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Marketing communication focuses on employing strategies that appeal to its target audience and messages must identify the target audience and communicate in ways that appeal to its needs and expectations to be effective (Palmer 2009). However, targeting consumers with marketing messages in English regardless of cultural heritage and native language continues (Puntoni et al. 2009). Whilst language policies influence the public sector to target Welsh consumers with bilingual messages, the private sector continue to convey predominately-English messages. In contrast, faced with the same challenge, all commercial businesses try to stand out from their competitors (Bhargava 2008). Further, the number of Welsh first language speakers living in Wales is on the increase (Welsh Language Board, 2003). Therefore, contemporary marketing communication calls for marketing messages that appeal to a wider Welsh bilingual market. This thesis investigates the impact bilingual marketing stimuli has on comprehension, attitudes, and resulting behaviour of Welsh consumers. A large scale, holistic research approach was utilised in the study, mutually supported by a deductive and inductive mixed method design to produce robust data. This strengthens any weakness in the methods, as one compensated for the other (Fulcher and Scott 2007), thus cancelling out any limitations (Milliken 2001). A non-probability sampling method was adopted that would positively identify the target audience fitting the language criteria. Choosing a non-parametric route to the method of analysis is in light of non- probability sampling in addition to limitations in sample size and unknown normality of distribution. The e-Prime software application suite creates all the computerised experiment designs. The quantitative data was analysed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS), whilst using qualitative data, the content was analysed and thematic techniques used to uncover themes. Contributing data interpretation drawn from small samples acts as a platform for designing the confirmatory survey aimed at strengthening validity and reliability. The findings draw on narratives and statistical significant correlations in bilingual qualities of consumers that focus on the assumption that Welsh products are associated with quality goods that are higher in price. A strong sense of passion and pride for the Welsh language's development emerges from the analysis that has the potential to offer a lucrative business growth opportunity for local businesses. However, the additional costs of producing bilingual marketing messages are unjustified whilst consumer comprehension gaps in the Welsh language exist. From the analysis and discussions, the development of two distinctive framework models will assist businesses in directing contemporary marketing communications at specifically targeted audiences based on language proficiency and its motivational appeal. In addition, having to attend to only one academic level of Welsh, this adds to the comprehension gap problem making it difficult for creating marketing communications that challenge the comprehension gap. Commercial competitive advantages are difficult to achieve when language level variations are restricted in their use to segment the market to beat the competition. Support for a variation of language levels for businesses to use that target consumer groups within each comprehension level offer businesses more scope to adopt cost effective strategies that offer competitive advantages. Future proposed research directions include use of language proficiency as a tool to segment the bilingual market and, in doing so, test the effectiveness of marketing messages designed to identify with each target market. Also, there is opportunity to explore the impact such marketing messages may have on those not specifically targeted (non- Welsh speakers) as well as the effects of their appeal on the tourist trade.

This three year longitudinal study of a sample of CAB clients in Wales was made possible through joint funding from the Objective One European Social Fund (ESF), Citizens Advice Cymru, and facilities provided by Bangor University, including, in particular, academic advice, supervision and support. The project was also guided throughout by a Research Steering Committee made up of representatives of all the interested parties. The aims of the research were to measure the long-term impact of advice-giving on clients who had approached Citizens Advice with one or more problems. Citizens Advice is an independent charity operating as Citizens Advice Cymru in Wales. It is the membership organisation for 31 member Citizens Advice Bureaux (CABx) in Wales, which deliver advice services from 50 main offices and 154 secondary advice outlets, these include a range of community settings such as high street offices, GP surgeries, health centres, libraries, courts and also offering home visiting services. Each CAB also offers access to services by telephone. The Twin Aims of the service are to provide the advice people need for the problems they face and to improve the policies and practices that affect people's lives. Adopting a quantitative longitudinal approach, this thesis provides evidence of improvements that occurred over time in clients' health, their financial and material wellbeing, and their quality of life as a direct outcome of the advice and support they received for their problems. Implications for service delivery arise from findings that highlight the complexities of the lives of many clients. Drawing on the issues raised, a number of practical and policy recommendations are provided that focus in particular on aspects of the CAB service most valued by those experiencing serious and persistent financial difficulties.

The interdependencies within the health care system are seldom taken into account prior to implementation of e-health projects, and there tends to be little change management as part of the plan. Our proposal offers a systems analysis model that gives e-health a framework to consider and manage the introduction, changes and outcomes. This research describes the use of a modified Patient Care Pathway as a method to design and implement e-health projects, presenting as a case study the pre-implementation phase of a teleradiology project in rural Thailand. The proposal is that a modified version of Patient Care Pathways can be used as a prospective design model for e-health services. The method adopts systems engineering principles and applies a ―whole systems approach‖ thereby providing a much richer schematic representation of the patient care pathway illustrating both the patient‘s journey through the system and also the information flow. Our method was applied to the design of a new teleradiology service that was to be established in Thailand, to connect GP‘s in a rural hospital to the radiology department in a tertiary hospital with a further connection to a specialist radiologist in a medical school in Bangkok. By comparing the pre-implementation Patient Care Pathway with the proposed pathway using the teleradiology, a systems analysis model was developed to identify critical points in the system and identify and anticipate how the system would support the changes in clinical practices. The method produced a valuable framework to better understand and thereby manage the implications of change prior to implementation of an e-health project.

Growing numbers of preschool children are being referred to mental health services with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADIID), and medication is increasingly being used to treat them (Zito, Safer, dosReis et al., 2000). However, there is limited evidence for the short- and long- term efficacy of medication (Greenhill, Kollins. Abikoff et al., 2006), concerns over adverse effects (Wigal, Greenhill, Chuang, et al., 2006) as well as ethical objections to medical intervention at such an early stage in development (Perring, 1997). Consequently, there is a need to provide effective psychosocial interventions for this population (Conners, March, Frances, Wells, & Ross, 2001). A literature review of preschool ADHD (Chapter 2) identified three parent-training (PT) programmes that have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing ADHD symptoms, and concluded that PT may provide an effective first-line intervention for preschoolers with ADHD symptoms. The three empirical studies (Chapters 3,4, and 5) evaluated the efficacy of one of these programmes - the Incredible Years (I Y) BASIC PT programme - within a community sample of preschool children with signs of early emerging conduct problems and ADHD. Study one (Chapter 3) examined the short-term efficacy of the lY intervention, using a randomised controlled group design. Following the delivery of the programme, the intervention group was associated with significantly lower levels of parent-reported ADHD symptoms, compared to a wait-list control group. The second empirical study (Chapter 4) examined the longitudinal stability of intervention-Mated gains. Results demonstrated that improvements were maintained at 12- and 18- month follow-ups. Early Intervention for Preschool ADI ID and Conduct Problems xv The third study (Chapter 5) explored potential predictors, moderators, and mediators of outcome within this sample. Moderator analyses failed to uncover significant associations between risk factors and outcome, suggesting that the intervention was effective even for the most disadvantaged families. Predictor analysis suggested that those with the most severe levels of ADHD at baseline were most likely to benefit from intervention. Maternal depression was associated with poorer long-term outcome at 18-month follow-up, although it was not associated with initial treatment response. Mediator analyses indicated that enhanced positive parenting skill was a significant partial mediator of outcome, suggesting that positive parenting is one of the key mechanisms contributing to intervention success. The short-term efficacy, longitudinal stability, and lack of outcome moderators suggest that the lY is a valuable and stable intervention when delivered as a preventive intervention for preschool children presenting with ADHD symptoms, even for families traditionally considered to be 'hard to treat'.

This thesis examines gender differentiation in prosecutions for minor offences in local secular and ecclesiastical courts in Kent from 1460 to 1560. Chapter one explains the need for research on gender and crime in local courts, and for studies bridging the historiographical gap between medieval and early modem England. Chapter two examines crimes against property, arguing that reasons other than gender may explain the apparent lenience towards female thieves. Women were disproportionately prosecuted for small thefts and peripheral offences like hedgebreaking and receiving: this could indicate, not that they lacked initiative, but that they were more likely to be prosecuted for offences which were overlooked when committed by men. The reverse appears to be true for physical violence, the subject of chapter three. Here the evidence suggests that men were charged for very minor assaults, whereas minor violence by women was only prosecuted in special circumstances. Almost equal numbers of men and women were prosecuted for verbal offences, the subject of chapter four, but the women were accused mainly of scolding or quarrelling with their social equals, and the men of insulting or slandering their social superiors. Chapter five deals with prosecutions for sexual misconduct. Thechurch courts were relatively lenient towards females accused of fornication or adultery-, both ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions, however, prosecuted `bawds', who were mainly female, and prostitutes, but rarely the men who used their services. Chapter six is concerned with alleged sorcerers (mainly women), and with sabbath breakers, illegal games-players and vagabonds (largely men). The concluding chapter discusses the similarity of the policies of the ecclesiastical and secular courts, and the tendency for charges against women to be vague and generalised while those against men were specific. It then focuses on the different crimes for which men and women were typically presented, particularly sexual and verbal offences for women and physical assault for men. These and other gendered offences reflect contemporary assumptions and fears about femininity and masculinity: women were expected to be quarrelsome, malicious gossips and sexual delinquents, while physical violence was expected and feared in men. It is suggested that the way local courts exercised their considerable discretion over what, and whom, to prosecute reflected and reinforced these preconceptions, and operated both to control women and to minimise men's fears about them.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, affecting about one in ten in the Western world. Although most cases are sporadic, around 5% are due to inherited susceptibility genes. One such gene, termed BRCA1 may account for up to 1/3 of all cases diagnosed before 30 years and in addition appears to be important in the onset of some cases of ovarian cancer. In families in which both breast and ovarian cancer cases are inherited, BRCA1 appears to be almost always responsible. With the lack of positional, biochemical and functional clues to the identity of BRCA1, its isolation required a positional cloning strategy. The work described here commenced with the physical characterisation of the chromosome 17q21 region containing BRCA1 and progressed through the various stages of the positional cloning strategy with the aim of isolating the responsible gene. The initial part of this work was concerned with the construction of a detailed long-range restriction map spanning over 3.5 megabase pairs of the BRCA1 region. This map detailed the precise location of previously isolated genes and markers in addition to the identification of the putative locations of other genes in the region. This information proved crucial to the construction of genomic clone contigs by orientating genomic clone walks and estimating the distances between them. As part of the next stage in the positional cloning process, this project concentrated on a 1.0-1.5 megabase pair stretch of the region which appeared to be the most likely location of the BRCA1 gene, as suggested by parallel genetic studies. This work involved the construction of a complete genomic clone contig spanning the distal half of this region to complement other work in the laboratory concerned with cloning the remaining half of the region. A thorough transcriptional analysis of this contig was carried out as part of this project and a number of new genes in the region were isolated with the aid of a variety of gene isolation techniques including direct selection, exon-trapping, surveying for evolutionary conservation and the identification of CpG islands. The work culminated in the mutational analysis of a strong candidate in the region. With the recent identification of a novel gene bearing all the requirements for BRCA1, the detailed physical characterisation described here of the region surrounding this gene will be useful in future efforts to reveal the normal functions of this gene and how it causes oncogenesis.

This study examines the overall results of the Physical Fitness Test (PFT) and the six fitness areas of the PFT, academic achievement, demographics and self perceptions and the potential impact on students' performance on the PFT. While academic expectations are increasing, the adolescent obesity rate is also increasing, producing a decline in the fitness levels of adolescents. This study is a two phase non-experimental, quantitative investigation of 2009-2010 currently enrolled tenth grade high school students as it relates to their performance on the 2008-2009 California Physical Fitness Test. Phase one addresses the analysis of extant data which is gathered from 2008-2009 Physical Fitness Test (PFT) six fitness areas and academic achievement as measured by grade point averages from students May 2009 semester report card to determine if any correlations may exist as it pertains to overall performance on the PFT. Phase two, which is also quantitative, focuses on descriptive survey research to ascertain currently enrolled tenth grade students' demographic information to include gender, race/ethnicity, parental education level, and the National School Lunch Program to discover if there are any relationships or differences regarding the overall results of the Physical Fitness Test. Students' demographics and self perceptions regarding physical fitness are garnered through a Demographic Information Sheet and the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile in the form of a computer based survey platform. It is the intent of this researcher that an increased awareness of the adolescent obesity epidemic be brought to the forefront for educators, parents and students alike. It is critical to identify and examine existing trends in data, which will enable educators to determine ways in which students can be better prepared and subsequently be successful on the Physical Fitness Test. The literature reveals the potentially enormous effects obesity may have on youth today. According to Graber and Locke, (2007) "Physical educators stand at an historical point in time at which they can either seize the opportunity and contribute to developing the health of our nation's children through quality physical education, or let the opportunity slip through their hands" (2007, p. 422). [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Women's employment rates in China are amongst the highest in the world; however, only a relatively small proportion of these women ever rise to senior leadership positions (Attane, 2012). A similar pattern can be seen in higher education (HE). Although nowadays women serve as president and senior managers at universities and many women have engaged management roles, relatively few make a break through the so-called 'glass ceiling' into senior leadership (Sheng, 2009). From past decades, China has gone through radical social change and scholars have begun to draw attention to female leadership in the Chinese context, but there is limited research on women and leadership in HE. Therefore, this research seeks to examine the career paths, experiences and aspirations of women in mid-career academic roles, since that is a career stage where the 'glass ceiling' appears to present a barrier to further career progression. Underpinning this study is an analytical framework which incorporates four main themes, which are the gender theory, women and leadership theory, the research economy, and the concept of career capital. Following a sequential mixed methods design, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed, beginning with an online questionnaire with a sample of 391 mid-career academic women working in Chinese higher education. This was followed by semistructured interviews with 16 women. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and multivariate statistics in SPSS. Qualitative data were analysed thematically and triangulated with the quantitative results. This research has analysed the internal and external barriers and difficulties that present to their progression to senior leadership positions in higher education. The findings suggest that the major barriers in mid-career academic women's promotion in China were the pressures from promotion requirements, especially the requirement for publications. This research provides a critique of the way that academic success has become increasingly tied to metrics and indicators. The findings contribute to the field of women's educational leadership studies. The findings have important implications for education policy makers and university leaders.

Exploring the underrepresentation of women in academic leadership and professorial roles has received considerable attention from researchers and academics worldwide. Nevertheless, there seem to be limited studies focusing on the lived experiences of female academics in Algerian universities. This thesis addresses that gap. It explores how female academics' lived experiences impact the way they define and construct their identities in private (domestic) and public (professional) spheres. It seeks to unveil how sociocultural, organisational, and personal factors shape female academics' identities and the strategies they deploy to navigate their multiple roles. This study's conceptual and theoretical framework centres on identity, giving attention to identity work and regulation theory (Alvesson & Willmott, 2002), gender performativity (Butler, 1988) and feminist postcolonial theories (Petersen and Rutherford, 1986; Mernissi, 2003) and women's careers in the context of Algerian higher education. This research adopts a critical paradigm, taking a hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative approach to explore the lived experiences of 18 female academics. Data was collected in two phases, beginning with a pre-interview task, followed by semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed thematically (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The main findings of this study indicate that female academics in Algeria are under double colonisation, stemming from the patriarchal local culture and historically from colonial imperialism, which has left an effect on the Algerian educational system and shapes the construction of women's identities in public (professional) and private (domestic) spheres in line with social norms. This study's findings have important implications for higher education gender equality policy and practice. This study makes an important contribution to the Algerian literature concerned with women's identities and careers in higher education and paves the way for future studies to extend the Algerian literature in the field.

The persistent gender gap in higher education, in leadership and salary terms, is wellestablished in the literature and often discussed using a pipeline metaphor, for example, addressing a leaky pipeline or building the pipeline. Mid-career women in higher education represent the pipeline, and yet research has identified that women frequently hold teaching and administrative roles which lack prestige and status compared to research activity and are therefore held back in their career progression. This study makes an original contribution to knowledge by exploring the lesser-heard voices of mid-career women within a researchintensive university who have achieved senior categories of teaching fellowships for their achievements in teaching. It asks whether the value now being placed on teaching in a neoliberal management climate is offering new opportunities for those who champion teaching to accrue academic prestige in a gendered prestige economy in higher education. The study adopted a feminist, interpretivist, case study approach, informed by standpoint theory, to explore the career experiences of fifteen mid-career women who champion teaching within one higher education institution in England. Insider research alongside visual and narrative methods in the form of drawn career journey maps and narrative interviews resulted in a set of richly contextualised data. Data were analysed using a thematic, iterative approach, drawing on Braun and Clarke's (2006) six-step framework. The study confirms previous findings from research about the existence of a masculinised culture and prestige economy in higher education which can hinder women's career progression. A new finding is that women do gain prestige by achieving senior categories of teaching fellowships, with prestige experienced in various ways, which can also result in a sense of increased career capital. Overall, the findings revealed that multiple factors shaped the participants' career journeys and ambitions. These included the importance of achieving a balance between family and work responsibilities, feeling valued and being of value in their teaching roles and having a sense of belonging within the institution. The findings have implications for policy makers in senior management, human resources, and academic development teams to ensure inclusive routes for reward and recognition are provided for staff, often women, who champion teaching excellence. The study concludes with recommendations for further research.

Children's playgrounds are a ubiquitous feature of British towns and cities. And yet the politics and values that have informed their creation, purpose and form have rarely been historicised by scholars, professionals or the wider public. To address this, Swings and Roundabouts answers two broad questions. Firstly, why do children's playgrounds exist and, secondly, why do they look the way they do? Focusing on dedicated public spaces for play, the study examines the individuals and organisations that promoted and created such places, explores the changing social, political and environmental assumptions that informed such work, and reveals how play spaces and the wider urban environment changed as a result. Grounded in the fields of environmental history and critical geography, the thesis uncovers the changing eco-cultural values that helped to establish the principle of the playground and in turn shaped its material form. To do so, it draws on the archival materials of social reformers and parks superintendents, equipment manufacturers and architects, from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It finds that the ideal playground has long represented a site where changing conceptions of nature, health, childhood, commerce and technology have all been played out, with a corresponding impact on the built form of towns and cities across Britain. As such, Swings and Roundabouts plots the erratic evolution of the playground in public parks, housing estates and other spaces in the urban environment, charting its journey from marginal obscurity to popular ubiquity and the subsequent challenges to its status as a site of health, nature and safety. In doing so, this study sheds light on a previously unacknowledged influence on the urban environment and points to the enduring power of historical values in shaping the public places where we live and play. As a result, it provides vital contextual information for scholars and policymakers seeking to imagine and create more equitable opportunities for the child in the city.

Allegations of voting on partisan or political lines has become a regular feature of discussions on the role of the U.S. judiciary. The result has been the framing of judges within the conventional political binary of liberalism and conservatism. This tendency has also extended to the scholarly analysis of historical judicial actors. However, this thesis argues that the application of such labels distorts and simplifies the complex role of judges, both past and present. It does so by investigating the role of fellow lower federal court judges, and cousins, Learned and Augustus Hand, in civil liberties cases in the early-to-mid twentieth century. Although both men have been popularly regarded as symbols of judicial independence, their contributions to law have typically been framed in political terms. This thesis examines the Hands through a judicial biography focused on civil liberties cases to reveal the ways in which their opinions and rulings reflected a complex philosophical methodology that transcended political labels. In turn, it exposes the limitations of the contemporary political binary as an accurate measure of judicial decision making. The thesis traces this approach through the Hands' formative years and the legal areas of political speech, obscenity, immigration, and criminal rights. It scrutinises landmark and highly contentious civil liberties cases, as well as lesser known and unstudied cases, to highlight how they reshaped law whilst maintaining judicial independence. Furthermore, it draws on new documents and letters to display how their relationship dynamic prompted differing views on the optimal approach to maintaining judicial restraint. In so doing, the thesis shows how the Hands were able to avoid political and personal inclinations to provide lasting contributions that continue to influence and shape current legal debates. With the Supreme Court under intensifying calls for reform, this thesis adds timely nuance to our historical understanding of the delicate relationship between politics and law.

School performance evaluation (SPE) and the use of performance indicators is one of the most common educational reforms sweeping the globe as a consequence of neoliberalism and increased managerialism in education (Ball, 2012a). Like many countries, Saudi Arabia has implemented SPE to improve educational outcomes. The School Performance Indicators System (SPIS) is the most recent programme, but not the first (Al Hakamy, 2008). It was preceded by many other SPE programmes, some of which operated concurrently. Although SPE has generated widespread global debate and is known to cause increased workload and emotional strain on teachers and head teachers (Perryman, Ball, Maguire, & Braun, 2011), there is a dearth of empirical research into teachers and head teachers experiences of SPE in Saudi Arabia. This study is aimed at contributing to closing that gap. Giving a voice to an underrepresented group in research by focusing on female teachers and school head teachers, specifically, the aim of this study is to explore how they make sense of and experience SPIS monitoring and inspection visits, as well as their views of SPIS key performance indicators (KPIs) and accountability within the system. In addition, the study explores the effects of SPE on their stress levels, workload and morale. The data collection and analysis are embedded in an interpretivist paradigm, using explanatory sequential multi-site case study mixed methods. This consisted of administering a questionnaire to 64 female head teachers and 109 female secondary school teachers in Jeddah. These data were then enriched by conducting interviews with three female head teachers and nine female teachers from three schools to gather more in-depth views of SPIS. The conceptual framework for this study centres upon three main concepts, which are discussed in depth: SPE, performativity and accountability. The results of this study point to the importance of teachers and head teachers participating in the design and implementation of new programmes, aimed at education reform. The study reveals the impact of centralisation on the reduced efficiency of SPE implementation, which casts doubt over the efficacy of such education reforms.

In this thesis, I present a narrative that describes and analyses the shifts in outcomes-based social care policy in England over the past decade. In the UK, adult social care refers to a range of long-term care support services, including home care and residential care. The thesis focuses on two broad themes: (1) the measurement of individual quality of life as an outcome of social care support. This includes individual quality of life of people who use social care services, and their carers. (2) The application of social care outcomes to inform policy and practice. The thesis comprises a selection of my published work from the PSSRU, University of Kent, over the past eight years. This research builds upon the initial development of the Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) by PSSRU colleagues. ASCOT is the only measure specifically designed to capture the quality of life outcomes of social care support. It was initially developed for use with older adults. My work contributes further knowledge of the measurement of outcomes of younger adults (<65 years) and those with mental health problems, as well as carers' outcomes. It also develops a range of approaches to the application of social care outcome data to inform policy and practice. This includes the potential use of outcomes data in secondary analysis of national-level datasets and other survey data, of the value of considering carer/care-recipient outcomes together (as 'dyads'), and also the potential to translate and cross-culturally adapt the tools to inform the development of policy and practice in other countries – specifically here, in Japan. The thesis examines the potential value of measuring and applying social care outcomes to inform decision-making (e.g. evaluation studies) and practice (e.g. needs assessment). There are, however, also limitations due to a range of practical, organisational, structural, financial and cultural differences in adult social care, compared to healthcare.

This dissertation focused on teachers' reasons of why they were willing or reluctant to have discussions of a controversial nature. This dissertation used vignettes in an emergent grounded theory approach. Interviews and focus groups consisted of eight male and 27 female middle school teachers in central Ohio. A division of teachers into two groups of willing and reluctant revealed numerous findings. Willing teachers employed teachable moments through educationally relevant discussions and understood adolescents' struggles through moral development. Reluctant teachers resented the lack of teaching time or were uncomfortable with controversial discussions in their classrooms. The results of this research recommended that teacher education programs provide additional information about moral developmental of middle school students.

For roughly 15,000 years, the area of the St. Mary's River known as Baawitigong (rapids) has been home to the Anishinaabeg, whose identity and lifeways are inextricably linked to the river. The area became an important location for the first Indigenous populations on the Great Lakes, the Copper People, during the Seven Fires migrations, and later became a capital of the modern Niswi-mishkodewin (Three Fires Confederacy). Its location in the centre of the continent also made the St. Mary's River a target of colonial expansion, and thus made Baawitigong (a.k.a. Bawating, Baawitig or Pawating) a strategic location of Indigenous resistance against imperial forces from the seventeenth century until the present. This makes the River an ideal case study with which to understand the impacts of colonization. Colonial populations did not have the same relationship with the river as the Anishinaabeg had; the Colonists did not view the river as a living force, but instead as an impediment to their westward migration and a bank of natural resources to be exploited. Rather than looking to the Natural Baseline of the river to inform their lifeways, the Colonists worked to alter the river for their own purposes. In the early-nineteenth century, legislated land use and industrialization were destructive to the environment and the health of the river, its flora, fauna, and people. By the twentieth century, both the Natural Baseline of the St. Mary's River, and the Anishinaabeg's lifeways, were threatened by these colonial land use patterns. Both would become further threatened into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, demonstrating the link between Anishinaabeg people and this region. Within this history, is also the story of hope and resistance to these colonial land uses, which may provide a model for North American society, legal structures, and land use patterns moving forward.

The purpose of this study was to develop sauerkraut products using potassium chloride as a complete or partial sodium chloride replacement, to determine the microbiological and chemical safety of the products, and to determine the consumer acceptance of the sauerkraut. Sauerkraut was prepared with 3 different salts as treatments: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and Morton Lite Sal®. The fermentations were allowed to proceed for 30 days while total microbial counts, lactic acid-producing bacterial counts, yeast and mold counts, and titratable acidities were being monitored. Total and lactic microbial counts for the potassium chloride and Lite Salt treatments were found to be higher than counts for the sodium chloride treatments. This was due to the lower ionic strength of the potassium chloride in the brine, allowing for greater microbial growth and therefore, greater lactic acid production as was evidenced by the higher titratable acidities of these treatments. Sauerkraut juice components were analyzed with an HPLC instrument and no differences were found in the types and quantities of components present in the 3 treatments. Total amounts of sodium and potassium in the finished sauerkraut products were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analyses. Sodium reduction in the kraut prepared with potassium chloride instead of sodium chloride is about 98%. Kraut prepared with Lite Salt shows a reduction in sodium of 40-45% over that prepared with sodium chloride. Sensory evaluation using an untrained consumer-type panel showed kraut prepared with Lite Salt compared favorably to kraut prepared with sodium chloride. No bitter aftertaste of the Lite Salt was noted due to the masking of this flavor by the lactic acid. Sauerkraut prepared with potassium chloride was rated lower than the other two treatments due to its bitter, metallic aftertaste. This study shows that potassium chloride can be used as at least a partial replacement for sodium chloride in the fermentation of sauerkraut. Use of Lite Salt provides a microbiologically and chemically safe product that is not only palatable but compares favorably to kraut prepared with sodium chloride, yet provides a substantial amount of sodium reduction over common sauerkraut.

This dissertation offers a fresh interpretation of the impact of the rise of organized labour on black working communities during the New Deal. Labour historians have detailed the racial practices of the numerous unions who grew in size and strength during the 1930s, while studies of black civil rights have probed the experiences of black leadership groups who advocated support for black participation in industrial unionism. A new overarching paradigm of civil rights struggle has emerged which praises the emergence of a powerful left-oriented, union-based rights movement. This dissertation argues that this interpretation is flawed for failing to place the constituency who supposedly benefitted from the rise of labour in a central role: black workers. This dissertation builds its analysis of the rise of unionism upon the experiences of black workers. It is in this context that assessments of the achievements of leadership groups should be conducted. A comparative methodology focusing on Detroit and New York City is employed. Chapters 1 and 2 recreate the local experiences of black workers in the foundational period of biracial unionization between 1933 and 1941. Two key themes emerge. First, the distribution of black workers in specific local settings offered the potential for concentrated groups of workers to use organized labour as a vehicle to advance black rights. In addition, existing constraints on black employment were often reinforced by unions' increased power. Similarly, the interconnected control of employment by unions, government and management groups opened up new avenues of protest, but could also make identifying and tackling the sources of workers' discrimination more difficult. Both of these issues highlight the contradictory impact of unionization on black workers' lives while also demonstrating the demand for coordinated activism placed upon protest leaders. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 assess the extent to which opponents of organized labour, local supporters of organized labour and national civil rights groups were able to take up the agenda called for by workers. The recurrent failure to establish effective and coordinated protest coalitions lay not necessarily in the ideological or political failings of protest leaders. The unique demands for multifaceted and coordinated activism ultimately proved beyond the capacity of protest leaders. As a result, appraisals of the rise of labour need to be removed from value-laden conceptions that celebrate the 'opportunities found' for working rights protest. Instead, by emphasizing the fragile foundations of labour-based protest, it is suggested that the renewed focus on workers' lives allows for an altogether new way of examining the influence of the New Deal on the black freedom struggle.

In 1947, in Everson v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court held for the first time that the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment was applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. The Establishment Clause states: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" and governs the institutional relationships between the churches and the state in the United States. With Everson began a controversial and long-running debate: what exactly does the Establishment Clause mean and what kinds of relationship between church and state are forbidden under its terms? As arbiter of the Constitution, the task of interpreting the Clause and its meaning in the modern United States fell to the Supreme Court. This thesis investigates the Court's interpretation of the Establishment Clause between Everson in 1947 and Agostini v. Felton in 1997, when the Court overruled itself for the first time in this area of constitutional law. This thesis focuses on the Court's decisions in the area of schools and education policy, such cases accounting for a majority of the Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence. It considers school aid and the provision of government benefits to religious schools and their students, school prayer and other school-sponsored religious exercises on public school grounds, and equal access, the question of voluntary student-initiated religious activities on public school premises. In seeking to investigate the Court's decisions, three main influences are considered: the opinions of the Court, the Justices' private discussions and the alignment of Justices in each case, and the social and political context against which the cases arose and were decided. This thesis takes an historical approach to analysing these events and investigates influences on the Court beyond those of legal origin. In taking this approach, the thesis addresses how and why the Court made its decisions and rulings, the consequences of those rulings for the meaning of the Establishment Clause, and the effect of both on the relationship between the institutions of the churches and the state in the modern United States.