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The United Kingdom (UK) is the second most popular country for international students (ISs). The literature review and empirical paper highlight that there are limited studies that address the challenges faced by Asian international students (AISs) and Indian international students (IISs). The aim was to understand barriers to accessing university well-being and mental health services. Thematic synthesis was adopted for the systematic literature review. A record of the inclusion and exclusion criteria has also been published on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (registration number is: CRD42021249135). Reflexive thematic analysis was kept in mind during data analysis of the 11 individual interviews conducted online for the empirical paper. The themes generated under the results section shed light on the barriers and the challenges faced. ISs leave their home country to further their careers and face challenges with adjustment. Individually, these challenges may not appear to be difficult to manage but facing them altogether increases the pressure faced by both AISs and ISs. The study highlights the importance of viewing this population separately, so as to ensure the nuances of their culture are not overlooked. Their challenges led to struggles with feeling insecure when expressing themselves and conversing with peers. Lastly, participants have also provided suggestions for advertising well-being and mental health services.

The aim of this research is to explore the social conditions that govern the processes of migration and non-migration of Indian doctors and IT professionals. The current study also explores both the push and pull factors, which are subjective and vary from person to person, depending on social institutional experience. The social conditions and processes are taken as subjective social realities which vary among highly skilled professionals. Data is collected from doctors and IT engineers working and living in India and the UK. The research takes a qualitative approach . Semi-structured interviews are conducted with 38 participants identified through social networks, personal contacts and a purposive snowball sampling technique. Thematic analysis is performed through coding and keywords using NVivo software. Current research has explored interaction between the institutional framework to explore the impact of families on individual decisions is significant, because of the collectivist nature of Indian society. The findings suggest that the migration and non-migration of highly skilled Indians is based on social conditions and constructed dynamic family factors such as marital status, gender, skill level, linking lives, family obligations, family size, whether the person is a single child, women's role in the family, the decision-making power of the family and life experiences from childhood to maturity. These conditions vary across a lifespans and motivates to gain skills so that family members do not experience future social, organizational inequalities. The theoretical contribution is to merge institutional and social capital theory to develop a new conceptual framework which explicitly provides knowledge of the institutional and social capital role of social conditions. Institutional settings influence this social capital due to unequal access to institutional resources and job markets. Social capital theory explains the impact of the social conditions of the family as a whole on the migration process of highly skilled professional due to collectivism principal in Indian society.

Background: Migration is associated with stress and mental health concerns among various migrant populations worldwide, including international university students and Asian Indian people. There is a scarcity of research on Asian Indian international students in particular, although they comprise the third largest international student population in the UK. This research aims at addressing the gap in literature by exploring the experiences of Asian Indian international students in British Higher Education settings, as well as understanding the coping strategies they use to manage psychological wellbeing and their attitudes towards professional help-seeking. Method: A qualitative design was employed to understand the subjective experience of Indian international students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data was analysed using thematic analysis. Ethical guidelines were followed and a reflexive approach was included to establish trustworthiness and transparency. Findings & Discussion: A few themes highlighted were the need for social connection, the difficult transition to a new academic system, issues concerning finances, cultural differences, potential minimizing of distress and discriminatory experiences, a positive outlook towards seeking professional help, as well as a stigma attached to it. The findings were examined through Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological perspective of human development. Although some data confirmed previous research conducted, positive experiences and healthy coping strategies used by participants were also identified. Conclusions: Recommendations for further research could involve focusing on various sub-categories of Indian international students and the potential link between help-seeking attitudes with those who actually seek support. The implications for this study can be useful for psychological therapists, educational institutions and organizations involved with Indian international students.

This thesis explores the overall question of "What is the influence of Caribbean students' technology usage, parental background and school type on their self-efficacy?" Different domains of self-efficacy are examined to explore how they might be uniquely affected by technology usage and adolescent student background. This includes entrepreneurial and social self-efficacy, which are underexplored amongst adolescents. Academic self-efficacy is also considered because though it is commonly explored globally, it remains underexplored in the Caribbean and in relation to technology usage. Technology usage (at school for schoolwork, at home for homework and social media time and connections) is explored because of its ubiquity in modern learning contexts, alongside the lack of research on its potential effect on the self-efficacy domains in this study. Parental background (mothers' education, fathers' education and wealth), school type and academic achievement are also explored because they have been shown in the global literature to be positively associated with several self-efficacy domains but remain underexplored in the Caribbean context. Exploring technology usage, student background and academic achievement together provides a detailed model of the pathways through which they interact and potentially affect self-efficacy. To explore these issues, a mixed-methods study was adopted, using a cross-sectional questionnaire involving 585 students, as well as semi-structured interviews with 34 teachers, students and a Ministry of Education official. Qualitative classroom and school observations were also done. Data were analysed using Structural equation modelling path analyses and Analyses of variance to establish models of relationships amongst variables. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis to help explain the quantitative results. The results show various significant influences on self-efficacy. In terms of parental background, mothers' education positively influences all types of self-efficacy. Wealth influences social self-efficacy through increased time spent on social media, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy through increased social media connections. The thematic analyses suggest that a greater exposure to opportunities and ideas beyond their community may be one reason why students with more privileged parental backgrounds might have higher confidence. Technology usage also influences all types of self-efficacy. Academic self-efficacy is directly and positively associated with technology usage for homework, whilst social self-efficacy is positively and directly associated with the time spent on social media and the number of connections on social media. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is directly and positively associated with the number of connections on social media. Computer use at school had no significant effect on any type of self-efficacy. The thematic analysis suggests that that lack of effect of computer use might be due to insufficient infrastructure and teacher professional development, reducing teachers' ability to competently facilitate technology use in classrooms. Finally, school 'prestige' positively influenced academic self-efficacy. The thematic analysis suggests that 'prestigious' schools had greater financial resources and lower levels of bureaucracy in implementing innovative pedagogy, which might facilitate the conditions for academic self-efficacy development. Finally, there were notable differences in the self-efficacy of boys and girls, with boys having higher. The thematic analyses suggest that the socialisation of meekness in girls and boldness in boys may be a reason. Ethnicity results also showed that African students had lower academic self-efficacy than their Indian counterparts, which the thematic analysis suggested could be because African boys are chastised by teachers at a seemingly greater rate. Notably though, African boys had the highest entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The conclusion brings together the results and identifies multiple areas for future research and policy development. Some key conclusions are that teacher professional development and infrastructure development are critical for technology use to be effective for developing student self-efficacy. Mothers' education also emerged as a key variable, which highlights that mothers should probably be a target for access to further education so that they are better equipped to support their children's confidence development. Schools could also explore having more celebrations of African culture to help African students feel more academically confident. Finally, the results of this thesis support the usefulness of domain-specific self-efficacy testing, as opposed to the testing of general self-efficacy, since clear differences were found in how each type of self-efficacy is influenced.

The strategy process literature studies how strategies are formed in firms, but underemphasizes the role of firms' internal capabilities. Conversely, the resource-based view (RBV), and the dynamic capabilities view (DCV) emphasizes the role of firms' internal capabilities but underplays the role of strategy processes. In response to these gaps, this study empirically examines the relationship between strategy processes, organizational capabilities, and firm performance, using the theoretical lenses of RBV and DCV. Specifically, three research models have been constructed: The base model tested the relationship between strategy processes, organizational capabilities, and firm performance. The second model dwelled further deep into the first half of the base model and emphasized the complexities arising from the combination of different strategy processes, and the combination of different organizational capabilities. The last model concentrated on the second half of the base model, with a particular focus on the comparison of ordinary and dynamic capabilities strength. Based on survey data from 260 Indian high-tech firms, the thesis finds broad support for all the three models. These results inform the strategy process literature of the importance of organizational capabilities as the mediator between strategy processes and firm performance, responding to long-standing demands for the introduction of a mediating variable between this relationship. They enhance ambidexterity literature as they show how firms align ambidexterity at strategy process and organizational capabilities level, thus, listening to recent calls for providing strategic antecedents of organizational ambidexterity. They also contribute to RBV and DCV literature by cautioning against any exalted position given to dynamic capabilities, which helps settle the on-going debate on the abilities of different capabilities to generate competitive advantage. Overall, the findings suggest that to improve firms' profitability and growth; managers need to employ different types of strategy processes that take into account both ordinary and dynamic capabilities in technological and marketing functions.

This thesis explores the historical and contemporary cultural politics of funeral and body disposal among Indian and Chinese residents of Great Britain. The sanitation episteme launched in Britain during the eighteenth-century resulted in new systems for governing things deemed to be polluting or a threat to human health. This included the corpse/dead body and its bodily remains governed by an all-embracing state technique that I call ‘necropower’. Inspired by a Foucauldian approach to biopower, I examine how the governing of the dead is implicated in the formation of state power over non-Abrahamic ethnic groups. More specifically, in this thesis I analyze how the funeral and disposal practices of two ethnic minorities in the UK have been and are governed by the contours of state necropower. I argue that these bodies became the quintessential matter out of place in a state-regulated episteme. Beginning with funerary practices they have historically been deemed polluted and subject to state-based sanitary order, and they have emerged today through a new environmental and sanitary episteme inside a necroregime of power that is mediated by industry professionals. Drawing upon documented historical and contemporary material from the nineteenth to twenty-first century, interviews with state officials, professionals from the Death Care Industry, and Indian and Chinese minorities in Great Britain, I elaborate the various ways that these minorities seek to respond to, negotiate, and avoid expectations and regulations with respect to body and remain disposal.

This study examines the emergence of Indian Muslim women as politicians and social reformers in the early years of the twentieth century by focussing on the state of Bhopal, a small Muslim principality in Central India, which was ruled by a succession of female rulers throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The last Begam of Bhopal, Nawab Sultan Jahan Begam (1858-1930, r. 1901-1926), emerges as the main figure in this history, though a substantial effort has also been made to examine the activities of other Bhopali women, whether poor, privileged or princely. Special significance has been attached to their changing attitudes to class, gender and communal identities, using the veil as a metaphor for women's expanding concerns. Their connections with wider movements of social reform have also been emphasized in an attempt to show that the emergence of women in Bhopal was representative of a broader development occurring amongst Muslim women, both within India and throughout the Islamic world. The importance of this study lies in its treatment of the 'daughters of reform,' the first generation of Muslim women who contributed to the reformist discourse, particularly at the regional level, as complex subjects in possession of a history. It is also significant in that it redresses the paucity of academic literature on the princely states of India, highlighting the differences between states and the changes that occurred over time, rather than simply dismissing the princes as frivolous reminders of a by-gone age. The main theme that arises is the importance for early Muslim female activists of balancing continuity and innovation. By operating within the framework of Islam, Bhopali women were able to build on traditional norms in order to introduce incremental change. As many of their achievements were unforseen, however, their story is as much one of paradox, as of progress.

The focus of the study is the city of Bangalore, in India, which has over the years become a centre for high technology industries, and in the mid-i 990s was home to the largest number of Information Technology (IT) firms in India. This has earned it the title of the 'Silicon Valley of India'. The city's comparative advantage in the IT industry in India emanates from various factors, of which favourable government policy, high quality work force, and the availability of research laboratories are some of its crucial determinants. This research aims to understand the reasons for Bangalore's success in attracting both foreign and domestic IT industries (especially between the mid-i 980s, when the Indian economy showed the initial signs of opening up, and the mid-I 990s), and investigates the extent to which the city can continue to be the most preferred location for IT industry in the country. Three research hypotheses have been tested in this research study. The first is directed towards the global IT industry, and contends that the global IT industry's interest in India goes beyond mere price considerations alone. The second proposes that the success of Bangalore in attracting the IT industries is due to a synergy of factors, which include favourable government policies, availability of skilled professionals, and local presence of research institutes and laboratories. The third hypothesis is guided towards the industry-institution linkage, and argues that there exists a strong link between the IT industry and the research laboratories in Bangalore, which has helped underpin growth in the local IT industry. The empirical analysis was conducted at tm, levels. One at the national level of policy making, and another at the city level. The research is based on both secondary sources of data and primary data collection. The study relied on two types of field surveys, a firm-level survey and a policy makers survey. An understanding of the competitiveness of Bangalore is carried out using a set of indicators which include inter ella level of telecommunications infrastructure, government policies, availability of industrial/office space, skilled labour and specialised services. The study finds that initially the main reason for the industrial growth in Bangalore was to be found in the strong industrial tradition of the region, dating back to the earlier part of the twentieth century and later, by government owned electronics and telecommunication industries that were founded in the city immediately after the country's independence (in 1947). Electronics industries continued to base themselves during the 1 960s and through the I 980s in the city. However, when the Indian economic policy was hberalised from the mid-1980s and more perceptibly after 1991, it was the lnfomiation Technology industries that began to establish themselves in Bangalore primarily to tap the available professional skills, and to make use of the city's existing base as a prominent centre for high technology industries. The research also found that there are strong links between the research institutes and laboratories and the private IT companies in Bangalore especially in R&D related activities. While many of the interviewed companies felt that Bangalore would continue to be the preferred location for the IT industry in the country, they do not rule out the possibility that an impending infrastructure crisis in the city will undermine its competitiveness.

Subsequent to Lower Eocene (ca. 50Ma) collision of the Indian and Asian plates, continental subduction occurred along the N-dipping Main Central Thrust (MCT) of the Himalaya. In western Garhwal, NW India, upper amphibolite facies Vaikrita Group gneisses of the High Himalayan Slab (HHS) were thrust southwards over unmetamorphosed to greenschist facies Garhwal Group quartzites, carbonates and metabasics of the Lesser Himalaya. In the Bhagirathi valley, the MCT forms a ca. 10km thick shear zone composed of mylonitic Munsiari Group augen gneiss, amphibolite and metasediments. Metamorphic grade increases both northwards and with structural height. The MCT zone is bounded to the N by the Vaikrita roof thrust (VT) and by the Munsiari floor thrust (MT) to the S. The VT is a diffuse high-temperature shear zone recognised through a difference in lithology, metamorphic history, and tectonic style between the Vaikrita and Munsiari Groups. The MT is a relatively discrete fault formed at conditions approaching the brittle-ductile transition. N of the MCT zone, the Jhala Normal Fault (JNF) is a ductile to brittle N-dipping extensional shear zone that was responsible for the downthrow of HHS gneisses and Tethyan sediments in response to gravitational instability of the uplifting orogen. Garnet compositional zoning was produced during growth in both the MCT zone and the lower HHS. In the central and upper HHS it resulted from high-temperature homogenization followed by retrogressive re-equilibration. Diffusion studies suggest rapid cooling of the upper HHS garnets may have been caused by crustal thinning across the JNF. The inverted metamorphic sequence is the cumulative result of polyphase metamoiphism. M1 was a post-collisional Barrovian event of garnet to sillimanite grade restricted to the HHS. M2 was contemporaneous with D2 MCT kinematics and was prograde only in the MCT zone and lower HHS possibly as a result of conductive footwall heating. M3 resulted from nearly isothermal decompression of the upper HHS as a consequence of JNF activation. Thermobarometic transects reveal a significant increase in both P and T across the VT with subsequent decreases accompanying structural height in the HHS. Reliable K-Ar (muscovite) cooling ages from a transect through the MCT zone and HHS are progressively younger towards the S. Ages of ca. 22Ma to ca. 8Ma reflect the piggy-back style deformation sequence; disruptions to the younging sequence are interpreted as localised resetting of ages due to out-of-sequence shearing events. Biotite ages commonly suffered from excess argon and were unreliable. An40Ar/39Ar (hornblende) cooling age suggests rocks of the lower MCT zone were not heated above ca. 500°C since the Precambrian. A ca. 20Ma age dates the last high-temperature motion in the upper MCT zone. The decrease in cooling rate obtained from cooling ages for specific mineral blocking temperatures for the upper MCT zone may be hnked to a return to erosion-controlled denudation after JNF extension.

John Mayer (1929-2004) was a British Indian composer and violinist. Despite his contributions to bringing Indian music to the West and his large output of works, the majority of his compositions remain largely unknown. This document focuses on Mayer's only oboe concerto, Shanai Awaz, which translates to "Sound of the Shanai" in Hindi. It is representative of his fusion of Indian and Western techniques. The performance guide helps the oboist navigate the fusion elements of the piece. Because no piano reduction of the score was made by the composer, the piece has likely not been performed since 1983. A piano reduction of the score was created as part of this dissertation to make it more accessible to oboists.

My parents immigrated to the United States from India in the early 1960s, and I was born in 1967. I grew up in a time where there was little awareness of Indian culture or the religion of Islam in America, and I struggled against my parents attempt to impose both on me. My writing discusses the conflict I felt between my parents’ expectations and the American culture surrounding me that I began to embrace. My thesis has two parts: Part 1 is a collection of essays that shares the theme of my life as a second generation American, and Part 2 is the beginning of a longer piece that will become my memoir.

Music Education has always been the doorway to experiencing something new and wonderful. Music Education, before now in America, has always taught western-styled music. Today, culture has become an essential ingredient to being an American. The learning and appreciation of other cultures have become particularly important in a student's journey within music to ensure the feeling of community, respect for others, and the experience of different styles. Native American music has become threatened with extinction by the shortage of information available and the lack of instructors that can teach it. Generations upon generations have lost this opportunity to learn and experience the culture due to this misfortune. The research paper and curriculum project will demonstrate how students will benefit and learn from Native American Music through the development of learning the brief history of Native tribes, instruments used, and techniques produced by those instruments. Researchers early on attempted to record and illustrate the music but did not fathom the significance of the culture, so the results were poorly recorded. Due to the lack of documentation, many natives understand the culture. The paper's research will answer the question, "How can Music Education open the door for teaching Native American music?" The curriculum project will demonstrate the sense of importance with the process of delivering the information, demonstrating the information, and conducting assessments that ensure the students can digest it. This study will also show that teaching Native American music can alter and broaden each student's mind.

This dissertation study utilized Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to understand the acculturation and sojourner experience of undergraduate Indian international students in the U.S. Midwest. Focusing exclusively on the lived experience of these students, this study engaged Berry’s Fourfold Model of Acculturation (Berry, 1992, 1994) and the ABC Model of Acculturation as presented by Ward et al., (2001) to amplify the voices of three participants to bring forth the meaning they attach to their experiences. This study made use of the concept of Yātrā to signify the multidimensional journey that these international students undertake while migrating from their heritage culture in India to the receiving culture in the U.S. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, these students have shared their personal stories of adapting to change, learning along the way, and witnessing growth through their Yātrā in the U.S. Employing the process of double hermeneutics, meaning was made of the meaning attached to their Yātrā to understand their acculturation and coping strategies to overcome their acculturative stressors. This study has generated findings that would not only shed light on the acculturative process of these students but would also have implications for practice for educational leaders and practitioners. The findings of this study indicate that these students demonstrate a strong focus on doing well in the U.S. and exercise their grit and resilience to overcome their challenges. Advisor: Elvira J. Abrica

Abstract: The demographic profile of South Asians residing in Canada has grown appreciably over the years. For instance, as of 2011, South Asians made up Canada’s largest visible minority group (Statistics Canada, 2011) and was predicted to continue growing (Statistics Canada, 2012). More recently, Statistics Canada (2017) surmised, “In all the projection scenarios, South Asians would still be the main visible minority group in 2036” (Morency, Malenfant, & MacIsaac, p. 6). Significantly, Statistics Canada (2016) reported “the largest group of visible minority females is now South Asian” (Hudon, p. 4). Given the increasingly diverse composition of Canada’s population, it is crucial to recognize South Asian female students may arrive in schools embodying complex notions of culture and identity (Ghosh, 2000; Kurien, 1999) which shape in profound ways who they are and who they wish to be. Yet far too little is understood about these experiences. Moreover, teachers in Canada are often unaware, for such students, identity and culture are inherently multilayered, multi-dimensional considerations (Clandinin et al., 2006; Clandinin, et al., 2016) defying simple understandings (Handa, 2003; Ragoonaden, 2010; Rajiva, 2006). South Asian girls and their families live with, and amongst, interconnected, overlapping, and conflicting cultural, familial, intergenerational, and institutional narratives. Working within a narrative conception of knowledge, context, and identity, Clandinin et al. (2006) pointed to tensions that teachers, children, and families experience when co-composing curriculum within Canadian schools. Insofar as South Asian girls are concerned, it is vital to consider how embedded narratives shape their identity-making and additionally, what is taught and learned within the different curriculum-making worlds they live (Huber, Murphy, & Clandinin, 2011; Lugones, 1987) and travel within and amongst (Lugones, 1987). At the same time, there is a paucity of research with respect to how South Asian mothers support their daughters in their living and being. Seeking in part to trouble monolithic (and at times pejorative) constructions of South Asian girls and females, this multiperspectival narrative inquiry inquired into the storied experiences of two girls, their mothers and teacher over the span of several years. Shaping my research puzzles are the experiences I embody as a South Asian female born, raised, educated, and living in Canada. In the unfolding of this research, in ethical relationship with co-learners, we inquired into our experiences of identity-making and identity living as crafting an artistry of our lives. Field texts included audio-recordings of conversations with co-participants, transcripts of conversations, researcher observations of activities and events, artful wonderings which I called, heart-full musings (Menon, 2019), and artifacts such as photographs, memory books, written work (poetry and stories), annals, and artful representations. Wakeful (Greene, 1995/2000) to the metaphorical three-dimensional inquiry space (Clandinin, 2013; Clandinin & Connelly; 2000), attention was directed to place, sociality, and temporality. Four narrative accounts were created in close relationship with co-learners. Thinking alongside the stories and experiences of research friends, made visible experiences of tension and dis/ease. These bumping places (Clandinin et al, 2006), where different stories bumped up against one another provoked sites for deeper inquiry. By narratively inquiring into how teachers, South Asian girls, and their mothers experience curriculum making in home and school worlds, this study contributes to our knowledge of democratic pedagogy (Fernandez, 2006; Gay, 2002; Mosquera & Mosquera, 2005), and forwards an understanding of teacher and student practice for diversity and not merely about diversity (Clandinin et al. 2006; Clandinin et al; 2016; Eisner,1982, 2005; Greene, 1993, 1995; Ladson-Billings, 1995, 2012; Swartz, 2009). Additionally, by shifting away from more traditional and taken-for-granted (Greene, 1995/2000) understandings of academic research, this study illuminates and honours different ways of knowing, being, and learning. Doing so, situates this research firmly within a narrative understanding of social justice (Caine et al., 2018), while magnifying the nuanced experiences of South Asian children and women, as creative, agentic, and artistic, architects of their own experiential worlds.

Complimentary and alternate medicine, especially Ayurveda is gaining popularity in United States. However, there are various barriers that people face in adopting Ayurvedic practices into their lives and making cultural, familial and societal changes to better their health. This research explores these relationships and barriers behind why some people adopt and are able/unable to sustain Ayurvedic practices in the presence of traditional bio-medicine.

Background: Pain associated with childbirth is severe and women from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds tend to have less than optimal access to pain management during this period. This lack of access is a concern, as in Victoria, Australia, one in three pregnant women has been born overseas. Many are from India or Vietnam and speak languages other than English. At the same time, there is little research in Australia considering childbirth pain from the perspectives of immigrant women. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of childbirth pain (including during pregnancy, birth and the postpartum) from the perspective of Indian and Vietnamese women living in Australia. Design: A qualitative approach, using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), was employed to explore participants’ pain experiences. IPA was chosen because it moves beyond pure description to explore the deeper meaning of experiences. Methods: Twenty-four pregnant women born in India or Vietnam participated in two in-depth interviews (prenatal and the postpartum). Findings: Two core themes, a culture in transition and universal experiences, emerged through the trajectory of pregnancy, birth and the postpartum. Cultural factors influenced participants’ information seeking, responses to labour pain, and decision making about pain relief. Similar factors shaped the postpartum experiences, with participants deciding whether to follow cultural customs that were aimed at preventing pain in later life. Ultimately, decisions about childbirth pain were informed by a fusion of personal choice and cultural customs within the background of a new environment. The second theme indicated that women, regardless of ethnicity and culture, had similar experiences. All desired reassurance as the birth approached. Women who had positive psychosocial support during birth and were satisfied with their experience of pain felt empowered. When women felt inadequately supported and fearful, they made decisions which later led to regret, disappointment and dissatisfaction with their experience of childbirth. Conclusion: Overall, this study has provided new insights into the experience of childbirth pain. Specifically, women from India and Vietnam experienced a transition in culture whilst preparing for and managing childbirth pain. It is anticipated that the knowledge gained from this study will enrich our understanding of this experience and generate better awareness of pregnant Indian and Vietnamese women’s needs related to childbirth pain. This thesis provides foundational information to support healthcare professionals to understand the dynamic landscape in which women from CALD backgrounds prepare for and manage childbirth pain. This understanding will inform future decisions. Ultimately, this information may help to inform care and to provide meaningful support for immigrant women.

This study seeks to explicate and advance contemporary deimperial and decolonial philosophies of education through a reflexive archival inquiry and comparative textual analysis of the corpus of California Indian educational leader (Renape/Lenape) Jack Douglas Forbes (Jan. 7, 1934-Feb. 23, 2011). This study looks across Forbes lifetime at the development of his conception of education and peoplehood-nationhood, his critique of imperialism and colonialism, and finally his development and advocacy for decolonizing-deimperializing forms of education. I will describe his growth as an Indigenous scholar-warrior reading and writing across diverse types of data sources, or as I name all throughout this study as “texts”. This study synthesizes and critiques Forbes critical textual voice through comparative analysis of 25 collected speeches and interviews, as well as 75 core education focused texts among his more than 555 published works and thousands of records held in over 260 boxes at UC Davis Special Collections. Forbes contributions to the above themes are found in nearly all of the texts studied, and who provides a rich analysis and nuanced philosophy of education to meet the needs of Native Nations while combating a growing globalizing, imperial condition.

Museums and archaeology are forever entrenched in the legacy of American colonialism. Early American anthropologists established their careers by studying American Indian songs, stories, kinship systems, food, material culture, languages, and bodies. Established in 1901, the University of California, Berkeley’s anthropology department began funding archaeologists’ excavations of California Indian graves against Native American requests. But the1960’s saw an emergence of social justice activism including the Native American Repatriation Movement (NARM), demanding the return of all Native ancestors and cultural objects stored at museums nationwide. As a result of NARM and the work of Native American and Indigenous activists, lawyers, students and allies, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990. Working collaboratively with tribes for decades, the UCLA Fowler Museum is widely regarded as the premier example of a successful repatriation approach within the University of California (UC) system. To date, the Fowler has repatriated nearly all Native American human remains in its collection, and continues to work to bring the last ancestors to their communities. In this thesis I use archival research to explain the history of repatriation at the UC, California Indian resistance and how UCLA differs from other UC’s in its repatriation approach. I examine two NAGPRA case studies at the Fowler Museum to explain how UCLA and the Fowler took a different approach to NAGPRA, bringing more ancestors home than any other UC.

Having grown up in a India, the importance of the courtyard was imbedded in the very essence of the understanding the architecture of a house.The project started of with the intention of designing a courtyard house, and eventually evolved to a house based on the principles of Indian building norms and cultures that have been cultivated for centuries. The fact that it is designed in the setting of Blacksburg, Virginia, these norms and cultural aspects were modified to suit the context of its surroundings. The projects resolves itself through details of practical elements that are romantisized by implementation of Indian building traditions and everyday rituals while the structural aspects of the house was made to reflect the local practices and methods.

The controversy surrounding the Dakota Access Pipeline (“DAPL”) has put the peaceful plains of North Dakota in the national and international spotlight, drawing thousands of people to the confluence of the Missouri and Cannonball Rivers outside of Standing Rock Sioux Reservation for prayer and peaceful protest in defense of the Sioux Tribes’ treaties, lands, cultural property, and waters. Spanning over 7 months, including the harsh North Dakota winter, the gathering was visited by indigenous leaders and communities from around the world and represents arguably the largest gathering of indigenous peoples in the United States in more than 100 years. At the center of the fight are the 1851 and 1868 Treaties entered into by the United States and the Great Sioux Nation. The pipeline route, which was chosen without input from the Tribes, runs directly through the heart of treaty lands secured to the Great Sioux Nation in the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie, lands to which the Sioux Tribes continue to have strong cultural, spiritual, and historical ties. Furthermore, the construction and operation of an oil pipeline directly upstream from their current reservations undoubtedly threatens the Tribes’ hunting and fishing rights expressly reserved in the 1868 Treaty and affirmed in numerous subsequent Acts of Congress, as well as their reserved water rights pursuant to the Winters Doctrine. But as the Tribe and their attorneys battled for injunctive relief in federal court, the Treaties were largely absent in the pleadings and court opinions. However, with the District Court’s ruling on June 14, 2017, it appears the Treaties now present the crux of the surviving argument, presenting problems for the Court in terms of both their applicability in the face of Congress’ plenary power over Indian tribes and diminished Trust responsibility as well as the appropriate remedy for the Tribes when and if these Treaty rights are violated. As such, the case provides an opportunity to analyze the truth and lies surrounding the Constitutional place of Indian Treaties in federal courts. Article VI, Clause 2 of the Constitution states “all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the Contrary notwithstanding.” Known as the “Supremacy Clause,” this constitutional provision has serious implications in federal Indian law. Of particular importance is whether treaties made with Indian tribes can be considered the “Supreme Law of the Land”. The current litigation and historic indigenous uprising against the Dakota Access Pipeline, the route of which lies within recognized tribal treaty boundaries, provides a contemporary example of the limitations of Supremacy Clause. This article attempts to place the Standing Rock and other Sioux Tribes’ legal battle against the Dakota Access pipeline against the history of Indian treaties and treaty rights for a contemporary examination of federal courts application of Indian treaty rights and the limits of the Supremacy Clause to ensure Indian treaties and treaty rights be respected as the “Supreme Law of the Land."

This thesis aims to interpret for the public both the native and white perspectives of the conquest and colonization of the Ohio Valley frontier by Anglo-Americans in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Its focus is a planned museum exhibition, “Conquering the First American West: The Ohio Valley Frontier, 1750-1838,” which explores interactions between American Indians and Anglo-Americans on the Ohio Valley frontier and their consequences. The introduction justifies the need for the exhibition and outlines its major arguments. The second section examines the historiography of the conquest of the Ohio Valley and shows why stronger public interpretation is needed. The third section is the text and object and image lists of the planned exhibition. The fourth section contains the exhibition bibliography, including a short bibliographical essay on the secondary source material and a list of objects and images used. In the conclusion, I elaborate on the consequences of the events of the Ohio Valley frontier on the region’s indigenous communities today and the need for the American public to understand them.

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) has acknowledged varying ways in which international actors can protect, respect and remedy the rights of indigenous peoples. One of these methods is the concept of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) as described in Articles 10, 19, 28 and 29. There has been much debate in the international community over the legal status of the UNDRIP, and member states have done little to implement it. In applied contexts, many entities like extractive industries and conservation groups are aware of risks inherent in not soliciting FPIC and have endeavored to create their own FPIC protocols when interacting with indigenous peoples. At present, there is an absence of FPIC protocol that has been developed by indigenous peoples themselves. A tribal FPIC law and protocol may serve as a starting point and model to actualize these rights for the development or use of culture, lands, territories and resources, and may serve to implement a portion of the UNDRIP. This article contends that indigenous peoples must develop and implement their own FPIC protocol in order to assert their human rights, and offers a model under United States law for Indian tribes to assert their sovereign and human rights without waiting for member state implementation.

This study will use the reservations of Barona, Viejas, and Sycuan to measure the socioeconomic impacts of gaming within the Kumeyaay nation. It will also draw on information available from other gaming tribes. To organize my research, I will use the following categories: health, education, economics and infrastructure. Within these four topics I will cover: investment capital, poverty, higher education, internet access, alcohol addiction, suicide rates, obesity, diabetes, and other socioeconomic indicators. Once this is accomplished I will assess the social and economic impact of gaming on Barona, Viejas, and Sycuan and include the possible implications to heal historical trauma with gaming revenue.

The tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) thermocline is a dynamic oceanographic system, the mechanics of which are intrinsically related to various climatic phenomena. Unfortunately, variability within the TIO at depth—in truth, the Indian Ocean as a whole—is not well-characterized relative to the other ocean basins, primarily because of a notoriously sparse observational record. Data reanalysis studies that attempt to recreate the natural state of thermocline variability are inconsistent and fraught with uncertainty. In order to fill in and extend the modern record of the TIO at depth, the use of reliable, continuous paleoarchives is necessary. In 2007, the SIO-led KNOX10RR expedition aboard the R/V Roger Revelle collected water samples, sclerosponge specimens, and a well-resolved sediment core, all off of the eastern Seychelles Bank. This dissertation is principally focused on the analysis of these geochemical archives as a means of assessing thermocline dynamics on modern and glacial scales. The modern theme of Chapters 1 and 2 centers on the oxygen isotope (δ18O) and radiocarbon (∆14C) characterization of the sclerosponge archive in conjunction with water cast samples and a previously collected surface coral record. This examination allows us to determine a chronology for the non-annually banded sclerosponges to within a 1-year window. Further, a comparison of sclerosponge and surface coral ∆14C creates a unique opportunity to evaluate the vertical transport skill of CCSM and ECCO—two modern ocean circulation models—showing that ECCO is fairly realistic. We then utilize sclerosponge δ18O as a proxy for thermocline variability from 1930-2005; though its resolution precludes us from observing an annual cycle, we see strong interannual variability within the archive and no multidecadal trends throughout its timespan. Chapter 3 assesses thermocline variability at the millennial resolution by analyzing time-constrained population statistics of individual foraminiferal δ18O. This analysis shows reduced seasonal and increased interannual variability during the Last Glacial Maximum, overall enhanced variability 8.0-10.2ka ago, and a moderate state of variability throughout the late Holocene. We draw a connection between monsoon-induced wind stress variability and the TIO thermocline seasonal cycle, and suggest that assessments of seasonality are related to monsoon activity.

‘The Blue Sweater’ is a journey through memories of a place and way of life that no longer exists. Memories that are now fading away and some I have already lost. I travelled back in my memory and gathered all that I remembered of living in my village. While we embraced development, we lost a lot too. Bridges sprung up connecting the islands of the coast to the city, machines began plying the land, and alongside, trees and animals started disappearing. My memories are now a mixed bag of vivid imageries of an actual tropical village that used to be, and all those stories I cooked up to boast about to my classmates. Some stories I have narrated way so many times they have become so real I can’t think of them merely as stories anymore. The Blue Sweater explores family bonding, love and tragedy—an overwhelming part of my life back then. It is a story of siblings and their relationship enshrined in the celebration of ‘Rakshabhandan’, a day that celebrates the sacred relationship between brothers and sisters in India. Rakshabhandhan, also known as Rakhi Poornima or Savan Poornima, falls on a fullmoon day of the Indian Lunar calendar. ‘The Blue Sweater’ became a story of the love of a sister for her brother and the pain of a tragedy that befalls them. We all know life is hard, and often tragic, but I wanted to underscore the possibility of hope when things seem bleak. Stories of memories help us through all of that and I wanted to re-invent optimism in making one such story myself.

A collection of stories that explore the lives of men and women struggling with love, friendship, growing up and facing the world; all through the lens of Indian culture. Some of these characters are recent immigrants, some have lived in America for years. Regardless, they struggle with issues that are both connected to and separate from their status as Indian Americans. Here we have missed connections and realities. A desire to know as well as a desire to remain in the dark.

The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA), a landmark piece of legislation recognizing the exclusive jurisdiction of Indian tribes over the welfare of their children. This study used primary and secondary data to examine the historical events preceding the Act, the legislative history and implementation of the Act. The major problems with ICWA are twofold; there is no federal administrative body authorized to oversee ICWA implementation and compliance and there is no comprehensive and uniform collection of Indian child welfare data to measure the impact of ICWA. David Gil's social policy framework was used to analyze ICWA. The study found that although ICWA has been implemented for over 30 years, the lack of administrative oversight and compliance has impeded ICWA's objectives to reduce the overrepresentation of Indian children in child welfare systems and to place Indian children in Indian homes.

In 1919, traditional leaders from throughout Southern California Indian Country gathered in Riverside, California, and organized a group that became the Mission Indian Federation. The Federation gathered these leaders into a stronger, collective organization in order to protect and maintain their sovereignty and self-governance, home rule as they called it, from intrusions by the United States federal government through the Office, later Bureau, of Indian Affairs. The organization centered on a single president who unified the traditional leaders or captains of each reservation, a Federation-wide court that supported traditional reservation judges, and a police force that sought to eliminate a corrupt and ineffective Indian Bureau police. This effort was inherently conservative as traditionalist fought to maintain the traditional forms of government, which they traced back to their very creation stories, from alteration and domination by the United States.Their assertions of tribal sovereignty brought about strong resistance from the Indian Bureau throughout the 1920s, which at times boiled over into violence. When a new Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier, betrayed a promise to the Federation to abolish the Indian Bureau, the MIF launched a national campaign against his plans to enlarge the powers and scope of the Bureau. This nation-wide campaign, the American Indian Federation, eventually succumbed to internal politics and a concerted effort by the Indian Bureau to destroy it, as well as associations with far-right political groups. The failure of the national group effected the Mission Indian Federation, locally, as it turned toward support for the federal policy of tribal termination as the final solution to its struggle against federal interference and dominance. This support, however, eventually led to the downfall of the Federation, as termination became increasingly less attractive to tribal people. The effects of the MIF still resonate throughout the region, though, and its legacy lives on in some surprising ways.

Abstract: South Asians in Canada are increasingly using the Family Class immigration category to sponsor spouses from their home countries. This qualitative study examined the steps family-sponsored spouses and their sponsors or family members have taken to facilitate their linguistic, economic, social, and cultural integration in Canada. Second, the role cultural community and religious organizations play in facilitating the adaptation of these individuals was explored. Five sponsored spouses from India and Pakistan who had been living in Canada for up to five years were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results highlighted that participants who received their Canadian spouse's support had positive adaptation experiences compared to those who did not receive support. Participants took active steps to learn English, Canadian culture, and used community social networks and organizations to adjust to, learn about, and become independent in Canada. Implications for families, education, and government policy are discussed.

Reductionist discourses in various academic disciplines have tended to treat the Native authors of collaboratively written autobiographies as objects of Euro-American study rather than subjects of knowledge production. To develop a decolonial practice of reading as-told-to Indian autobiographies, this dissertation engages with scholarship in the fields of Native American Studies and Gender and Sexuality Studies to offer queer readings of the autobiographies of Helen Sekaquaptewa, Polingaysi Qoyawayma, and Don Talayesva, Hopi people who were born during the 1890s amid the federal Indian policy era of assimilation. This study focuses on the primary texts' narrations of discipline in Indian boarding schools and highlights Hopi perspectives on the role of gender and sexual normalization in the colonial assimilation project. Chapter One, "`I am talking. She is writing.': Autobiographical Indiscipline in Me and Mine: The Life Story of Helen Sekaquaptewa," develops the term autobiographical indiscipline to name the mode of collaborative self-authorship that these Hopi authors employed to represent the continuation of their Hopi identities. Chapter two, "Remembering Polingaysi: A Queer Recovery of No Turning Back as a Decolonial Text," examines the gendered facets of the trope of living "between two worlds" and the imbrication of sexual, racial, and nationalist politics underlying Indian boarding schools' policing of students' genders. Chapter three, "Twins, Whips, Tricks, and Clowns: Sovereign Erotics in Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian," explores the history of sexuality in America and its inherent ties to race making in the context of state-sponsored ethnologic projects. Chapter four, "Decolonizing Voth's Archive: Re-narrating Ethnographic Photographs in Hopi and Settler Colonial Contexts," re-narrates images from the archive of Mennonite missionary H. R. Voth through the voices of Hopi autobiographical subjects. Despite its particular Hopi context, this dissertation belongs to a broader intellectual context regarding the delimitation of literary and national boundaries and the politics of canon formation, which forms the core of American Studies. My theory of autobiographical indiscipline has implications for a range of Indian autobiographies as well as other forms of literature that blur the definitions of the autobiographical genre, such as ex-slave narratives, autobiographical fiction, and fictional autobiography.

In American medicine, research has consistently shown disparities between the health experiences of non-Hispanic whites and minority groups (Shervington, 2000); but the practice of racial discrimination within the medical profession is less well acknowledged. Unlike other professions, medicine is a person-oriented field, where Indian physicians are susceptible to facing discrimination on a daily basis. My in-depth interviews with 108 Indian physicians show that individual physicians may achieve social mobility and gain economic parity in the United States, but only as exceptions to the rule, as evident by racial discrimination in promotions, referral patterns, and the 'glass ceiling' faced by them 'when it comes to really rising to the top'. Moreover, the social incorporation of Indian physicians is itself tied to paradoxes and discontents, when minority group members are not fully accepted either by the dominant group or by their own ethnic community. It is in this context that I seek to analyze the influence of social interactions at work on the social incorporation of first and second-generation Indian physicians and in determining their workplace experiences and migratory outcomes. Likewise, with the effects of discrimination being greater for men than for women, the existing gender inequalities in American medicine have differential impacts on the workplace experiences of Indian men vis-à-vis women. However, much of the production of gender and racial inequalities in organizations at large (Acker, 2006) and particularly in medicine, have focused on one or another of these categories, seldom attempting to study them as complex, mutually reinforcing or contradicting processes. My dissertation research strives to make this dimension a crucial part of the analysis. This study should contribute to our understanding of the interaction of recent migration of skilled personnel with developing racial/ethnic and gender relations in US workplaces. The healthcare workforce in the developed world has become increasingly dependent on immigrants from the developing world. I see addressing issues of racial and gender bias in American medicine as a priority in the social sciences and a necessity for a holistic healthcare system in the 21st century. My research is an effort in this direction.

My dissertation, Wixárika Art and Artists: Resisting Neocolonialism While Crossing Visible and Invisible Borders is an ethnographic study of the Wixáritari who have lived in the region of Northern Central Mexico known as El Gran Nayar or the Sierra Madre Occidental, with a specific focus on the Wixáritari who live in Huejuquilla el Alto, Guadalajara, and Zacatecas, Mexico. This dissertation examines the legal, cultural and historical influences as well as the sociopolitical and economic circumstances that have pushed Wixárika (Huichol) art and artists out of their original homeland in Mexico. This dissertation concentrates on the historical construction of race in Mexico to illustrate that Wixáritari have been pushed outside of their territories either willingly or unwillingly. I analyze and interpret this concept through historical events and the process of colonialism through which politics, policy and laws have shaped and created hierarchies of race. Through ethnography I illustrate that the Mexican government's neoliberal policies and laws have adversely affected Wixáritari artists and non-artists in the Sierra Madre, and also those who work in the large cities where half the population now resides. Furthermore, this work illustrates that the Wixáritari are organizing against the Mexican laws and policies that served to exclude and marginalize them. Wixáritari activism is thus creating powerful social change. By using the theoretical framework ethnoexodus, I demonstrate that Wixáritari cannot be put in a box or be stereotyped as a homogenous pan-ethnic group.The second half of my dissertation is devoted to "voluntary" or involuntary im(migration) processes that take place. I specifically explore these forms of dislocation through the use of oral history, oral narratives, and testimonios. I have found that the Wixáritari have a desire to reproduce their traditions and resist modernity. They have experienced cultural changes and in the process they have been integrated into their surrounding society by forming new relationships and learning to adapt on their own terms to the capitalist system and "modern" way of life. In these spaces, I argue that their homeland and geographic space in and outside of the Sierra Madre Occidental along with their spirituality is part of their identity, which crosses many borders that are both visible and invisible.

Survival Strategies were chosen by Indians in the mountains of northern San Diego County from 1846 to 1907 according to their personal, individual transition situation and needs of their families, tribes and clans. These choices were complex and varied from clan to clan and village to village. Americans arrived and permanently settled in San Diego, California in 1846 during the Mexican War. By 1850 California had become a part of the United States. In 1848, gold was discovered in northern California and American Easterners received word of free, rich lands to the west. Luiseño, Iipay, Diegueño and Cupeño Indians adhered to their wisest choices in survival strategies according to the abrupt and immense changes that were overcoming them such as the organization of American law that affected them profoundly, American thievery of Indian land and resources, forced removals of villages and the establishment of reservations. Indian lives would never be the same. As Americans continued to flood onto Indian lands, Indians came under more and more pressure. During this time period, Indians responded with many strategies for survival from diplomacy to revolt, always choosing what was best for their families and the coherence of their socio-cultural foundations. These strategies carried and reflected the thread of ancient Indian culture, as the Luiseño, Diegueño, Iipay and Cupeño used their traditional cultural manners, traditions, oral law and customs to balance and correct the traumatic experiences raining down on them as they adapted to loss of land and resources. Luiseño, Diegueño, Iipay and Cupeño succeeded in their survival and are still alive and thriving today in the mountains of northern San Diego County. Some of their socio-cultural structure is not being utilized today, at the turn of the twenty-first century, as they have adapted to the American wave of colonization. However, they have succeeded in living wisely in two worlds and still keep Indian identity intact.

Abstract: While scholarship has recognized the role that sex discrimination has played in the naming of “Indians” in Canada, one aspect of this depiction has been minimized. In addition to the gendering of Indigenous subjectivities, Canada has consistently racialized us/them through practices of juridical categorization. The latest court case dealing with Indian registration, McIvor v. Canada, (re)produced this practice. This thesis explores McIvor to understand the relational struggles, limitations, and authority the courts engender when existing constructions of Indigenous legal recognition are challenged. I use Bourdieu’s (1987) juridical field to position “law” as a dynamic arena whereby hierarchical struggles generate social realities. I also utilize Moreton-Robinson’s (2000, 2001, 2004a) theory of patriarchal white sovereignty to understand the ways in which, through its juridical system, Canada is a racialized and racializing state. I seek to demonstrate how Canadian sovereignty is (re)produced through racialized constructions of Indigenous legal recognition in McIvor.

This dissertation examines the relationship between bodily shapeshifting in the literature of the Asian Indian Caribbean and the construction of postcolonial Indo-Caribbean identity. Metamorphosis, in opposition to hybridity, is the lens through which I examine the political and literary relationship between the Indo- and Afro-Caribbean. In contrast to creolization, mestizaje, and other hybridizations, various forms of metamorphosis, including mimicry and doubling, provide agency in the colonial and postcolonial context. Metamorphosis suggests ways of intervening in the historic ethnic and political divides in postcolonial Caribbean nations like Trinidad and Guyana. It is thus the key literary figure deployed in the texts under consideration.The Indo-Caribbean is a distinct subgenre within Anglophone Caribbean literature that includes works produced by the descendants of nineteenth-century East Indian indentured laborers in, primarily, Trinidad and Guyana. Most of the texts examined in this dissertation are written and set in the 1960s and beyond, i.e., during and after the Caribbean independence period. While employing the common theme in Caribbean literature of indigenizing post-independence national identities, Indo-Caribbean literature focuses on tensions over the acculturation and assimilation of East Indian indentured laborers and their descendants into Afro-Creole culture--tensions that are expressed on the bodies of women and queer people. The literature also engages with the larger Caribbean fabulist literary tradition of animal-human shapeshifting, and socio-political interventions by land-based spirits.I draw on fiction and poetry by Shani Mootoo, Ramabai Espinet, Ryhaan Shah, Wilson Harris, Cyril Dabydeen, and others to show how Indo-Caribbean literature imaginatively configures the way bodies function in the national space and in the natural environment. Race, gender, politics, sexuality, and the definition of being human are interconnected and always in flux in the Caribbean colony and postcolony. Metamorphosis offers a non-assimilationist intervention into the Indo-Afro-Caribbean divide by articulating and promoting an ever-changing ontological (and thus epistemological) diversity in a way that static conceptions of hybridity cannot.

This dissertation develops a philosophy of creative ethical agency by critically engaging and drawing insights from classical Indian and contemporary Western approaches to the aesthetics of morals. The dissertation argues that both the Indian and the Western tradition identify an incongruity between the person as a unique "myself" and the person as a bearer of social roles. Moreover, trends within both traditions tend to distort our understanding of personal agency, ethical agency, and the interrelation between the life of feeling and that of the social-moral role, by trying to overcome this conflict between particularized feeling and the role-bound norm. However, the Indian and the Western tradition also present approaches that do not seek to overcome this tension, but instead aim to play between these poles. This dissertation argues for the importance of such a play-centered approach and advocates the need to develop a certain emotional athleticism by means of which the agent can skillfully negotiate the tensions both internal to and between personal identity and ethical identity. Furthermore, it holds that classical Indian aesthetics (or rasa theory) not only accommodates such an approach. It exceeds Western approaches by simultaneously deepening ethical agency through recovery of the metaphysical meaning of aesthetic experience and broadening our access to alternative ways of being in the world. Various conceptual tools and innovations from both the Indian and the Western tradition will be examined in anticipation of exploring the aesthetic virtues associated with the Kashmir Śaiva dictum, "The Self is the Actor" ("Nartaka ātmā"), a tenet that harmonizes soteriological and social-moral pursuits.

George Edward Lemmon (1857-1945) lived a life full of significant achievements and played an integral role in the growth and settlement of the northern Great Plains.  A renowned cowboy and cattleman, Lemmon saddle-handled more cattle than any man who ever lived, bossed one of the nation’s largest roundups, operated an 865,000-acre lease on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and later became an inaugural member of the National Cowboy Hall of Fame.  Part of his early success came as a result of trespassing—illegally grazing thousands of cattle—on the Great Sioux Reservation.  Due to his unparalleled cattle-handling skills and reputation as one of the region’s most important stockmen, Lemmon came to be known as the “Dean of the Range.”  In later life he became a town builder, guiding the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad west across the Missouri River and founding several communities.  From the 1880s to the 1920s, Lemmon was the central figure on the northern Great Plains and left his mark on the entire region.  He was a juncture between two eras, one rooted in the nineteenth century, the other in the twentieth.  He represents the meeting point between Indians and whites, between humans and the land, between cowboys and cattlemen and between the dusty days on a western cattle trail and the development of settlements and “civilization.”  At the end of his life, the Great Plains—like Lemmon himself—was different from the start: not better, not worse, but distinctly changed.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to determine if accent related discrimination exists in the work place for persons who speak with an Indian, Pakistani, or Bangladeshi accent. An additional purpose was to explore the participants’ knowledge and willingness to enroll in accent modification therapy and their general feelings regarding this type of therapy. Method: A 57 item survey that was developed to address our research questions was distributed through Survey Monkey to various listservs, organizations and personal contacts. These methods yielded a total of 279 participants, with 110 participants included in the present study. Results: Majority of participants reported that they do not think their accent is difficult to understand and also felt that their accent was accepted. No significant trends were found between length of time living and working in the United States and accent discrimination. However, per participant report, discrimination appears to be more prevalent in the initial part of the employment process (applying for a position and during the beginning portion of their employment). Most participants had never heard of and/or previously enrolled in accent modification therapy. In addition, approximately half said that they would not voluntarily enroll in accent modification therapy, but the remaining participants either responded that they would consider enrolling or they would definitely enroll. Further, half the participants reported that they would not have negative feelings if it was recommended by their employer that they enroll in therapy. Conclusions: This preliminary data suggests that accent discrimination towards individuals who speak with an Indian, Pakistani, or Bangladeshi accent does exist in the workplace. Results also indicate a disconnect between existence of discrimination and awareness of discrimination, either due to the survey limitations or an emerging awareness on the part of the participants. Additionally, few participants reported knowledge of accent modification therapy. Negative feelings towards enrolling in accent modification therapy were within in minority. This data, in addition to reasons to enroll in therapy provided by participants, will aid speech-language pathologists in creating appropriate therapy programs for this unique population.

While paintings of Native Americans and Europeans exchanging goods and cultural values adorn the walls of museums around the United States, actual Native/non-Native interaction over the past 500 years has been one of illusion, not cooperation. Until recently, legislation “protecting” Native Americans appeared altruistic on the surface, but, instead, served only as a facade for keeping Native artifacts in the hands of scientists and collectors. Even the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), the most recent legislative attempt to reconcile the past mistreatment of Native Americans, is riddled with obstacles and optical illusions.  Certainly, NAGPRA demonstrates the most protective legislation to date, reflecting changes in the required treatment of Native Americans and signaling future legislation and policy. It seeks to balance the competing interests involved in artifact collecting and strike a compromise between the importance of scientific study and proper respect for Native American religious practices. A case study from the University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL), however, reveals the difficulties with NAGPRA’s implementation and enforcement.  In July 1998, UNL confirmed rumors that in the mid-1960s the anthropology department incinerated Native American remains on its East Campus because UNL faculty believed that the remains had no scientific value. Preston Holder, chairman of the department, ordered graduate students to burn the bones in the same incinerator used by the veterinary school to dispose of dead animals. Just nine months earlier, UNL had made another humiliating disclosure. In October 1997, a visiting anthropology professor discovered Native American bones hidden in Room 109 of Bessey Hall 109, which housed the anthropology's teaching collections. Evidence emerged to suggest a UNL professor used the bones for unlawful study and in violation of the repatriation requirements defined in NAGPRA. The reactions of Native Americans, UNL students, and the general public to these unfortunate episodes represent not only the difficulties of implementing NAGPRA, but also the shifting attitudes toward Native Americans.  Advisor: James Le Sueur