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Relating crime to tourism has seemingly been a taboo subject among tourism experts and researchers and it may be speculated, this is because crime is not a problem. Even fewer criminologists have thought to give the relationship a first, let alone a second glance and yet evidence exists which suggests that people on holiday are not only more likely to be victimised but are also routinely let down the criminal justice system. It is also likely that the breadth of the problem continues to grow as travel becomes increasingly routine for holidays, business and educational purposes. International Crime Victim Surveys which have existed since the latter part of the 1980s ask residents in a wide sweep of counties about their experiences of crime and subsequent support but there has not, to date been a similar exercise among visitor victims. This is in spite of research which has shown that while people who are victims of crime in their own locale are affected in a variety of ways, those who are similarly victimised while away from the familiar are doubly affected; they must deal with the issues relating to the actual crime and must do so without knowledge of their surroundings and the support of family and friends. As a result they may return home without resolving the emotional impact of the events. Thus negative impressions of the visit will be conveyed to family and Mends thus potentially deterdng them from visiting the same area. In view of the importance of tourism and the growth in travel to all corners of the world, failure to identify the risk of crime and its impact are serious omissions. This research therefore endeavours to begin to fill that gap through a detailed study in Cornwall in the southwest of England. This is a county which relies heavily upon tourism for its economic wellbeing and yet, data from a postal questionnaire to visitor victims suggested that little support was available in the event of a crime. This is, in part because the police often failed to note the status of the victim and, where they did, victims were less likely to be contacted by Victim Support than resident victims.

Intact hepatocytes have been prepared from a number of adult mammalian species by a procedure involving digestion of the finely sliced liver in a mixture of collagenase and hyaluronidase enzymes. The cell yield, viability index and ability of the hepatocytes to form non-proliferating monolayer cultures was assessed. This procedure was also applied to the isolation of viable renal tubule fragments from several species. The metabolism of a number of aromatic compounds, namely biphenyl, 7-ethoxycoumarin, benzo(a)pyrene and 4-methylumbelliferone was studied in hepatocytes isolated from the rat, ferret and hamster. Overall, hamster hepatocytes exhibited the greatest degree of mixed function oxidase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. Rat hepatocytes were superior to ferret hepatocytes in metabolising capability. The ferret hepatocytes were generally less efficient at conjugation, particularly with glucuronic acid. Renal metabolic activities were considerably less than those of liver. The metabolism of benzoic acid was studied in liver and renal cell preparations from the rat,hamster, ferret and dog. Benzoic acid was conjugated extensively with glycine by hepatocytes and renal cells of the rat and hamster, whereas, the renal cells alone, performed this reaction in the dog and ferret. Hepatocytes from these animals showed a limited ability to form benzoylglucuronide. The metabolism of [[3]H]-benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was investigated more fully in the hepatocyte suspensions and cultures. In the rat hepatocyte suspensions, significant differences in the distribution of the metabolites between the cells and extracellular medium were observed. Phenols accumulated intracellularly and only small amounts were released into the medium. Sulphate esters of the phenols also accumulated but to a lesser extent. 4,5-Dihydrodiol and 7,8-dihydrodiol were distributed more evenly between the cells and medium whereas 9,10-dihydrodiol was found mainly in the medium. Conjugates of the phenols, 4,5-dihydrodiol, 7,8-dihydrodiol and 9,10-dihydroxyBP (catechol) were detected in the extracellular medium. 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydrotetrol was identified as a further metabolite of 7,8-dihydrodiol. Low amounts of radioactivity were bound to cellular macromolecules. Hamster hepatocytes formed significantly greater amounts of 4,5-dihydrodiol and a quinone, probably 3,6-quinone, than the rat. Ferret hepatocytes metabolised BP in a manner comparable to the rat but the proportion of conjugates formed was lower and the primary products were not retained to such a degree within the cells. The extent of BP metabolism by the cultured hepatocytes was only 10-20% of that measured in the freshly isolated cells although the metabolic profile was the same. After 3-4 days, the hepatocyte cultures become overrun with fibroblasts which could metabolise BP in a manner comparable to the hepatocytes. Pure fibroblast cultures were more susceptible to the toxicity of BP but when grown in the presence of hepatocytes, this toxicity was significantly reduced. Hepatocytes exposed to BP in culture, showed increased levels of NADPH-diaphorase, succinic dehydrogenase and leucylnaphthylamidase activity; the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited and DNA repair synthesis was increased.

Scope and Method of Study:

The purpose of this study was to improve parent involvement in the school as a result of an increase in school to home communication through the Parent Network. In order to identify barriers to parent involvement in the school, both parents and teachers were surveyed. The parent survey, written in English and Spanish, was designed to ascertain their attitudes toward the school. The responses of sixty-six parents were analyzed. It was found that although a majority of the parents had a positive attitude toward the school, most felt that they did not have skills that could be helpful. Fifty-five teachers responded to a questionnaire regarding their attitudes toward parent involvement in the school. It was found that, contrary to parents' beliefs, teachers believed not only that parent involvement in the school was important, but also that parents had skills that could be beneficial to the school. Three barriers to school to home communication were revealed: 1) a poor in-house system of distribution; 2) student failure to take flyers home; 3) parents' failure to keep promises to attend school activities. Although there was an increase in the number of parent volunteers, findings were inconclusive regarding the effectiveness of the Parent Network as a means of improving parent involvement in the school.