strengthening effect was found to increase proportionally with the number of CFS; however, the peeling-off (debonding) mechanism of the CFS limits the composite laminate thickness, beyond which failure occurs without achieving the maximum laminate strain. Premature failure due to debonding always occurs before the full composite action of the bonded laminate to the strengthened beam is reached. The ultimate tensile strength or strain of the laminate may not be fully utilized due to the debonding failure; however, through proper design of the strengthening system, an effective (maximum) laminate strain of the bonded CFS can be achieved. This effective laminate strain can be used for the prediction of the flexural behaviour of the strengthened beam. A design-oriented expression for determining an effective laminate strain has been developed. This expression accounts not only for the laminate length and the laminate width but also for the stiffness of the laminate, as well as the stiffness of the member of which the laminate is bonded. In summary, a method has been developed for determining the point at which bonded CFS delaminates from the concrete beam. This method provides a very useful tool for engineers to assess and design a strengthening system for concrete beam rehabilitation in industry.

Isaiah 40-55 offer a fertile ground for the study of the interaction between the two biblical motifs of creation and redemption. Whereas von Rad's thesis of creation being subordinated to salvation is no longer acceptable, the two are still taken to be one and the same act of YHWH (Rendtorff/Hermisson), with salvation understood as a new creation overcoming YHWH's judgement (Harner/Haag), and proclaimed as a transforming wonder in a universal context (Stuhlmueller). Our re-examination of 27 pericopae from four basic genres in Isaiah 40-55 shows that the predominant theme is YHWH's sovereignty. The disputations depict YHWH as both creator of the cosmos and lord of history in contrast to the idols dependent on human workmanship. A second group of disputations, which includes the so-called trial speeches against Israel, stresses YHWH's faithfulness despite Israel's sinfulness. The exile does not signify YHWH's defeat; it is the judgement of the same sovereign God. The trial speeches argue for YHWH's incomparability on the ground of his control over past and present events as witnessed by Israel. By contrast the idols are impotent and unable to help. The salvation oracles portray YHWH as the creator of both his own people and the enemies. The connotation of power instead of novelty or intimacy in the creation language is substantiated by our survey of the use of hskip 0.8cm (br') in the Nebrew Bible. Similarly, the description of YHWH as redeemer not only points to divine forgiveness, but also involves the demonstration of YHWH's power in Babylon's downfall and Zion's restoration. Theophanic imagery of the transformation of nature is used in the salvation promises to illustrate YHWH's supreme sovereignty, and his 'hidden' act through Cyrus' victory is finally acknowledged by the nations. The macro-palistrophic structure of these 16 chapters confirms that the crisis of faith during the exile lies in the challenge of the pagan imperial powers to YHWH's sovereignty.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of enrollment management at two public universities. The theoretical framework was conceptual and centered on the effectiveness of the implementation process as a pivotal factor in the development of a comprehensive enrollment management operation. This multi-site case study included 14 participants from Valley University and 17 participants from Mountain University. Using a mixed-methods approach, the researcher administered a 33 question survey and conducted individual interviews with all participants. Survey data was analyzed using an independent sample t-test to determine the difference in mean scores between participants at both universities. A comparison of the perception of the implementation of enrollment management at each university was evaluated in this analysis. Interview data were evaluated using cross-case and trend analysis in order to assess reasons for success or failure in the implementation of enrollment management at each institution. The implementation of enrollment management was found to be more successful at Mountain University because the support and understanding of the senior administration--most notably the president---was more resolute. By more effectively supporting enrollment management with human and budgetary resources, Mountain University developed a more successful enrollment management plan, conducted more effective retention programs, and witnessed more developed communication and collaboration practices related to enrollment management. Consequently, Mountain University was more successful in achieving a comprehensive enrollment management operation than Valley University. As a result of more effective implementation, the Mountain University campus community proved to be more supportive and respectful of enrollment management. At both universities, communication and collaboration between administrative units was found to be more effective than between administrative units and faculty. Barriers to communication and collaboration between administrative units and faculty were identified in the study. Further research on best practices in the implementation of enrollment management at public universities and on the correlation between resources and successful enrollment management is recommended. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Abstract: The Orthopoxviruses remain important re-emerging pathogens, yet there are only two monotherapy antiviral drugs for treating infections. One of the two approved drugs is brincidofovir, which is a prodrug of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate cidofovir (CDV). CDV inhibits the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase E9, and substitutions in the polymerase confer resistance to the drug. The molecular mechanisms explaining how rare, CDV-resistant (CDVR) mutants emerge in a population are poorly understood. It is unclear how a rare mutant would ever gain a foothold in a predominantly wildtype population. We were particularly interested in understanding how coinfection between CDVR and CDV-sensitive (CDVS) viruses would impact the selection for this rare trait. To this end, we assembled recombinant CDVR or CDVS vaccinia viruses expressing EGFP or mKate2 fluorescent proteins fused to the λ bacteriophage cro DNA binding peptide. The cro-EGFP and cro-mKate2 proteins were useful markers to distinguish virus plaques in cell cultures and fluorescent labels for tracking the expansion of virus factories, cytoplasmic sites of replication for poxviruses. Surprisingly, we showed that in coinfection experiments with CDV treatment, CDVR viruses appeared to lose their selective advantage over CDVS viruses. When the viruses replicated in separate cells, there was a strong selection for the CDVR viruses, which showed that the presence of CDVS viruses somehow interfered with the selection for CDVR viruses during coinfection. This prompted us to look at the subcellular behavior of the two viruses using fluorescence microscopy. In single infections with CDV treatment, the CDVR virus displayed a significantly higher virus factory growth rate than the CDVS virus. However, when the two viruses were present in the same cell, there was no difference in the growth of the CDVR and CDVS viruses despite the presence of CDV. Additionally, increasing the number of CDVS viruses in the cell significantly slowed factory growth across both CDVR and CDVS viruses. Thus, in a coinfected cell, the CDVS virus parasitized the growth advantage of the CDVR virus. This allowed the CDVS virus to survive the strong selective pressure from CDV treatment. However, when the two viruses replicated in isolated cells, the CDVS virus could not gain this advantage. Thus, the purifying selection from CDV treatment can only act when viruses remain in separate cells and cannot interact. These data suggest that mechanisms that maintain single infections could play an important role in maintaining fitness in a population of poxviruses.

The principal objectives served by the research were the development of productivity measurement systems at firm level to evaluate the comparative productivities of products or product groups and individual manufacturing plants operating batch production.

The Faddeev equations for three particles is given a new basis of representation according to the group SU(3). We obtain three new results. Firstly, the Faddeev equations take the form of a coupled set of one-variable integral equations which can be reduced to a finite set using Smith's criterion of simultaneous togetherness for a three-particle system. Secondly, by using the iterated Faddeev equations for particles interacting with a Yukawa potential, we can ensure that the SU(3) kernel is L2 or 'Hilbert-Schmidt' with only a point spectrum of boundstate-poles. Thirdly, a new approach to include spin and isospin is undertaken. With the help of Omnes's symmetric angular momentum reduction, we show how the SU(3) kernels can be evaluated in practice. The case of the three nucleons in the boundstate of the triton is treated in detail.

Live-cell imaging elucidates subcellular dynamics, and single-molecule imaging extends the capabilities of fluorescence microscopy to the scale of tens of nanometers. To understand the physics of cellular processes on the molecular scale, accurate and precise localization of single molecules is important. The molecule localization precision is related to the brightness of the fluorescence emission, which is sensitive to the local environment. Plasmonic nanoparticles, which act as optical antennas, can enhance the brightness of nearby fluorophores for improved live-cell super-resolution imaging. Additionally, single-molecule fluorescence imaging makes it possible to study light-matter interactions, such as plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, on the nanometer scale. The enhancement of fluorophores is through both a redistribution in the excitation field and a change in the radiative and nonradiative pathways. In this Thesis, I investigate the effect of the properties of gold nanoparticle arrays, such as particle size, shape and array pitch, on the enhancement factors for plasmon-enhanced live-cell super-resolution imaging, I study the spectral effects of single dyes coupled to individual plasmonic nanoparticles, and I work toward developing an all-fluorescence method for nanothermometry. Chapter I details the background of single-molecule super-resolution fluorescence imaging, plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, and nano-fabrication of plasmonic substrates for fluorescence imaging. To investigate the live-cell enhancement factors, in Chapter II, I use photoactivation localization microscopy to measure the intensities of single fluorescent proteins in live cells that are imaged on nanosphere lithographed gold nanotriangle arrays of different sizes and pitches. The results of this work demonstrate how fluorescence enhancement depends on the array characteristics and indicate the ability of plasmonic nanoparticle arrays to increase the brightness of a fluorescent protein in living bacteria. The use of plasmonic substrates for enhanced live-cell imaging is generally accessible for membrane-associated targets, and nanosphere lithography is a cheap and easy method for making the plasmonic substrates. Although we were able to enhance the fluorescence in living cells, we propose to improve the enhancement beyond two-fold by examining a wider range of nanoparticle sizes, nanoparticle shapes, array order, and array pitch. In Chapter II, I present the use of electron-beam lithography to fabricate a wide range of nanoparticle arrays and I measure their optical responses. I use dark-field scattering spectroscopy to measure the resonance strength and spectrum of the nanoparticle arrays, building on conclusions from earlier in Chapter II. Electron-beam lithography allows for tighter control over the particles and arrays for more carefully tuned substrates for enhanced live-cell imaging. In addition to live-cell enhancement, single-molecule super-resolution imaging enables studies of light-matter interactions. Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence is a distance- and wavelength-dependent process, and super-resolution hyperspectral imaging allows us to study the heterogeneity of coupling. In Chapter III, I study the distance and spectral dependencies of enhanced fluorescence by combining super-resolution imaging with hyperspectral imaging for simultaneous super-localization and spectroscopy. These results demonstrate the power of single-molecule hyperspectral imaging to elucidate subtle changes in the emission spectrum upon plasmon-coupled fluorescence. In Chapter IV, I present relevant future directions for super-resolution imaging and studies of light-matter interaction such as: single-particle photoluminescence imaging to study the power and temperature dependence of gold nanoparticle photoluminescence, integrating plasmonics and microfluidics for active control of cellular environments with enhanced imaging, and hyperspectral polarization imaging for information dense imaging of many fluorophores in complex environments.

This thesis aims to improve existing design processes, increasing efficiency and reducing development costs through the use of numerical modelling techniques. This is achieved through leverage of existing modelling software, MATLAB and Zemax, and development of custom integrations, greatly enhancing their current capabilities. This thesis is comprised of three distinct research projects the first of which details the development of a tool that enables automated analysis and interrogation of optical modelling systems. This tool was used to make recommendations in the design stages for a laser product developed at Thales UK Ltd., the sponsor company for this thesis. The second major project concerned the modelling of a non-line-of-sight Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system, using ray-tracing techniques to simulate time-of-flight responses from obstructed scenes. These models were used to analyse and understand some of the underlying relationships that governed this novel technology, and the author of this thesis presented these results at the conference Advanced Optics for Defense Applications:UV through LWIR - Baltimore, United States in 2016 [1]. The final research chapter details the development of a temporal and spatially discrete, numerical model, for investigating the evolution of gain within an active medium, during the pumping period. Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) limits the energy available for useful gain and can severely impact the performance of highpower lasers, especially Q-switched systems. This model confrimed expectations around a novel rod geometry for suppression in high-power solid-state gain medium that could see benefits for Q-switched systems. These recommendations are the first steps to securing further investment to progress these designs into the physical domain and can be used to explore further, at significantly reduced costs. This project has produced a number of tools to benefit those developing solid-state laser systems.

In hybrid mesoscopic systems the Meissner response of a superconducting film can be very different from its bulk behaviour. For instance, in normal (N) superconductor (S) bilayers screening can be greatly enhanced depending on the relative material properties and interface conditions. Furthermore, with the addition of ferromagnetic (F) layers comes the possibility of generating a paramagnetic screening response due to spin triplet pairs. Such pairs are produced from the mixing of opposing microscopic orders within S (which conventionally hosts electron pairs of opposite spin and momenta) and F (inside which spin symmetry is broken). The net result is a conversion of a fraction of the pairs to an odd-frequency s-wave triplet state. Any resultant modifications to the screening manifest in the flux profile across a sample which is directly probed using low energy muon spin rotation (LEμSR). Results of LEμSR experiments involving layered systems comprised of N, S and F elements are presented within chapter 3. A discrepancy between the pre-existing quasiclassical theory and measured flux profiles in the presence of an F layer was observed. A large enhancement to the flux lowering which could not be interpreted within the traditional S/F proximity picture was found. New theoretical developments have since suggested that coupled to direct electronic proximity effects within these systems is an additional electromagnetic component. Chapter 4 presents the results of analysing LEμSR data using a spatial flux profile consistent with new theory. In doing so, the observed anomalous enhancement could be successfully reconciled with the electromagnetic proximity effect. Subsequent experimental work in chapters 4 - 6 sought to test the main predictions of the theory by manipulating S/F interfaces within a variety of different structures. In all tested cases the theory provided an excellent description of experiment suggesting the importance of considering electromagnetic effects within S/F hybrid systems.

The work presented in this thesis was broadly focussed on the investigation of the magnetic behaviour of different superconducting materials in the form of bulk (singe crystals and pellets) and thin films (nanomagnetic devices like superconducting spin valves etc). Neutrons and muons were extensively used to probe the structural and magnetic behaviour of these systems at the nanoscale along with bulk characterisation techniques like high-sensitive magnetic property measurements, scanning probe microscopy and magneto-transport measurements etc. The nanoscale interplay of Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism was studied in the thin film structures using a combination of Polarised Neutron Reflectivity (PNR) and Low Energy Muon Spin Rotation (LE-µSR) techniques while bulk Muon Spin Rotation (µSR) technique was used for microscopic magnetic investigation in the bulk materials. In the Fe/Pb heterostructure, evidence of the Proximity Effect was observed in the form of an enhancement of the superconducting penetration depth (λs) with an increase in the ferromagnetic layer thickness (dF) in both the bilayered and the trilayered structures. The existence of an Inverted Magnetic Region was also detected at the Ferromagnet-Superconductor (F/S) interface in the normal state possibly originating from the induced spin polarisation within the Pb layer in the presence of the neighbouring Fe layer(s). The spatial size (height and width) of the Inverted Magnetic Region did not change much while cooling the sample below the superconducting transition temperature(Tc)and it also stayed unaffected by an increase in the Fe layer thickness and by a change of the applied magnetic field. In the superconducting spin valve structure containing Permalloy (Py) as ferromagnetic layer and Nb as the superconducting layer, LE-µSR measurements revealed the evidence of the decay of magnetic flux density (as a function of thickness) within the Nb layer symmetrically from the Py/Nb interfaces towards the centre of the Nb layer in the normal state. The thickness dependent magnetisation decay occurred over two characteristic length scales in the normal state that stayed of similar values in the superconducting state also. In the superconducting state, an additional contribution towards the magnetisation was found in the vicinity of the Py/Nb interfaces possibly originating from the spin polarisation of the singlet Cooper pairs in these areas. The nanoscale magnetic investigation on a highly engineered F/S/F structure (where each of the F blocks made of multiple Co/Pd layers with magnetic moments aligned perpendicular to the plane of these layers and neighbouring magnetic blocks separated by Ru layers giving rise to antiferromagnetic alignment) using LE-µSR showed an antisymmetric thickness dependent magnetic flux density profile with two characteristic length scales. In the superconducting state, the magnetic flux density profile got modified within the superconducting Nb₆₇Ti₃₃ layer near the F/S interfaces in a way similar to that of observed in the case of Py/Nb system, most likely because of the spin polarisation of the superconducting electron pairs. The vortex magnetic phase diagram of Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O10-δ was studied using the Muon Spin Rotation (µSR) technique to explore the effects of vortex lattice melting and rearrangements for vortex transitions and crossover as a function of magnetic field and temperatures. At low magnetic fields, the flux vortices undergo a first order melting transition from a vortex lattice to a vortex liquid state with increasing temperature while another transition also occurred with increasing field at fixed temperature to a vortex glass phase at the lowest temperatures. Evidence of a frozen liquid phase was found in the intermediate field region at low temperature in the form of a lagoon in the superconducting vortex state which is in agreement with earlier observations made in BiSCCO-2212. The magnetic behaviour of the unconventional superconductor Sr₂RuO₄ was investigated using µSR to find the evidence of normal state magnetism and the nature of the vortex state. In the normal state, a weak hysteretic magnetic signal was detected over a wide temperature and field range believed to be supporting the evidence of a chiral order parameter. The nature of the vortex lattice structure was obtained in different parts of the magnetic phase diagram and the evidence of magnetic field driven transition in the lattice structure was detected from a Triangular→Square structure while the vortex lattice stayed Triangular over the entire temperature region below Tc at low fields with a disappearance of pinning at higher temperatures.

Magnetic recording media refers to the disc shaped thin film magnetic medium present inside the hard disk drive of a computer. Magnetic recording is an important function of the hard disk drive by which information such as text, pictures, audio and videos are stored. Information is broken down to a simple binary format and is stored as magnetised bits along the tracks of the disk forming the hard drive. Over the years advancements in research on the type of magnetic materials used has allowed increased data storage capacities by reducing magnetic bit sizes. It is with this advancement in magnetic data storage, that we have today's hard disk drive technology, which uses a perpendicular magnetic medium to store data. A perpendicular magnetic medium is a multi-layered magnetic thin film structure with the topmost layer comprising nanoscale magnetic grains of high perpendicular anisotropy. The topmost recording layer (RL) is mapped into individual bits of 80-100 nm² area that consist of 5-10 nm diameter CoCrPt grains, embedded in an oxide matrix. A bit area is defined to ensure a significant number of stable grains allowing data to be stored in each bit as a ‘0' or a ‘1' depending on its switched magnetic state. The magnetic grains if sputtered below a threshold grain size tend to suffer from thermal fluctuation and instability due to super-paramagnetic effects, hence bringing limitations to grain size. As a result of this, research in recent years has been directed at introducing a softer magnetic exchange coupled composite (ECC) layer above the recording layer. This layer facilitates the delicate balance of switching smaller grains with strong magneto-crystalline anisotropy at lower magnetic fields, by exchange coupling with the CoCrPt grains in the recording layer. However this technique of increasing the efficiency in the perpendicular magnetic medium by introducing ‘facilitating' layers is an area that is still being widely researched and understood. Although numerous surface and bulk analysis techniques exist to study magnetic and surface properties of these materials, there is limited information on the structural and magnetic properties of these materials at the nanoscale level. The reported work investigates the structural and magnetic properties of the magnetic grains and multi-layers in the perpendicular magnetic medium using polarised neutron scattering and reflectivity techniques. The work investigates the structural and magnetic properties of the CoCrPt grains, apart from understanding the CoCrPt magnetic grain switching. The work also investigates the magnetisation in the layers of the thin film perpendicular media structure using polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR). Using polarised small angle neutron scattering (PolSANS), it has been shown that ferromagnetic ordered core region of the CoCrPt grain in the recording layer is smaller than the physical CoCrPt granular structure. The magnetic switching behaviour of the CoCrPt grain at different magnetic fields is also analysed and the experimental PolSANS data is fitted with non-interacting size-dependent analytical grain switching models. This result provides significant evidence that the magnetic anisotropy increases with grain size, with larger magnetic grains having larger magnetic anisotropy. Polarised neutron scattering experiments are carried out with the magnetically softer exchange coupled composite (ECC) layer included in the thin film magnetic structure. The first experiments investigate if the ECC layer contributes to the nuclear and magnetic interference scattering term in the experimenting scattering data. The experiments clearly show that there is no contribution from the ECC layer in the nuclear and magnetic scattering interference term. The role of the ECC layer in the magnetic switching process is then investigated at different magnetic fields. The ECC layer was found to influence the size-dependent magnetic grain switching of the CoCrPt grains in the recording layer and a detailed investigation is presented in the reported work. Polarised neutron reflectivity (PNR) experiments have also been carried out with the ECC layer on the perpendicular magnetic media samples. These experiments investigate the composition and thickness of the thin film structure, while also providing information on the magnetic state of the thin films under the influence of an in-plane magnetic field. The in-plane magnetisation in the recording and ECC layer is determined at different in-plane magnetic fields. The magnetisation values determined for the ECC layer and the recording layer (RL) at different in-plane magnetic fields help better understand the differences in their magnetic properties.

The archetypal high temperature superconductor Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O[subscript[8+δ]] has been extensively investigated. However, until now, little has been known about the behaviour of the magnetic vortices inside the Vortex Glass and liquid state. µSR measurements have shown a negative skewness for the field probability distributions in these regimes. Such a negative skewness has only recently been explained as being a direct consequence of three-body correlations between vortices in a similar layered superconductor. With a new understanding and knowledge of the physics of these systems, it is instructive to re-visit the superconductor Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O[subscript[8+δ]] to explain the evolution of these three-body correlations occurring here. Comparing this with the ion-irradiated superconductors (of the same Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O[subscript[8+δ]] material), allows one to observe how three-body correlations between vortices evolve differently to that in the pristine material. Moreover, in the region of the macroscopic irreversibility line, entropically driven disorder exists below the matching field B[subscript[ϕ]] , whilst there is the appearance of relatively straight vortex lines at fields above B[subscript[ϕ]] . Such phenomena suggest a significant di fference in the evolution of three-body correlations compared with the unirradiated material. There has been much work conducted on the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in materials of reduced dimensions. Work presented here on the ferromagnet/superconductor trilayer system (Permalloy/Nb/Permalloy) has shown a novel magnetic profile at the interface between the ferromagnetic and superconducting boundary, where, contrary to what is expected, the magnetism appears to be significantly suppressed at the interface before increasing towards the centre of the Nb layer.