Search

For those competing in academy football, absence from training and match play due to injury can hinder the development of important football skills (i.e., tactical technical, physical and psychological) that are required to be successful at senior level. Evidence from senior cohorts has suggested that significant relationships exist between strength, injury and performance, yet information relating to academy footballers remains sparse. Therefore, an improved understanding of the associations of lower limb strength, injury, and performance specific to academy footballers, could help improve injury reduction, athletic enhancement and ultimately aid player development. The aim of study 1 (chapter 2) of this thesis was to systematically review studies investigating injury prevalence, incidence and severity in high-level male youth football. Electronic databases Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were systematically searched to identify eligible studies. The novel findings from this study were that youth footballers had a high probability of sustaining a time loss injury over a typical youth season and that a large portion of training and competition time was lost to injury. In chapter 4, study 2 explored novel field-based strength assessments and their relationships with both sprint and change of direction (COD) performance in male academy footballers. The unique findings from this study were that all scaled strength assessments were associated collectively with 'running ability' and independently with linear sprint and COD ability. Study 3 aimed to investigate the impact of non-contact lower limb injury on scaled hip, groin and knee flexor strength development in male academy youth footballers. The novel observations of study 3 were that injury only had a trivial impact on strength development and stronger footballers at pre-season experienced strength loses while those weaker players gained strength across the season. The final study (4) investigated the association of preseason lower limb scaled strength measures and subsequent non-contact lower limb injury in male academy footballers. The unique finding from study 4 was that stronger preseason scaled isometric hip adduction strength was associated with future non-contact injury. Overall the data from these studies characterised injury pertaining male to academy footballers and provided novel evidence for the efficacy of use for multiple strength devices to monitor and screen academy footballers to help guide tailored interventions.

Introduction One option for repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms with inadequate length of infrarenal neck is fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair. Significant complications may be caused by stent-graft migration and component distraction which are both resisted by fixation force and provoked by haemodynamic distraction force. The hypotheses tested in this thesis are that larger angulation of vessels is associated with greater distraction force and that greater distraction force is associated with higher incidence of migration and component distraction. Method Interobserver variation of a new method of angle measurement was compared with the standard method currently in use in our unit. Computer models of complete fenestrated stent-grafts and their individual components (proximal body, distal body and limb extensions) were then constructed based on the postoperative computed tomography scans of 54 patients. Computational Fluid Dynamic analysis in steady state was used to quantify the distraction force acting on each device. Blood pressure was kept constant at 160mmHg and the impact of morphological features upon distraction force was assessed. To test the second hypothesis, patient-specific blood pressures were used to obtain in situ distraction forces that were then related to the incidence of migration and component distraction. Results There were no significant differences between the old and new methods of angle measurement (p=.723, WSR). Inlet cross-sectional area (XSA) exhibited a strong, positive correlation with total RDF in complete stent-grafts, proximal body and distal body components. Outlet angulation ≥45° was significantly associated with greater total RDF in complete stent-grafts and limb extension components (Median total RDF in complete stent-grafts with angle < 45° = 2.6N vs 6.2N in those ≥45°, p < .001. Limb extensions: 1.4N vs 2.1N, p = .004, MWU). There was no significant difference between total RDF acting on the proximal or distal bodies that underwent migration or component distraction versus those that did not. Limb extensions that were observed to migrate were exposed to significantly greater total RDF compared to those that did not migrate (Median total RDF 2.9N, range 2.7-6.3N versus 1.6N, range 0.4-3.8N, p = .003, MWU). Conclusions For a given blood pressure XSA was the most important morphological determinant of total RDF. Outlet angulation of complete stent-grafts and limb extensions was associated with significantly greater total RDF. In limb extensions, greater distraction force was significantly associated with migration. The results suggest caution when planning distal seal in ectatic iliac vessels.

Background: Despite considerable political, social and empirical interest in drug treatment programmes the factors that assist heroin withdrawal remain elusive. Legal coercion is frequently used to provide leverage for drug users to enter treatment, however what programmes are most effective for heroin users and in what circumstances remains unclear. Aim: To explore dimensions of coercion from the perspective of participants on heroin withdrawal programmes across a range of treatment contexts. Method: A mixed methodology approach was adopted using semi structured qualitative interviews and psychometric measures of preparedness for treatment (e.g. SOCRATES) with heroin addicts in treatment in criminal justice and non-criminal justice settings (prison, inpatient, probation and outpatient programmes in the north west of England). An opportunistic sampling approach was used and 72 participants were recruited for data collection at treatment entry, with six month follow up data being obtained from 48 participants. Qualitative data utilised thematic analysis, whilst appropriate parametric and nonparametric procedures were employed with the quantitative data. Research ethics approval was obtained from the relevant university and NHS committees. Results: The probation treatment group did not recruit any participants. For the remaining groups the influence of formal and informal coercion was examined on treatment retention and completion rates. The smallest benefits for treatment effectiveness were found in the outpatient treatment group who were the least formally coerced. Confidence and self-efficacy scales demonstrated relationships to greater treatment effectiveness. The study suggests that informal coercion perceived by participants from their family with self-motivation may have more influence than formal criminal justice system coercion. Discussion and Conclusion The risk of attrition from all the groups presents challenges to researchers and treatment teams. The psychometric measures including treatment confidence and self-efficacy could be used by clinical staff to monitor for early signs of treatment attrition when those scores reduce during treatment The qualitative data suggested that self-motivation for change and family generated pressures seemed to underpin more positive changes in drug habits, suggesting that drug treatment programmes should consider family pressures/influences and individual construal’s of coercion, that are perhaps as important in terms of treatment retention as criminal justice sanctioned approaches. What is known? Legal coercion is widely used to pressure individual drug users into treatment that would not have otherwise commenced treatment at that stage (Perron and Bright, 2008). Legal coercion involves court imposed sanctions that are enforceable by further punishments. Legal coercion can involve probation drug outpatient treatment orders or prison treatment, but both require consent for that treatment from the participant (Hough et al, 2003; Miller and Flaherty, 2000). Outpatient treatment for heroin treatment was established to reduce viral transmission to high risk drug users and the mainstay of treatment was the heroin substitute methadone. On one hand coercion to enter treatment is important politically to reduce crime figures and enforce treatment on drug related offenders who would not have otherwise chosen to do so (Anglin et al, 1988). On the other hand, coercive approaches are not very well understood with poor completion and retention rates (Klag et al, 2005). Treatment for heroin addiction may require a range of approaches and treatment settings, but this is not assisted by the confusion within the literature regarding the effectiveness of coercion. Some advocate that the desire to enter treatment must originate from the individual (Polcin, 2006). However, others suggest that coercion can help those who may not have done so, to access heroin treatment resources (Anglin, 1989). What this study adds Essentially legal coercion is only one form of pressure that operates on individuals to enter drug treatment programmes and other constructs must be considered to select the right person for the right programme. Individual participants felt supported at the same time as being pressured, and construed that pressure as constructive. Social coercion operated across the groups irrespective of treatment being court sanctioned or not, and voluntary outpatients, for example, may be considered coerced from their family members. This study suggests that treatment confidence, attributional correlates, family involvement and self-efficacy, all operate at an individual level and improve treatment effectiveness when present coerced or otherwise. The inpatient and prison groups had improved outcomes for heroin treatment effectiveness, but the outpatient group in terms of heroin reduction or abstinence did not. The prison and inpatient treatment groups do benefit from treatment, but that prison incarceration must be opportunistic and not a mainstay of heroin addiction treatment. Investigating the group differences between the outpatient and inpatient group provides an opportunity to explore group differences. Irrespective of which contexts participants are treated, attrition rates are typically high and the mechanisms that lead to attrition in this study would have benefitted from data on those who left the study, to compare against those remaining (Jacobson, 2004). Structure of study: Chapter one begins by setting out the background aims and objectives, and describes how the study has assembled the evidence gathered. The chapter also explores drug treatment contexts and modalities. Chapter two provides the literature and explores the nature and extent of coercive drug treatments across the study treatment settings. Literature from significant mental illness coercion studies is considered. Chapter three considers the study mixed method approach to investigate the phenomenon to highlight the challenges investigating coercion and the influence of coercion upon individual drug users. A range of data measures administered and findings commence in chapter four; that include demographics, substance use history, criminal behaviour and treatment differences between participants across three treatment contexts. Chapter five reports participant qualitative data and results. Chapter six considers the range of factors at treatment entry that contextualises participants in programme treatment settings. Chapters seven and eight provide the remaining quantitative results that report on outcomes between treatment entry interviews and follow up. Discussion of findings from the study are set out in chapter nine. Chapter Ten examines study methodological considerations and limitations. Chapter eleven concludes with original contributions to knowledge, implications for practice and policy and recommendations for further research.

This work in this thesis reports fundamental studies on fuel cell electrocatalysis and membrane stability, and is primarily of relevance to direct ethanol alkaline fuel cells and proton-exchange membranes based on polybenzimidazole (PBI). During the first part of this project, in-situ FTIR spectroscopy was employed to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol at a polycrystalline Pt electrode in 0.1 M KOH at 25 and 50 oC. Initially, this part of the project was designed to provide a library of IR spectra of intermediates and products to facilitate the study of the electro-oxidation of small organic molecules at novel, non-noble metal anodes. However, the work on Pt has provided some unexpected insights into this area of electrocatalysis, particularly with respect to the role of intermediates bonded through oxygen rather than carbon, as well as of adsorbed CO. Acetate was the only product observed at lower potentials. Above the transition potential, where at least some of the areas of the thin layer in the spectro-electrochemical cell become acidic, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and a small amount of CO2 are produced. The temperature dependence of the production of acetaldehyde and acetic acid strongly suggests that the rate determining step is the removal of the first proton from the initially-adsorbed ethoxide species, and it was tentatively suggested that this is also the rds under alkaline conditions. Ethanol oxidation in alkaline solution at a Pb-modified Pt electrode was also investigated using FTIR. This study provided some very interesting data which support the suggestion that the adsorption mechanism of ethanol is substantially modified in the presence of Pb, with a carbon-bonded intermediate being favoured leading to facile scission of the C-C bond in ethanol. Carbonate formation took place at potentials close to the thermodynamic value and at higher potentials, when Pb was lost to solution, the mechanism of oxidation of ethanol reverts to that found on a normal polycrystalline Pt surface, with the primary product being acetate. During the second part of this project, undoped, cast films of PBI were investigated as a function of humidity using both H2O and D2O, and as a function of temperature up to 100 °C in order to better understand the IR response of this polymer, as well as to provide benchmark data for subsequent studies on acid doped PBI. Marked changes across the mid-IR range were observed during the uptake of water and D2O.

This thesis investigates the ways In which Horror metaphorically appeals to the viewers sense of identity by presenting a moment of crisis and deconstructing normative auto-boundaries. I employ various films and novels to illustrate the philosophical complexities of selfhood, especially centring upon the supposed "norm" subject. These moments of trauma are evinced in the contradictory pulls of ideology, and are symbolically rendered through the deconstruction of the body (the signifier of selfhood) onscreen. I employ a rereading of psychoanalysis and post-structuralism,a s well as grounding these more abstract theoretical thrusts in the socio-political reality of AIDS discourses. I begin by positioning my work in the critical field, especially in relation to the philosophy of consciousness and feminism. My second chapter utilises case studies that investigate Otherness within a locus of ideological "normality" - America. Here, I demonstrate the fragmentation of selfhood that occurs when self and Other interact, as well as the multiplicity and instability of identity. My third chapter opens with a re-evaluation of the slasher cycle. From this explicitly gender-based angle, I go on to explore the relationship between sex and death through the rape-revenge film, then pornography. Here, as in the slasher film, bodies interact, and can be read as problematising the interrelationships between selves. Pornography's desire to be read as "authentic" also implicates the viewer as one of the selves that are problematised during this interaction by transgressing the line between fiction and reality. My final chapter continues along this line of enquiry, probing narratives in which the character selves do not adhere to singular body-spaces, thus figuratively manifesting the crises of subjectivity, as the self Is paradoxically both abstract/intangible and embodied/physical.

The genomic sequencing of the model genetic organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is now essentially complete, representing the first genome sequence to be derived for a multicellular organism. This thesis describes the strategies and software tools that have been utilized in the analysis of the genomic sequence: Preliminary analysis of genomic organisation is also presented. C. elegans chromosomes do not store genetic information in a uniform manner. Gene density varies between different chromosomal regions and between chromosomes. The highly recombinagenic autosomal arms possess more repetitive elements and generally have a lower gene density than the recombinationally suppressed central regions. Although, the gene density within autosomal arms is higher than had been previously expected. A positive correlation is observed between the number of genetically defined loci from a chromosomal region and the expression rate of a region as estimated by the abundance of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). A similar positive correlation is observed with the proportion of genes possessing similarity to rion-nematoda proteins. Chromosomal regions with a high density of gene clusters have fewer genetically derived loci. Demonstrating that redundancy reduces the genetic accessibility of a region towards classical genetic approaches. Introns are larger on the autosomal arms than the central clusters. Exon length shows no correlation with chromosomal position but increases with expression rate. Stop codon preference is also influenced by expression rate. Clusters of similar genes are also found on the C. elegans chromosomes although their distribution is not random. The majority of gene clusters have been determined to lie on chromosome V and the left arm of II. The orientation of the genes within gene clusters suggests that inversion events are common and provide a selective advantage. Alternative splicing has also been studied and the results suggest that many alternative transcripts can be attributed to errors in splice acceptor processing.

Furunculosis is a disease of great economic importance to the salmon fanning industry. The aetiological agent of the disease is Aeromonas salmonicida, probably the most studied pathogen of non mammalian hosts. Little information exists however on the most fundamental aspects of the infection process or the basis of acquired immunity. Although oral vaccination is an ideal solution to the problems of immunising fanned salmonids, poor immunogenicity has always limited the use of this route of administration. In mammals oral vaccination with live auxotrophic mutants has been shown to elicit both humoral and cellular immunity and provide protection against challenge. The recent development of an aroA mutant of A. salmonicida has enabled investigation into the response of rainbow trout to a live oral vaccine. Initially, the role of gastric acidity in the destruction of the live bacteria was investigated in vitro. Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri and Escherichia coli were compared for acid resistance. Using a system of low pH buffers appropriate to the acidity found in the gut of rainbow trout it was found that A. salmonicida was readily killed by a pH of 4.0 or less. Resistance to low pH increased during stationary phase and 0.002% of bacteria grown for 72 hours were able to survive at least six hours exposure to pH 3.0, compared with 90% of Yersinia ruckeri exposed to the same conditions. The effect of culture medium, oxygen availability, and the pH of the culture medium were also investigated. Whilst growth in BHIB or in a shaking incubator did not alter the resistance of Aeromonas salmonicida to pH 3.0 growth in TSB adjusted to pH 5.5 increased survival of the bacteria by ten fold. It was apparent that the bacteria would probably require protection from the gastric acidity. The uptake and localisation of the bacteria was investigated by recovery and enumeration of viable bacteria from the stomach and intestinal mucus as well as the kidney, spleen and liver of fish vaccinated orally, anally and by IP injection. The presence of the bacteria was monitored between 5 minutes and 72 hours. Bacteria were found in the organs within 5 minutes of delivery regardless of route. The largest numbers were found following IP injection and the lowest following oral intubation. Oral administration of the vaccine protected by prior administration of sodium bicarbonate increased the number of bacteria found in the fish and increased the persistence within the tissues. The effect of growth conditions on the uptake and localisation was also investigated and no increase in uptake was found. Oral delivery of the bacteria in TSB increased the number of bacteria found within the organs to levels above that found following IP injection in TSB. Poor uptake has been reported for killed oral vaccines suggesting that the bacterium was able to invade the host via the gut mucosae. The interaction between trout intestine and A . salmonicida was investigated using TEM and SEM and the ability of the vaccine strain to invade cell monolayers was compared with that of an A-layer deficient strain and Y. rukeri. Infection of the trout intestine in vitro and in vivo led to pathological damage to the epithelium. There was also evidence of phagocyte infiltration and it was apparent that these cells were destroyed by contact with the bacteria. Invasion of tissue culture cells was assessed by acridine orange staining and enumeration of viable internalised bacteria. Aeromonas salmonicida appears to be invasive but its cytotoxic ECPs appear to kill most of the cells it enters. The specific and non-specific humoral immune response to vaccination was investigated. There was evidence of a limited effect on various nonspecific immune response parameters but there was no detectable antibody response to the vaccine. There is evidence that cellular immunity is preferentially stimulated by live vaccines and any future work should involve an investigation of the systemic and mucosal cellular response.

This thesis attempts to excavate the contested ground of British cultural identity in the 1980s and 1990s through a series of contingently related images and narratives of nationhood. In the tradition of left-wing analysis it interrogates notions of place, race, belonging and representation, while at the same time problematising some of the positions associated with this form of critique. Assumptions about the pervasiveness of a dominant ideology of nationhood are studied and challenged. The thesis suspends a series of images and ideas of Britain in a more dialogical relationship with one another than conceptual or analytical frameworks generally provide. Following an introductory review of the Britishness debate, three original case studies negotiate issues of identity formation in the recent past, concentrating on the production and dissemination of particular cultural forms. Chapter One discusses the emergence of a new documentary movement in contemporary Britain, which takes the documentary tradition of the 1930s as its point of departure. The chapter considers the different ways in which travellers have attempted to portray the nation and map its boundaries, questioning the privileged, distanced gaze that has typified 'images of Britain' and its political homologies. Chapter Two considers the position of the male body in the formation of national identity, specifically in relation to men's style magazines. Male and national identities have often been elided, and this chapter shows that such an association is constructed and historically variable. Chapter Three addresses the construction of the past in recent British screen fictions. 'Heritage' has attracted a wide literature, much of it censorious. The chapter problematises such a monolithic reading by suggesting that the representation of, and response to, past times is divergent and contested. An afterword suggests the difficulties in notions of epistemological synthesis and indicates some of the contours of emergent post-national British identities.

An increasing number of people interact not only with computers, but through computers. Interaction between people through computers to complete work tasks is termed Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). The scope of activities supported by CSCW systems is described, and CSCW systems which support communication, meetings and writing are discussed. More specifically, the potential for improved computer support of the writing task is investigated. It is concluded that models of the writing task and writers are not yet sufficiently accurate to be embedded in normative computer programs or systems; individual writers and writing tasks are extremely varied. Leading on from the studies of both existing systems and writing theories, requirements for generic CSCW systems, single author support systems and multiple author support systems are presented. The design of CSCW systems which support asynchronous collaborative authoring of structured documents is investigated in this thesis. A novel approach to design and implementation of such systems is described and discussed. This thesis then describes MILO, a system that does not feature embedded models of writers or the writing task. In fact, MILO attempts to minimize constraints on the activities of collaborating authors and on the structure of documents. Hence with MILO, roles of participants are determined by social processes, and the presentational structure of documents is imposed at the end of the writing process. It is argued that this approach results in a workable, practical and useful design, substantiating the view that 'minimally-constrained' CSCW systems, of which MILO is an example, will be successful. It is shown that MILO successfully meets the stated requirements, and that it compares favourably with existing collaborative writing systems along several dimensions. The limitations of work presented in the thesis are discussed, leading to suggestions for future work which will remedy deficiencies and extend the work which has been undertaken. The nature of this thesis's contribution to CSCW in general, computer supported collaborative writing, and Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is discussed.

A perception exists that physics and engineering students experience difficulty in applying mathematics to physics and engineering coursework. While some curricular projects aim to improve calculus instruction for these students, it is important to specify where calculus curriculum and instructional practice could be enhanced by examining the knowledge and understanding that students do or do not access after instruction. This qualitative study is intended to shed light on students' knowledge about the integral and how that knowledge is applied to physics and engineering. In this study, nine introductory-level physics and engineering students were interviewed about their understanding of the integral. They were interviewed twice, with one interview focused on and described as problems similar to those encountered in a mathematics class and the other focused on and described as problems similar to those found in a physics class. These students provided evidence for several "symbolic forms" that may exist in their cognition. Some of these symbolic forms resembled the typical interpretations of the integral: an area, an addition over several pieces, and an anti-derivative process. However, unique features of the students' interpretations help explain how this knowledge has been compiled. Furthermore, the way in which these symbolic forms were employed throughout the interviews shows a context-dependence on the activation of this knowledge. The symbolic forms related to area and anti-derivatives were more common and productive during the mathematics interview, while less common and less productive during the physics interview. By contrast, the symbolic form relating to an addition over several pieces was productive for both interview sessions, suggesting its general utility in understanding the integral in various contexts. This study suggests that mathematics instruction may need to provide physics and engineering students with more opportunities to understand the integral as an addition over several pieces. Also, it suggests that physics and engineering instruction may need to reiterate the importance, in physics and engineering contexts, of the integral as an addition over several pieces in order to assist students in applying their knowledge about the integral. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

A study was conducted at Phillips County Community College (PCCC) to analyze the impact of freshman orientation classes on students' persistence and academic performance. The participants in the study were all first-time, full-time freshmen who entered PCCC during the fall 1982, spring 1983, or fall 1983 semesters. During the registration process, students were encouraged to enroll in an 8-week orientation class that included information on academic policies, college regulations, career counseling and testing, placement, financial aid, student services, and study skills. Performance and persistence data were analyzed for an experimental group of 337 students who successfully completed the orientation class and for a control group of 433 students who either did not enroll in or did not complete the class. Study findings revealed that: (1 ) 79.7% of the experimental group had been retained at the end of one semester, compared to 43.1% of the control group; (2) at the end of one academic year, 45.3% of the fall 1982 experimental group had been retained, compared to 23.2% of the control group; (3) the combined first semester mean grade point average for the experimental group was 2.28, compared to 1.72 for the control group. Based on study findings, increased efforts to enroll freshmen in orientation classes, improvement in the consistency of those classes, and promotion of the classes among faculty and staff were recommended. A review of the literature, a bibliography, and the orientation class syllabus are included in the report. (HB)

A study was conducted to determine if differences existed in the leadership styles of senior level administrators in two-year colleges as a result of situational and biographical variables, including gender. The Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Descriptor (LEAD) instrument and a biographical/situational questionnaire were mailed to 150 female and 150 male administrators. Study findings, based on an adjusted response rate of 75.7% (106 women and 121 men), included the following: (1) 69% of the men and 50% of the women held doctoral degrees; (2) 92.6% of the men, compared to 58.5% of the women, were married; (3) men had more experience in higher education administration than did women; (4) no differences in management styles were found to exist as a function of job responsibilities, reporting levels, collective bargaining arrangements, gender, or experience in higher education; though differences in management styles were identified as a function of institutional size, age, and educational achievement; and (5) female administrators over 40 years of age tended to be more collaborative and to emphasize more decentralized decision-making approaches than their younger female counterparts. The survey instruments are appended. (LAL)

The relationship between depression and attributions and expectancies concerning current life problems and syn^toms was examined in a series of studies in clinical populations, aimed principally at examining aspects of the attributional reformulation of the learned helplessness theory of depression. In an Initial study comparing depressed and emxious patients, some evidence was found of an association between depression and internal, global and uncontrollable attributions concerning current life problems. A subsequent study examined the relationship between internality cmd the components of depression obtained from a factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory. Evidence was found of a specific association between personal (vs universal) internal attributions and a component of the BDI, Interpreted as reflecting low self esteem. A longitudinal study did not, however, provide evidence of a causal relationship between low self esteem wd attributions. Finally depression severity was found, in a separate study, to be associated with pessimism about future change in symptoms, while low self esteem was found to be atssociated with internal attributions concerning the cause of the main presenting symptom. Patients who presented with diffuse, emotional symptoms, compcu'ed with those who presented with more specific, neurotic symptoms, were more depressed and attributed the cause of their symptoms more to internal psychological (compared with medical) causes. It was concluded that though some evidence had been obtained of an association between attributions, expectancies and the components of depression, this could be accounted for by the hypothesis that attributions and expectancies are a cognitive symptom of depression rather than that they cause depression. It is contended that methodological problems do, however, make evidence of a causal relationship difficult to obtain.

The reaction between polyhalomethanes and the borane-dimethyl sulphide complex (BMS) was investigated. cx4+ bh3.s(ch3)2 xbh2.s(ch3)2 + hcx3The reaction between BMS and tetrachloromethane (or tribro-mochloromethane) followed the kinetic form, -d(BMS) / dt = k(BMS) (XCCl3). On the basis of solvent effects and inhibition experiments the following mechanism was proposed; (1) (CH3)2S.BH3 + Initiator (CH3)2S.BH2 + product(2)(CH3)2S.BH2. + XCY3(CH3)2S.BH2X +CY3(3) (CH3)2S.BH3 + CY3(CH3)2S.BH2 + HCY3. The observed relative ease of displacement for the halogen-hydrogen transfer are I > Br > Cl"F. This parallels the bond strengths of the Carbon-Halogen bond and indicates that step (2) is rate-determining. The halomethanes and halo-triphenyl methanes, in their reaction with BMS, have led to convenient methods for producing halogenoboranes for use as hydroborating agents. The reaction between BMS and tetrachloromethane was used to generate dialkylchloroboranes. Reaction of these with some substituted benzaldehydes were investigated and found to follow the kinetic formed (Pent-l-ene) /dt = k (Ar.CHO) ((n-C5H11)2BC1) for the reaction, 9°CAr.CHO + (n-C5H11) 2BCl -Ar. CH2O. B(Cl) + pent-l-ene. The rate of the reaction increases with electron withdrawing substituents in the para-position and decreases with electron donating substituents. The rate of the reaction correlates best with q+ giving a value of p of 2.1. 11B n.m.r studies suggest initial complex formation. The proposed mechanism is k3 (hydride transfer) being the rate-determining step.

Intelligent agents that interact with our world need to store, retrieve, and use knowledge of their experiences similar to human knowledge of events. Humans leverage knowledge of events when engaged in summarizing experience, learning action models, and performing prospective cognition. Research on human event cognition describes how humans represent and think about events. In pursuit of artificial agents with human-level cognitive capabilities, this thesis theoretically unifies humanlike event cognition with general cognition. The theory characterizes human event cognition as data structures for representing event knowledge and processing for learning and using those data structures. The data structures that characterize human mental representations of events are event schemas, event models, and the working event model. These each represent different types of knowledge that humans maintain for events. Given these data structures, humanlike event cognition has the potential to be implemented as data structures and processing within many existing cognitive architectures' memory systems. Episodic memory stores previous experience and can potentially support knowledge of event models that represent specific previously experienced events. Semantic memory stores regularities or facts and can potentially support knowledge of event schemas that represent classes of events. Working memory represents the current situation and can include a working event model that guides action and describes how the current situation is expected to proceed. This suggests a general theoretical framework that uses cognitive architecture processing of event knowledge to account for event cognition capabilities. To test this theory, I extend the Soar cognitive architecture's episodic memory mechanisms and develop an artificial agent that uses those mechanisms. The agent implementation includes a restricted form of summarization that uses episodic memory to retrieve an event model representation of the agent's interaction with the environment. That summarization supports a task general form of instance-based action model learning, where action models are learned as event schema representations. Together, these demonstrate the utility of event knowledge within a cognitive architecture. Action model learning is developed and evaluated in two domains, providing an initial test of the broader theory.

Globalization and technological advancements have questioned the traditional roles of teachers and have led to a rise in recommendations on the skills that teachers are required to have to meet the demands of the knowledge society. A common occurrence in developing countries is to import and attempt to implement the programs and policies that have been established in developed countries without taking into consideration contextual differences that exist between them. This has led to implementation gaps and several policies and programs being unsuccessfully implemented in developing countries. As Hawe, Shiell, Riley and Gold (2004) observe, 'it is prudent to explore more naturalistically how the intervention might vary according to the different community contexts into which it is placed. This would allow one to delve deeper into the intervention and explore naturally occurring events and influences in the setting or environment of the intervention that might act to contribute to or impede intervention success' (p. 789). Thus, the rationale for this research is in exploring how Low-Cost Private Schools (LCPS) in Nigeria influence the implementation of a cross national intervention (Classroom Based Inquiry). This study has a threefold interest of exploring teachers' perceptions of Classroom Based Inquiry as a Professional Development structure, identifying the contextual factors in Low-Cost Private Schools that influence the implementation of Classroom Based Inquiry and highlighting the realworld implications for researchers interested in conducting similar research in challenging contexts. The sample includes 8 teachers from 2 Low-Cost Private Schools in Southwest Nigeria and adopts a qualitative case study approach using data collected from three sources: individual interviews and focus group discussions with participating teachers, and the researcher's reflective journal; analyzed through thematic and theoretical analysis. The study utilizes the Multi-Level Model of Implementation Quality framework (Domitrovich et.al, 2008) which identifies three layers of factors -the individual or teacher level factors, the school level factors, and the macro level or external contextual factors- that influence the implementation of school-based interventions. The findings of this study indicate that principal leadership and school characteristics played pivotal roles in teachers' implementation quality, and suggests that uncovering issues of power, conflict, resistance, and negotiations is essential in developing a deeper understanding of how context influences the implementation of Classroom Based Inquiry. Despite participating teachers' perceptions that Classroom Based Inquiry was an effective structure for their professional development, the findings suggest that certain preconditions must be present for teachers in Low-Cost Private Schools to implement Classroom Based Inquiry. Implementation would not be satisfactory if these preconditions are not addressed. This study makes significant contributions theoretically, methodologically, and practically. The study proposes that the integration of cultural norms and micropolitics into the Multi-Level Model of Implementation Quality Framework (Domitrovich et.al, 2008) would make it better suited for use in the Nigerian context and similar contexts. It also discusses the implications for stakeholders as well as recommendations and suggestions for future research. The study argues that unless the contextual factors that hinder teachers' implementation of educational innovations are adequately addressed, successful implementation of Classroom Based Inquiry, or any similar cross-national program would remain a mirage.

Following previous research into learning gain, this thesis explores the concept of students academic disposition and how this may be related to their academic outcomes. Through a systematic literature review, this thesis conceptualises academic disposition as a construct of students critical thinking, academic confidence, and academic motivation. As part of a broader research study, survey data was collected from undergraduate students in one major UK university between 2016 and 2017, and interviews conducted in 2018. A subset of 778 first-year, UK undergraduate students was selected as the sample for this thesis. Three measures of academic confidence and one measure of students perceptions of their critical thinking were constructed and validated with the Rasch Model, however no measure of academic motivation could be created from the available data. Multiple linear regression analysis was subsequently used to show how these measures were related to students, socio-economic, demographic, and academic, background, and with their perceptions of their learning experience and other attitudinal measures. The new measures were then modelled, along with students prior attainment, and socio-economic, demographic, and academic, background, to explain GPAs for first year students. The addition of two of the new measures improved the explanatory power of the model (from an adjusted R2 of 0.233 to 0.258). This demonstrated that the inclusion of measures of the constructs of academic disposition does improve our ability to model students academic progress. By providing greater understanding of academic disposition, and how it relates to students academic outcomes, this thesis may provide a potential direction for future research, inform public policy, and influence future educational practice.

As reuse of municipal water resource recovery facility (WRRF) effluent becomes vital to augment diminishing fresh drinking water resources, concern exists that conventional barriers may prove deficient and the upcycling of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) could prove harmful to human health and aquatic species if more effective and robust treatment barriers are not in place. There are no federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulations in place specifically for direct potable reuse (DPR) of WRRF effluent. Out of necessity, some states are developing their own DPR reuse regulations. Currently, reverse osmosis (RO) is the default full advanced treatment (FAT) barrier for CEC control. However, the potential exists for tight thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes to provide acceptable CEC rejection efficacies for less capital, operations and maintenance (O&M), energy, and waste generated. Recognizing the inherent complexity of CEC rejection by membranes, this research program was designed to elucidate the vital predictive variables influencing the rejection of 96 CECs found in municipal WRRF effluents. Each of the CECs was cataloged by their intended use and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) properties, and measured in secondary effluent samples from WRRFs in Texas and Oklahoma. These secondary effluent samples were then processed in bench-scale, stirred, dead-end pressure cells with water treatment industry-specified TFC NF and RO membranes. A multi-level, multi-variable model was developed to predict the probable rejection coefficients of CECs with the studied NF membrane. The model was developed from variables selected for their association with known membrane rejection mechanisms, CEC-specific QSAR properties, and characteristics of the actual solute matrix. R statistics software version 3.1.3 was utilized for property collinearity analysis, outlier analysis, and regression modeling. The Pearson correlation method was utilized for selection of the most vital predictor variables for modeling. The resulting Quantitative Molecular Properties Model (QMPM) predicted the NF rejection CECs based on size, ionic charge, and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the QMPM was verified against a CEC rejection dataset published by an independent study for a similar commercially available TFC NF membrane.

This thesis shows that the current range of analytic tools for assessing Australian defence procurements is not adequate to comprehensively understand Australia’s procurement of the JSF. This requires an analysis of the politics which shape procurement outcomes and the political and economic outcomes of procurement approaches and policies. The international nature of the JSF Program requires analytical tools that incorporate political competition between international, national and sub-national actors. These politics are examined in this thesis by expanding the scope of bureaucratic-organisational models used previously, and ontologically varying the level of analysis to include international political dynamics. The value of the broader analytical framework proposed by this thesis is demonstrated by its ability to contrast Australia’s actions and policies against those of other JSF international partners. Australia’s adherence to the JSF Program’s competitive best value principle places it in a position of significant disadvantage in terms of industrial workshares, and Australia’s defence industry policy is largely incompatible with the nature of the JSF Program and the continuing use of industrial offsets. Australia has not used its political leverage as a participant in the JSF Program to push for additional economic, industrial and strategic benefits in the same manner as other nations. A comparison with other nations allowed the assumptions made by Australia in signing on the JSF Program to be tested, and the analysis conducted found many assumptions to be flawed. This thesis demonstrates that the nature of the JSP Program creates interdependencies between the US, Lockheed Martin, and all other partner nations that are not features of Australia’s previous defence procurements. The dependency of allies on the US has increased through US management of the Program on behalf of allies, particularly with regard to the single maintenance system and global supply chain. The level of alliance interoperability facilitated by the JSF contributes to reinforcing US leadership in international politics and coalition operations.

This thesis reports on a case study which explores the nature and processes of entrepreneurship learning, teaching and assessment centred on the experiences of a group of students enrolled on an undergraduate entrepreneurship degree programme in the UK. It contributes towards an understanding of entrepreneurship education by exploring how students learn and construct knowledge within a curriculum that has an emphasis on experiential and action-based form of learning located in the university settings and through work-integrated learning. This study utilised a mixed methods approach whereby a combination of literature reviews and in-depth interviews have been utilised to generate data to explore the research questions. Presented in a journal format, I report and theorise on my research findings in four outputs in the form of journal articles. The first output, How do we teach entrepreneurship in university? A conceptual review of the literature, presents a conceptual review of the published literature in the teaching practices of entrepreneurship in higher education and synthesise the conceptual developments and diverse empirical findings towards a more integrated understanding of how to teach entrepreneurship in university. The second output, Assessment practices in entrepreneurship education in higher education: A scoping review of the literature, presents a scoping review of the published literature in the assessment practices of entrepreneurship education within which I discuss and develop a conceptual synthesis of the key concepts in the field. The third and fourth outputs report on the empirical findings of the in-depth interviews. The third output, Towards an understanding of how university students learn within an entrepreneurship education programme, explores how students learn entrepreneurship and construct knowledge through a range of learning activities within the curriculum as well as social interactions with tutors and peers inside and outside the classroom. The fourth output, Work-integrated learning in entrepreneurship education: A case study of the experiences of university students within an undergraduate entrepreneurship programme, explores the work-integrated learning experiences of entrepreneurship students during work placements and how they translate entrepreneurship learning into practice at the workplace. I conclude with a critical synthesis of the findings of the four outputs against my research questions, a summary of the contributions to knowledge and implications for academic practice, and recommendations for further research. Taken as a whole, this study makes original contributions to knowledge in its claim that entrepreneurship learning can be perceived and understood as a process of construction in which students construct what they know on the basis of their experience. Learning and development are not solely the outcomes of engagement with activities within an education curriculum and that such activities need to be understood as part of a fuller engagement between teachers, students and the various environments in which they evolve within their lifeworlds.

This is an EAP study in writing development that investigates the expression of criticality in the writing of doctoral students' Literature Review chapters, in medical and health sciences PhD theses. The study focuses on two disciplines, one from medical sciences and one from health sciences, chosen for their contrasting scientific research paradigms. Cardiovascular Sciences (CV) is a laboratory-based discipline; and Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work (NMS), grouped together as one discipline in this study, is a patient-facing discipline that explore ways of contributing to health care. Two 30,000-word unique corpora were constructed from student writing for analysis in this study. Theses from 2013-2017 were selected and prepared for sampling and eight samples from CV Literature Reviews and seven samples from NMS were chosen. The annotation tool used was brat v1.3 (Stenetorp et al., 2020), an open source annotator available online. Textual investigation of the dimensions of knowledge types, source use and epistemic certainty levels was carried out. Quantitative data from the annotated corpora were reported on and examined in context in order to reach a qualitative interpretation of the findings. Findings show that writers use an interplay of the dimensions examined to present themselves as having developed a scientific critical faculty and as having a disciplinary voice. The thesis compares and contrasts the extent to which CV and NMS employ these dimensions. This comparison shows differences in the extent of the use of the different dimensions in each corpus, and this is linked to epistemological differences in the two disciplines. The study suggests that the meta-analysis approach used is replicable and has wider applicability beyond the aspects of writing analysed in this study. The study proposes a pedagogical framework to bridge the space between descriptions of criticality in EAP and the disciplines and the way this knowledge is expressed in writing, as a contribution to EAP writing pedagogy, and to a support system for all involved in thesis writing.

Establishing effective home-school relationships between teachers and parents is undisputed in the literature as key to a child's educational success. This is regarded in the field as especially important for children from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds whose parents may not necessarily speak fluently the dominant language of their local school. The potential of multilingual children's home practices for strengthening the home-school relationship and for developing the manner in which they are taught at school has been the focus of much research adopting a "funds of knowledge" methodology over the last thirty years. Many studies in this field have focused on the alignment of home and school practices and the manner in which they fit together to provide meaningful and relevant learning opportunities for children at school. However, little attention has been paid to the contradictions inherent in the home-school relationship and the manner in which these can be conceptualised as drivers for change. This thesis takes an activity theory approach to identifying the contradictions between home and school practices and examines ways in which these can be surfaced and resolved into concrete, transformative actions. Using a context of young Somali children's home and school literacy practices, the aim of this thesis is to critically examine the dialogic relationship between them with a view to establishing opportunities for developmental work at school. To do this, I bring into dialogue various home and school literacy practices using the qualitative research methods of parent-teacher photo- elicitation interview dialogue, reflective discussions and teacher-study group work. Firstly, I use the concept of Bakhtinian dialogism as a methodology for connecting the voices of the home and the school. Secondly , I apply a conceptual framework of activity theory to an in-depth analysis of expansive learning opportunities for teachers arising from parent-teacher dialogue. This is driven by the identification of multivoicedness, historicity and contradictions within and between the activity systems of home and school practices emerging from such dialogue. Finally, I explore the extent to which teachers working collaboratively as a study group are able to mobilise their collective agency in order to bring about concrete changes to their school practices as a result of what they have learnt from parents. The conclusions drawn by this thesis are that in order to fully understand the relationship between home and literacy practices, it is first necessary to address the contradictions between them. We also need to understand the power of teacher collective agency to bring about change in relation to the authority of school policy and curriculum. I argue that creating spaces at the home-school boundary in which dialogue about home and school literacy practices can take place between parents and teachers is a vital first step towards establishing the potential for transforming school practices for teaching language and literacy to multilingual children.

This thesis reports on a study carried out in Malaysia, my home country. The Malaysian government supports the inclusion of children with disabilities in education in line with United Nations initiatives, however the main focus so far has been on children with physical and learning disabilities. This study focuses on the inclusion of deaf children, where improved access to hearing aids, including cochlear implants, has led to more deaf children developing spoken language and being included in mainstream classrooms. Little is known in low and middle-income countries about the status and development of inclusive education in primary schools for deaf children, their parents and the education stakeholders involved. The Malaysian context provides a particularly interesting case study because of the rapid increase in the availability of technology which is enabling the inclusion of larger numbers of deaf children in mainstream schools.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, many schools throughout the country installed synthetic flooring in indoor gymnasiums that contained mercury which was used as a catalyst in the polyurethane formulation. Many of these floors now have been found to be releasing mercury vapors into the school gymnasiums, leading to a concern that these mercury concentrations might be elevated enough to cause harmful effects. This paper examines data that have been collected from 57 different school gymnasiums using portable devices, such as the Lumex RA-915+ Portable Mercury Vapor Analyzer, and aggregated for analyses, then compares this data to that obtained in chamber tests performed on samples obtained directly from a gymnasium with mercury-containing floors. The overall objective of this paper is to determine if the chamber tests can adequately emulate mercury emissions in school gymnasiums, and using the results of the laboratory experiments, successfully analyze the emissions curve to determine what factors drive the profile. The laboratory testing was successful in emulating the condition of a school gymnasium, as data collected from the laboratory setting was comparable to the measured field data. The average mercury concentration in the gymnasium yielded an emission rate 3.1E-05 ug/m2s, while the calculated laboratory emission rate was 3.2E-05 ug/m2s, a negligible difference. The overall objective was met, as it was determined that floor samples taken from a gymnasium could be measured in the laboratory with similar results to those screened in the actual gym with handheld devices. Additionally, using the data collected in the chamber experiments, the emissions profile was characterized.

Microscopic physical systems requiring a quantum description are increasingly being harnessed to develop useful technologies. The appeal of such an approach lies in the fact that quantum systems possess inherently different properties from those observed on a macroscopic scale. Uniquely quantum phenomena, such as entanglement, offer new tools for performing experimental tasks. For instance, the use of quantum systems for implementing cryptographic protocols and performing computation has caused significant excitement in recent years as it seems likely that the quantum approach offers an advantage over purely classical implementations. The development of quantum technologies leads to the concept of quantum resources. One key quantum resource that lies at the heart of the divergence between quantum and classical descriptions is that of entanglement. However, for entanglement to act as a resource, it must be possible for the parties (we will restrict ourselves to only two) sharing the entanglement to verify its presence. This may seem like a simple task, however, verifying the properties of quantum systems can be nontrivial. To make matters more complicated, there are often constraints under which the parties sharing the quantum systems find themselves which further restrict the ability of the quantum systems to act as a resource. One family of constraints arises when the two parties are dealing with quantum systems which have properties constrained by a conservation law, or some other constraint which limits knowledge of the properties of the local subsystems. These constraints can be expressed using the well studied formalism of superselection rules. When a superselection rule applies to quantum systems it can be ambiguous as to whether entanglement survives between the systems. This thesis considers a situation that arises naturally in a nuclear magnetic resonance experiment where two parties share many copies of identical quantum systems. In this case a superselection rule associated with the finite symmetric group applies due to the indistinguishability of the systems. The concept of a reference frame for the symmetric group is used to alleviate the effect of the superselection rule and demonstrate when entanglement survives despite the constraint of indistinguishability. In addition to this, a situation which goes beyond the superselection formalism is considered, one where the operations performable by the two parties are further constrained. It is shown that despite this stronger constraint, it is still possible in principle to verify the existence of entanglement experimentally as demonstrated by the violation of a Bell inequality. Methods for verifying the presence of entanglement can also prove useful in characterising the properties of entangled quantum systems. Such characterisation may offer insight into the possible advantages offered by quantum systems over their classical counterparts. It becomes possible to more accurately characterise entangled systems by considering a conceptual constraint under which the two parties may find themselves. This is the situation that arises when one of the parties, say Bob, distrusts the other, Alice. In this situation, Alice can only convince Bob of the presence of their entanglement if the entangled system they share possesses a certain property. We term this property steerability, after Schrödinger’s term “steering” [Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 31, 553 (1935)] for the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect. This thesis offers a rigorous characterisation of steering in a quantum information context and probes a number of questions relating to this property. First, a number of examples are presented which demonstrate state steerability which is a uniquely quantum property possessed by certain entangled states. Second, the task of experimentally detecting steerability, and thus entanglement, is addressed through the introduction of steerability criteria. Finally two more detailed examples are explored which illustrate various aspects of the measurement dependence of steerability in realistic experiments.

Since Suetonius, Odes 4 has been the focus of much criticism and apology. Some explanation seems required for Odes 4’s apparent disunity and eclectic mixture of encomium with occasional pieces. My dissertation offers an interpretation of Book 4 by considering it in the light of the Mausoleum of Augustus. By considering the ways in which Horace builds evocations of the Mausoleum into book 4, I argue that there is sustained connection between the two works, which points towards a unified purpose for Odes 4: Horace is building a literary Mausoleum of Augustus. The first chapter establishes the justification for viewing Odes 4 through the lens of the material world by considering the functions of architecture and topography in Horace's models and contemporaries. After studying the ways the city of Rome is used by the Augustan poets and by Horace, the chapter concludes by making a case for understanding Odes 4 as a poetic monument. The second chapter studies the interrelationship between C.3.30 and the Mausoleum. First, I parse out a preliminary list of the Mausoleum's evocations. I then show how Horace evokes the Mausoleum in C.3.30 and recreates it in the poetic sphere. In chapter 3, I revisit Horace's autobiography and Suetonius's statements regarding the origin of Odes 4. I argue that the impetus of Odes 4 is not imperial compulsion but rather Horace's understanding of his own role as poet in the years following his selection by Augustus to compose the Carmen Saeculare. In chapter 4, I make the case for Odes 4 being a literary Mausoleum of Augustus. I first discuss the ways Horace builds his new poetic work upon the foundation of his earlier lyric successes. I then show how Horace uses the themes of time, death and the power of poetry as the brick and mortar of his literary mausoleum. I conclude by showing how Horace praises Augustus in ways that engage specifically with the Mausoleum by incorporating many of its evocations into this book.

This thesis examines the role of adult attachment style on the internalisation of stigma amongst adults affected by mental health problems in the United Kingdom. A systematic review, completed for this thesis, on the role of social and relational factors in internalised stigma found strongest evidence for a negative association between social support and internalised stigma. Just one eligible study considered the role of attachment style. In the empirical study, a transdiagnostic sample with experience of recent secondary mental health service use (n = 122) completed an online cross-sectional survey with measures of internalised and perceived public stigma, adult attachment style, self-esteem, mood and functioning. Correlation analysis tested whether internalised stigma and perceived public stigma were significantly positively correlated (hypothesis one). Hierarchical multiple regression tested whether anxious and avoidant attachment styles were positively associated with a significant amount of variance in internalised stigma when controlling for other variables (hypotheses two and three). Regression-based moderation analysis tested whether the relationship between perceived public stigma and internalised stigma was moderated by anxious and avoidant attachment styles (hypotheses four and five). Results indicated that internalised stigma, perceived public stigma and insecure attachment were common in this sample. Internalised stigma was positively associated with perceived public stigma but neither anxious or avoidant attachment were associated with a significant amount of variance in internalised stigma when controlling for other variables. Similarly, no moderating effect on the relationship between perceived public stigma and internalised stigma was found for insecure attachment. Limitations, which may have contributed towards the failure to find some predicted effects, are discussed. Implications for policy and practice are also discussed and recommendations are made for future research. It is concluded that despite these mixed results further research on the role of attachment style in internalised stigma is warranted.

Springs are natural monitoring points useful in characterizing hydrogeologic systems because their discharge represents a principal component of flow in the subsurface. An area within the Valley and Ridge province, southeast of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, was studied to determine general spring characteristics, the conditions and processes controlling subsurface flow, and the potential for deep, basinal flow contributions to the shallow groundwater system. During this investigation, 217 springs were located, and a detailed study of 38 of these springs was conducted, including monthly monitoring of temperature, specific conductance, yield, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Two hydrologically distinct units exist in the study area; the Knox aquifer, consisting of Cambrian to Ordovician carbonates, and the aquitards, consisting of interbedded carbonates and elastics above and below. The Knox aquifer is a mature conduit-controlled karst unit represented primarily by perennial spring discharge water not directly influenced by seasonal effects of precipitation. Groundwater flow processes in this unit include both point and dispersed recharge, low to moderate storage, with rapid flowthrough in the highly conductive, well-connected conduit system; and moderate to high storage in the less conductive diffuse system. Because of the karst nature of the carbonate units, active flow in the Knox aquifer is deeper overall than flow in the aquitards. The aquitard units, characterized by shallow fracture-flow systems, are represented by a large number of perennial and ephemeral springs heavily influenced by the seasonal effects of precipitation. Groundwater flow processes of this unit include dispersed surface recharge, low to moderate storage, and rapid flowthrough in the highly conductive, shallow fracture system. Spring yields from the Knox aquifer account for approximately 70 percent of the total discharge from springs in the study area despite representing only 26 percent of the observed springs. Based on the assumption that all of the spring discharge is coming from the saturated groundwater zone, simple water budget calculations reveal that approximately 16.8 cm/year and 2.0 cm/year discharge the Knox aquifer and aquitard saturated groundwater zones, respectively. The water budget result for the Knox aquifer indicate that previous estimates of recharge are underestimated by a factor of two, while the results for the aquitards are in agreement with previous estimates. Major and trace ion geochemical data suggest that most of the springs discharge water that flows through a single lithology, supporting the concept of active, relatively shallow circulation. Geochemical observations indicate that a few springs may receive groundwater contributions from other lithologic units, suggesting a possible contribution from deeper groundwater zones. Analyses of He also indicate that some springs within the aquifers may have deep basinal flow contributions, while quantitative results of H-O stable isotope analyses indicate a subsurface flow system recharged exclusively by meteoric water. Most of the data suggest that groundwater flow paths are all relatively shallow and are probably confined to a local ridge recharge-valley discharge system, although the possibility that of some flow contribution having deep basinal origins cannot be entirely dismissed.

Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are often programmed to operate at low operating speeds to reduce the negative effects of self-induced vibrations on the measurements obtained. Although these conservative operating speeds reduce structural vibration, they are detrimental to process productivity when CMMs are incorporated into a mass production environment. The trade-off between operating speed and measurement quality is well known, but up to this point a systematic approach for selecting appropriate measuring speeds has been unavailable. In this dissertation, a procedure for selecting time-optimal operating parameters used to construct motion trajectories for specified measuring paths is presented. In addition, an enhanced motion controller for use with the optimization strategy to increase CMM productivity is developed and experimentally evaluated. In Chapter 2, experimental results illustrating the effects of measurement speed on measurement quality are given. Chapter 3 is a comprehensive Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) study on the extent to which the individual factors affecting measurement time affect measurement quality. In Chapter 4, measurement quality models, based on first principles, modal analysis and experimental observations are developed for use with the optimization strategy in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, the enhanced motion controller for CMMs is developed and analyzed. Experimental results of the optimization strategy show a significant reduction in measuring time (e.g. 25%) compared to conventional CMM speeds, without statistically significant differences in the resulting measurement quality. The optimization strategy also allows for sensitivity studies, which enable machine designers to explore the effects of changing machine characteristics on CMM productivity. The enhanced CMM motion controller design is realized through shaping controller inputs. The new shaping technique, designated Feedforward Filtering, is based on Input Command Preshaping and digital signal processing. Experimental results indicate that reductions in measurement time may be obtained for situations where high measurement quality is desired.

English academic writing has a central role at English-medium universities for assessment purposes. It is generally reported that L2 novice writers have difficulties in using multi-word units in their academic writing. Although there have been recent studies that investigate the use of multi-word units across different levels in L1 and L2 novice writing, truly longitudinal studies are rare. By using growth curve modelling, this study tracks the use of multi-word units, i.e. lexical bundles and p-frames in both L1 and L2 novice writers' essays in the field of English Language Education over one academic year. Additionally, interviews were conducted with lecturers and novice writers in order to provide contextual insights into the role of multi-word units in novice academic writing. The results indicate that dynamic patterns of change in terms of multi-word units occurred in both L1 and L2 novice writers' essays over one academic year, and both L1 and L2 novice academic writing overall approximated to the typical characteristics of the English academic prose identified in previous studies (Biber, 2009; Gray & Biber, 2013). The patterns of multi-word units and the changes that occurred over one academic year are interpreted in relation to the theoretical approaches to multi-word units, including usage-based approaches to language as well as interlanguage developmental effects informed by previous studies and contextual factors informed by the interviews. Teaching implications for English and academic writing as well as suggestions for further research are offered.

This thesis investigates morphological productivity, which is among one of the most contentious issues in the field of Linguistics (Aronoff, 1976; Plag, 1999; Bauer, 2001). The advent of electronic corpora sparked fresh interest in productivity, notably the highly innovative measures proposed by Baayen and his co-writers (Baayen, 1989; Baayen and Lieber, 1991; Baayen and Renouf, 1996) which advocate the use of hapax legomena (once-occurring words in a corpus). This research re-investigates these methods to pinpoint the degree to which hapaxes represent new words of the language and, therefore, are valid indicators of productivity. The study also develops a more fine-grained method for measuring productivity, based on the re-analysis of the previously-tried methodologies. The case study for this research is negative prefixation. A database of all negatively-prefixed words in the British National Corpus is created and relevant variables, such as types, tokens and hapaxes, are examined to determine which combination provides the most pertinent measure. The thesis also comments on the relative productivity of the negative prefixes and therefore considers appropriate historical and semantic factors. Findings show that though hapaxes do provide access to neologisms, they are not the same phenomenon and cannot, therefore, be seen as a direct reflection of productivity. Significantly, it was discovered that while hapaxes typically include a proportion of neologisms, this proportion varies considerably from affix to affix. The proposed new formulae for measuring productivity - neologism/type and neologism/token - both point towards the prefix non- being the most productive of the five investigated, while in- is the least productive. Findings are also presented about the distribution of the negative prefixes across word class, an area which has never previously been examined in terms of morphological productivity.

Bipolar disorder is characterised by intense fluctuations in mood, including the experience of severe episodes of depression, mania and hypomania. The experience of bipolar disorder can also be associated with biases in various cognitive processes, including rumination in response to positive and negative mood states and tendencies to make dysfunctional self-appraisals. Preliminary research has also suggested that bipolar disorder may be associated with deficits in the recall of specifically detailed autobiographical memories. The lack of specificity in the recall of autobiographical memories, known as the 'overgeneral' recall bias, refers to tendencies to generate generalised memory representations as the memory recall process is terminated prior to the activation of specifically detailed memories. This overgeneral recall of autobiographical memories can also contribute to ruminative thought patterns, impair the generation of effective solutions to problems, and is associated with poor illness outcomes. The overgeneral bias has been extensively researched within major depressive disorder and suicidality, but has been comparatively under-researched in bipolar disorder and in vulnerable individuals. A series of eight studies were designed to: (i) investigate the cross-sectional associations across measures of positive and negative rumination and self-appraisal with the vulnerability to hypomania, and investigate the associations of these cognitive styles with prospective mood symptoms in an at-risk sample; (ii) investigate the cognitive vulnerability to hypomania in relation to rumination, problem-solving and autobiographical memory specificity; (iii) conduct a preliminary investigation into the associations between goal-related memory processes and extreme goal-pursuit in relation to hypomania vulnerability; (iv) investigate whether the vulnerability to hypomania and future bipolar disorders is associated with similar patterns of overgeneral memory recall on a standardised cue memory task; and (v) investigate the patterns of autobiographical memory specificity within a remitted bipolar sample. The heightened vulnerability to future bipolar disorders was associated with tendencies to engage in both positive and negative forms of ruminative thought processes, and with poorer psychosocial problem-solving, however, this relationship with problem-solving was not independent of current mood symptoms. The results of two studies indicated that the heightened vulnerability to hypomania was associated with an overgeneral memory bias across two different assessments of memory specificity, in direct contrast to previous research. Individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder also reported more extreme overgenerality during memory recall than a sample of age and gender-matched healthy controls, but were able to recall some specifically detailed negative memories in short response latencies compared to non-bipolar control participants. The research presented within this thesis supports the notion of a continuum of increasing overgenerality in the bipolar disorder spectrum, inclusive of at-risk individuals to people formally diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Although bipolar disorder appears to be associated with a trait-based overgeneral memory bias, bipolar individuals appear to have ready access to some specific negative memories even during remission from symptoms. The clinical implications of this research, methodological considerations in the assessment of memory specificity, and directions for further investigations into the nature of autobiographical memory recall in bipolar spectrum disorders are discussed.