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The research reported in this thesis took place at a time of unprecedented challenge and financial uncertainty for universities. Challenges came following the introduction of tuition fees (1998), Brexit, Covid-19 and declining birth rates. Such issues have resulted in the establishment of an increased competitive market that has seen institutions utilise incentives and unconditional offers to students to ensure recruitment targets are met. Against this background, this PhD research concerns student belonging and fit with an emphasis on cultural capital, and the congruency of students' personal values and those of the institution. The enquiry asks whether students considered 'fitting in' when applying to university and ascertained if institutional values matched their own, and so explores areas that have hereunto been under-researched. Unsurprisingly, extant research indicates that students who fit with their university are more satisfied, and conversely, those who do not are more likely to misfit resulting in unhappiness, stress and withdrawal. The PhD had three phases, and incorporated longitudinal and mixed methods approaches. Phase One scrutinised the findings of the UKES survey between 2018 and 2019, which asked students why they chose to attend St Mary's University, a faith-based institution. In Phase Two, 22 students and alumni were interviewed to explore the rationale for student choice; thematic analysis was used to establish St Mary's unique differentiators. Phase Three explored photography within the undergraduate prospectus to establish whether it was representative of students' experiences and how the brand or St Mary's Way was communicated. Drawing on models proposed by Gilbreath, Kim and Nichols (2011), Schwartz, Cieciuch, Vecchione, Davidov, Fischer, Beierlein, Ramos, Verkasalo, Lönnqvist, Demirutku, Dirilen-Gumus and Konty (2012) and generic HR theory, the research culminated in the creation of a Holistic Student Fit Model which highlights the importance of congruent personal and institutional values. Of the many recommendations drawn from the findings, institutions are encouraged to ensure their social environments accommodate the increasingly diverse student population and their expectations. Universities are urged to re-evaluate how they communicate their culture to non-traditional students, allowing these learners to decide whether the institution has similar values to their own. Various examples of how the Model might be used to good effect in these matters are presented. It is also recommended that faith-based institutions articulate to students what a faith-based university is and how they differ from secular universities. Faith-based universities tend to market themselves based on their principles but do not explain how these principles translate into the everyday student experience. Examples of appreciation, mistrust and misinterpretation of St Mary's Catholic ethos, as experienced by students, are presented. Taken together, this research has created new theory in the field of student-fit and presents new realms of future practice for those in student recruitment and retention.

Pompeius Magnus lived his life in one the most tumultuous periods in Roman history. From the outset, he was a participant in the upheaval caused by the civil war between those who supported Gaius Marius and Lucius Sulla, which overshadowed Roman politics for decades. Although Pompeius was a minor figure at the time, his rapid ascent to pre-eminence within the Roman establishment quickly made his role in these years gain a greater level of scrutiny than was perhaps warranted. Subsequently, he attained still further renown in the civil war fought between himself and Julius Caesar that set in motion the events that culminated in the imposition of an autocracy under Caesar's successor Octavian/Augustus and naturally formed the narrative for the foundation myth of the new ruling dynasty. Similarly, Pompeius' sons were also a part of the monumental events of the civil war against Caesar, and later Sextus Pompeius became one of the key leaders in the civil war against the successors to Caesar that saw the ascendancy of Octavian. The memory of Sextus was influenced to an extent by his relationship to his father but also enhanced by his own role in the war. The version of Sextus that has survived in both the contemporary histories and those that followed later was largely formed by Octavian and his followers during the war and in the immediate aftermath when the conflict formed a part of the foundation myth of the 'rebranded' Augustus. This thesis examines the memory of Pompeius and his sons in the historiography of the Roman world to the third century AD. Memory and its application in the development of cultural narratives is a fascinating area of study that is as relevant now as it is for the ancient world. History is full of examples where the narrative of events was changed or altered for various purposes. Then, as now, the narrative of momentous events was particularly susceptible to editing by those who wish to gain from a particular version of history. Sometimes these events are linked to such extreme changes to the established system within a country that they also become part of a founding narrative or myth for the new regime, as was the case in the first century BC. The choice of the third century AD as a stopping point is due to the nature of the sources and the evolution of the narrative, the last largely intact accounts of Pompeius' life come from the Greek authors ending with Dio writing in the 200s AD. These accounts are long enough to allow the exploration their interaction with the existing narrative and the judgements of this era on the evolution of memories from the preceding centuries. Another reason is that these Greek authors also preserve the longest accounts of Sextus' memory too, which allow for a detailed comparison. To examine the construction of these memories, this thesis is divided into four parts along thematic lines: the first discusses the images of Pompeius that were created in his own lifetime by the historians of the Sullan period and contemporary authors such as Cicero, Caesar, and Pompeius himself. This will examine how they influenced the memory that was perpetuated both during his lifetime and passed down in the collective memory to be picked up by later authors. The second part examines the death of Pompeius, which became a key aspect of his memory, and how this affected his contemporaries and how they reassessed his memory in the light of his demise. The third part explores how Pompeius' memory was understood and used by authors of the imperial period, particularly the Greek authors, when they looked back at the period and retrospectively applied their knowledge of what had subsequently occurred to the memories of that time. The fourth and final chapter will dissect the memory of Sextus, who, while tied to the memory of his father, also became the subject of a greater hostile historical tradition and was also affected by what almost amounted to a form of memory sanction. Unlike the chapters on his father, this chapter will examine the whole range of Sextus' memory due to the relative disparity of lifetimes and imbalance in source quantity.

This thesis is about the activities of Communist militants within the engineering industry between 1935 and 1946, and attempts to show the importance of these militants to the history of industrial relations in this period in which shop stewards as we know them today first emerged as ran important group. The work is primarily concerned with examining the relative importance of political and industrial factors in determining the relationships obtaining between shop stewards and their constituents during World War II. The importance of Communist politics to Communist and non- Communist shop stewards is examined, but the main area of research is into the way in which different local industrial contexts influenced shop stewards' behaviour. The importance of methods of wage payment, local agreements, types of technology and rates of technological change, and a whole range of other industrial considerations was often greater in the minds of even come left-wing shop stewards than the latest left-wing discussions. Also, the way in which shop stewards took up (or failed to take up) the problems arising for their members out of a war in which munitions workers were almost as much in the front line as were servicemen and women themselves is touched upon. The thesis is divided into two main sections. The first group of chapters deals in a general and introductory way with the topics mentioned above. The second and rather more important section builds on the first in that it deals with the problems in a deeper (though necessarily narrower) way. It comprises four local studies of major engineering districts during the period 1939-1946.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) may be polymerised cationically by suitable initiators via a ring-opening mechanism to give linear, high molecular weight products which normally have a broad molecular weight distribution. Factors affecting the molecular weight distribution are discussed, and pertinent kinetic experiments are described, which allow the formulation of a procedure of synthesising monodisperse polymers of THF. It was found that the major causes of broadening were propagation-depropagation equilibria, chain transfer to polymer oxygen and slow initiation. When p-chlorophenyldiazonium hexafluorophosphate was used as initiator, a high initiation temperature followed by rapid quenching to a low propagation temperature, together with low conversion gave the required monodispersity. Kinetics of propagation were investigated over a wide temperature range, -10 °C to 80 °C, and the variation of kp with temperature found to follow an Arrhenius expression with an activation energy of 51 kJ.mol-1. When using triethyloxonium hexafluorophosphate as initiator, no separate initiation stage was necessary, the reaction proceeding at -5 °C to yield monodisperse polymers directly at low conversions.

This thesis contains the results of an extensive study motivated by Vaccaro and Barnett's work on information erasure via entropy maximisation constrained by multiple conserved quantities, and the exciting technologies that may arise from their research. The study focuses on three main topics. The first investigates fluctuations in the cost of performing information erasure using a spin reservoir, rather than a conventional thermal reservoir. This allows the erasure process to be completed via the conservation of spin angular momentum. To my knowledge this is the first instance where fluctuation theorem has been analysied in this manner. Here, I introduce the first law of spin thermodynamics in terms of conservation of spin angular momentum, where the spin equivalent of work is called spinlabor, and the spin equivalent of heat, spintherm. I determine the spinlabor probability distribution for the erasure protocol. It is of particular interest to investigate the probability for the spinlabor to violate the inequality ⟨Ls⟩ ≥ γ−1 ln 2, where ⟨Ls⟩ is the spinlabor cost of erasure and γ is a Lagrange multiplier equivalent to inverse spin temperature. I derived three bounds on the suppression of the probability violations; more specifically, the higher ϵ is, the less the probability of violating the bound, where ϵ is the departure from the bound γ−1 ln 2. These bounds advance the field of fluctuation theorem and statistics by placing a limit on the minimum cost to erase one bit of information, and also it, shows that the suppression is greater than previously thought. In addition, I derived a Jarzynski-like equality for the erasure protocol. In the second topic, I extend Vaccaro and Barnett's erasure scheme to allow for variations. Here, I address the issue on how the average spinlabor cost can violate the inequality ⟨Ls⟩ ≥ γ−1 ln 2. During the process of solving this problem, I derived three separate bounds for the spinlabor erasure cost using three different methods. The first was derived by lower-bounding the summation of the expected erasure spinlabor cost. The second was derived by applying Jensen's inequality to the derived Jarzynski-like equality for the extended erasure scheme. Finally, the third bound was derived from the integral fluctuation theorem formalism that was analysied for this erasure protocol. I determined which bound provided the tightest bound on the spinlabor erasure cost. By incorporating the first law of spin angular momentum, my findings show that although the total spinlabor cost can violate the bound ⟨Ls⟩ ≥ γ−1 ln 2, the total spintherm cost always adheres to the bound. In the research discussed above, the reservoir utilised for erasure was assumed to be infinitely large. This assumption was used to ensure that spin temperature (spin equivalent to temperature, T) of the spin reservoir remains constant throughout the erasure process. The assumption of constant reservoir temperature is commonly made when erasing via thermal reservoirs. In this third topic, I relaxed the infinitely-large reservoir assumption to provide a more pragmatic analysis of the erasure protocol. Here, I answer the question of what finite reservoir size is necessary for the erasure statistics to be comparable to the infinite counterpart, within some tolerance? I present the mathematical formalism required to capture the dynamics of the erasure process for finite sized reservoirs and the probability distribution of the spinlabor cost. I use the Jensen-Shannon Divergence to compare the spinlabor probability distribution of the infinite and finite reservoirs. The Jensen-Shannon Divergence is a symmetric method of comparing how closely related two probability distribution are. I show that perfect erasure is not possible for a finite reservoir, which is consistent with the third law of thermodynamics. Ancilla spins are used during the erasure process and are initially in the state |↓⟩⟨↓| corresponding to the logical 0 state. For an infinite reservoir the ancillas are automatically returned to their initial state, since perfect erasure occurs. However, I find as a result of imperfect erasure, when using a finite reservoir there is an additional cost of returning the ancillas to their initial state. This cost, in a worse case scenario, can almost be the same as the spinlabor cost required to actively erase the contents of the memory.

The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic bacterial species threatens to undercut much of the progress made in treating infectious diseases. AMR genes can disseminate between and within populations via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Selfish mobile genetic elements (MGEs) can encode resistance and spread between host cells. Homologous recombination can alter the core genes of pathogens with resistant donors via HGT too. MGEs may be cured from host genomes through transformation. Hence, MGEs may be able to avoid deletion by disrupting transformation. This work aims to understand how the dynamics of these processes affect the epidemiology of AMR pathogens. To understand these dynamics, I co-developed a new version of the popular recombination detection tool Gubbins. Through simulation studies, I find this new version to be both accurate in reconstructing the relationships between isolates, and efficient in terms of its use of computational resources. I then apply Gubbins to both AMR lineages and species-wide datasets of the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. I find that recombination frequently occurs around core genes involved in both drug resistance and the host immune response. Additionally, an MGE was able to successfully spread within a population by disrupting the transformation machinery, preventing its loss from the host. Finally, I investigate two recent examples of MGEs disrupting transformation in the gram-negative species Acinetobacter baumannii and Legionella pneumophila. I find that while these insertions may decrease the efficiency of transformations within cells, the observed recombination rates largely reflect the selection pressures on isolates. With MGEs only partially able to inhibit these observable transformation events. These results show how selection pressures from clinical interventions shape pathogen genomes through diverse, often interspecies, recombination events. The spread of MGEs can also be favoured by both these selection pressures, and their ability to disrupt host cell machinery.

Of over 100 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, only 7 were included in the first pneumo- coccal conjugate vaccine (PCV). While PCV reduced the disease incidence, in part because of a herd immunity effect, a replacement effect was observed whereby disease was increasingly caused by serotypes not included in the vaccine. Dynamic transmission models can account for these effects to describe post-vaccination scenarios, whereas economic evaluations can enable decision-makers to compare vaccines of increasing valency for implementation. This thesis has four aims. First, to explore the limitations and assumptions of published pneu- mococcal models and the implications for future vaccine formulation and policy. Second, to conduct a trend analysis assembling all the available evidence for serotype replacement in Europe, North America and Australia to characterise invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by vaccine-type (VT) and non-vaccine-types (NVT) serotypes. The motivation behind this is to assess the patterns of relative abundance in IPD cases pre- and post-vaccination, to examine country-level differences in relation to the vaccines employed over time since introduction, and to assess the growth of the replacement serotypes in comparison with the serotypes targeted by the vaccine. The third aim is to use a Bayesian framework to estimate serotype-specific invasiveness, i.e. the rate of invasive disease given carriage. This is useful for dynamic transmission modelling, as transmission is through carriage but a majority of serotype-specific pneumococcal data lies in active disease surveillance. This is also helpful to address whether serotype replacement reflects serotypes that are more invasive or whether serotypes in a specific location are equally more invasive than in other locations. Finally, the last aim of this thesis is to estimate the epidemiological and economic impact of increas- ing serotype coverage in PCVs using a dynamic transmission model. Together, the results highlight that though there are key parameter uncertainties that merit further exploration, divergence in serotype replacement and inconsistencies in invasiveness on a country-level may make a universal PCV suboptimal.

This research project investigates how the practice of joining familiar and disparate imagery together can create new contexts of meaning and effect in a contemporary painting practice. In the era of Modernism, artists sought to reconfigure established art conventions, birthing many artistic discoveries through the emergence of different avant-garde movements. The artworks produced were radically new for their time, challenging modes of representation, methods of making art and the very constitution of art itself. The Surrealists discovered the potential of combining the unfamiliar in creating new realities. They harnessed the creative potential of the sub conscious mind through employing methods that relied on the roles of chance, intuition and surprise in the art-making process. My research explores the visual interaction of disparate elements within a methodology that utilises both chance and reason in the creative process. The nature of combination can yield infinite possibilities, and therefore combining imagery for the purpose of seeking out original meanings, effects and aesthetic properties required a continuous interrogation of the image to take place. Negotiating a balance between strangeness and familiarity in imagery led me to draw on aesthetic theories based on beauty, repulsion and the strange. Defining preferences for formal painting qualities arose through applying this theoretical knowledge in conjunction with the practical knowledge gained through the experience and materiality of painting. The integration of planning, chance, playfulness and problem solving in the making process broadened my understanding of how art can be made effectively. With a synthesis of formal and conceptual qualities, my work became more effective and engaging. This has led to a greater understanding of practice related research.

RESEARCH QUESTION: How can a tectonic investigation of social connections enrich a building's design and building? This project is an exploration of tectonic detailing. It aims to get an understanding of how tectonic detailing can be used to reflect social interactions between groups of people. The project site is located at Pakiri approximately an hour's drive north of Auckland. There is an existing horse facility. The project programme aims to design a facility for dressage (teaching, practicing and exhibiting) and to also develop a branch for equine-assisted psychotherapy.

Abstract: This study examines the influence of the wage economy on food security in Paulatuk, NT, and aims to illustrate: a) how individuals are participating in the wage economy and traditional economy in Paulatuk, and in turn how this influences their ability to procure food from the land, as illustrated in Chapter 2; and b) the impact of income on the ability of residents to procure food from the store and through the Food Mail program, as shown in Chapter 3. The thesis aims to answer the question: “how does the wage economy affect the ability of individuals to procure food from the land and the store in Paulatuk, NT?” The influence of the wage economy on the traditional economy must be considered holistically, and store-bought and country foods must be considered as two equal parts of the food security equation in Paulatuk.

*This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation).

In the past the Styx River catchment consisted largely of raupo/flax wetlands, grassland areas and coastal sand dunes. A diverse range of native fish and bird species, which had high cultural values and associations to the Tangata Whenua, supported the vegetation. However, by the early 1860s, after the arrival of Europeans, the biodiversity values in the river catchment began to change as the landscape was developed into regions that could support agricultural and horticultural based activities. Today, the river meanders northwards through reserves, rural pastures, horticultural areas and residential/industrial zones before it makes its way to the sea via Brooklands Lagoon. These varying landuses have altered the original landscape features of the river catchment, and have come with some considerable impact to the natural values in the area. However, despite the obvious alteration to much of the river catchment, regions with earlier natural values are still visible. For example, small remnant pockets of native plants have been able to coexist amongst exotic species, core wetlands are present, and the river still acts as an ecological corridor for the upstream and downstream migrations of birds, fish, invertebrates and plants. 'Programme Vision' contributes to the restoration project initiated by the Christchurch City Council Waterways and Wetlands Team: to restore once degraded sections of the Styx River corridor into areas that can support a dynamic and fully functioning ecosystem. The objectives of Programme Vision are to assist with this restoration plan, and to promote and support community and school groups to monitor for the effects of residential and commercial landuse activities on the Styx River system. This manual consists of tools on how to pinpoint problem areas along the river corridor, methods to determine the rivers 'health', and ways to take steps to help restore sections of the river corridor. In its due course, this programme will assist in establishing what progress has come about from the restoration efforts made, and will support us to further understand which transitions are needed to bring the natural values of the Styx River catchment back to life.

Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease due to the failure of currently available chemotherapies to eradicate all the tumour cells from bone. Tumour cells alter the processes of bone resorption and bone formation to promote the development of osteolytic bone disease. Targeting osteoclastic bone resorption with bisphosphonates, including zoledronic acid has been shown to be effective in preventing tumour-induced bone disease. In addition to preventing bone disease, there is increasing evidence to suggest that altering the bone microenvironment by inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption reduces tumour burden in bone. However, the mechanisms responsible are not clear. In order to develop effective therapeutic strategies, it is essential to understand the interactions between tumour cells and the bone microenvironment during disease progression from single tumour cells that home to the bone to the development of overt tumour colonies. In order to characterise the interactions between tumour cells and the bone microenvironment, an in vivo murine model of myeloma was utilised by injecting 5TGM1 murine myeloma cells expressing eGFP and labelled with DID into C57BL/KaLwRij mice. Data presented in this thesis show myeloma cells engrafted in the bone as early as 3 days and formed colonies after 10 days post tumour cell injection. Tumour-induced alterations in bone remodelling occurred only at the end-stage of the disease when the mice showed signs of clinical illness. However, development of osteolytic lesions occurred as early as 10 days post tumour cell injection prior to an increase in osteoclast numbers and serum TRACP5b levels or a decrease in osteoblast numbers and serum P1NP levels. Furthermore, this is the first study to identify a subpopulation of quiescent myeloma cells in proximity to bone which suggests the existence of specific niches, which may render cells dormant. However, this warrants further investigation. Treatment studies showed that early initiation of zoledronic acid treatment (125 μg/kg, subcutaneously, twice-weekly) prior to tumour cell injection is effective not only at inhibiting the development of osteolytic lesions but also at inhibiting the late stage tumour burden in bone. Interestingly, ZA treatment started prior or after tumour cell injection did not affect the early stages of myeloma colony formation suggesting that the process of expansion from single cells to colonies is not reliant on a so called 'vicious cycle' in the 5TGM1 murine model of myeloma. In a separate experiment, zoledronic acid treatment started prior or at the time of tumour cell injection demonstrated a significant increase in disease-free survival when compared with untreated controls (24 vs. 21 days). Taken together, the data presented in this thesis demonstrate that zoledronic acid treatment, in the 5TGM1 murine model of myeloma started prior to tumour cell arrival in bone is not only able to prevent the development of bone disease but also reduce tumour burden and increase disease-free survival.