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This thesis explores film and television representations of the psychedelic experience using a neoformalist-intertextual analytical framework developed specifically for this purpose. In doing so, it contributes to a small body of existing screen studies literature that interrogates psychedelic aesthetics. However, in contrast to other film and television studies scholarship, which typically discusses the psychedelic experience in vague terms, this thesis employs a neoformalist-intertextual approach to meticulously analyse film and television representations of the drug-state. Indeed, the structure of this thesis, which eschews a case study led approach to ensure its analysis of the psychedelic drug-state is as comprehensive as possible, enhances the originality of its scope. As the first academic study of its length to interrogate psychedelic aesthetics, it addresses a significant gap in the film and television studies literature. The distinction this thesis makes between the phenomenology of experiences produced by different psychedelic substances, which are largely overlooked by existing screen studies scholarship, is an original aspect of its contribution to knowledge. It also underpins the rationale for the study's primary focus on representations of a single psychedelic, LSD. The scope of the study is further limited to an interrogation of films and television shows that attribute the drug-state to the subjective experience of characters. This enabled the thesis to engage with set and setting, which is a significant psychedelic concept that is rarely addressed in the analysis of audio-visual depictions of the drug-state. Further, as LSD features in a substantial number of films and television shows released since the 1950, the thesis examines a broad array of psychedelic phenomena depicted in productions released during various historical periods.

Background: Faecal incontinence (FI) is a common healthcare problem. The management of FI patients is widely reported as being disjointed. In response to this and governmental guidance, an integrated care pathway (ICP) was implemented at a local NHS trust. Aim: To assess how the implementation of a community-based ICP affects the key stakeholders and to observe the process of organisational change within the trust using normalization process theory (NPT). Methods: Mixed methodology combining semi-structured interviews of key stakeholders, narrative interviews with patients, focus group discussion, observational work and clinical quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis and the Framework Method, with NPT being used to structure the qualitative findings. Results: Key facilitators to the implementation of the ICP included clinical leadership, staff commitment, teamwork, adequate clinical capacity and good clinical outcomes. There was a delay in the implementation due to lack of organisational management input and key stakeholder time From a patient perspective, benefits were identified such as improved access to the service and symptom improvement. Conclusions: An ICP for FI could provide an answer to the long-standing issues that have blighted continence services. Patients report satisfaction based on improved access to the service alongside good clinical outcomes.

Lakes are vital components of the global biosphere, supporting complex ecosystems and playing important roles in the global biogeochemical cycle. However, they are vulnerable to the threat from climate change and their responses to climate forcing, eutrophication and other pressures, and their possibly confounding interactions, are not yet well understood. Monitoring lake health is therefore essential, in order to understand the changing patterns over space and time. Traditionally, in-situ data, which are collected directly from within lakes and analysed in laboratories, have been available for analysis. However, although these data are assumed to be accurate within measurement error, they are expensive to collect, so that few, if any, in-situ sampling locations are available for each lake, often with infrequent sampling at each location. On the other hand, remotely-sensed data, which are derived from reflectance measurements of the Earth's surface, obtained from satellites, have recently become widely available. These data have good spatial coverage of up to 300 metre resolution, covering entire lakes, often with a monthly-average time-scale, but they must firstly be calibrated with the in-situ data to ensure accuracy, before inferences are made. The data for this research were provided by the GloboLakes project (www.globolakes.ac.uk), which is a consortium research project that is investigating the state of lakes and their responses to environmental drivers on a global scale. The research primarily focusses on log(chlorophyll-a) data for Lake Balaton, in Hungary, and for the Great Lakes of North America. The key question of interest for this research is: ``How can data fusion be performed for in-situ and remotely-sensed lake water quality data, accounting for the spatiotemporal change of support between the point-location, point-time in-situ data and the grid-cell-scale, monthly-averaged remotely-sensed data, producing a fused dataset that takes accuracy from the in-situ data and spatial and temporal information from the remotely-sensed data?" In order to answer this question, this thesis presents the following work: An initial analysis of the data for Lake Balaton motivates the following work, by demonstrating the spatial and temporal patterns in the data, using mixed-effects models, generalised additive models, kriging and principal components analysis. Following the identification of statistical downscaling as an appropriate method for fusion of the data, statistical downscaling models are developed, specifically in the framework of Bayesian hierarchical models with spatially-varying coefficients, for the novel application to data for log(chlorophyll-a), producing fully calibrated maps of fused data across lake surfaces, with associated comprehensive uncertainty measures. Bivariate and multiple-lakes statistical downscaling models are developed and applied, motivated by the assumption that sharing information between variables and between lakes can improve the accuracy of model predictions. The statistically novel method of nonparametric statistical downscaling is developed, to account for both the spatial and temporal aspects of the change of support between the in-situ and remotely-sensed data. Using methodology from both functional data analysis and statistical downscaling, the model treats in-situ and remotely-sensed data at each location as observations of smooth functions over time, estimated using bases, with the basis coefficients related via a spatially-varying coefficient regression. This is computed within a Bayesian hierarchical model, enabling the calculation of comprehensive uncertainties. This thesis presents the background, motivation, model development and application of the novel method of nonparametric statistical downscaling, filling the gap in the literature of accounting for changing temporal support in statistical downscaling modelling. Results are presented throughout this thesis, to demonstrate the utility of the method for real lake water quality data.

This thesis is on the topic of stranger child abduction. In particular, the thesis carries out an examination of whether a distinction should be made between attempted and completed cases of stranger child abduction, in order to address the primary research question of whether each of these should be treated as separate types of stranger child abduction. By comparing whether an offence was completed or not, it has been argued that researchers will be best able to identify those factors that can have an impact in determining whether harm will come to victims, and highlight those that play a role in crime prevention or the mitigation of the offence. Utilising an archival approach, drawing on media and legal sources to create a database of stranger child abduction cases, the thesis is able to examine four key areas relating to stranger child abduction, with the specific intent of examining whether key offence features can be meaningfully compared depending on whether the case was attempted or completed. The thesis concludes that attempted and completed cases are sufficiently distinct to be considered as separate types of offending, and that comparing stranger child abduction cases based on whether they were completed is a useful way of analysing this type of offence. The thesis has the secondary aim of testing widely held assumptions regarding stranger child abduction, i.e., that certain resistance strategies prevent abduction or that offenders prefer to target lone victims. By examining the features of the established database, the releveance and role of these assumptions was tested empirically. It was concluded that, for the most part, many of the common sense assumptions relating to stranger child abduction, i.e., that running away from an offender and calling for help would be associated with offences being attempted, were true. However, several assumptions and stereotypes were refuted, particularly with regards to children being effective guardians over one another. To provide context for the study, the thesis begins by explaining that issues relating to missing people have been, and must be, analysed via a process of refinement that involves the discovery of increasingly specific types. The abduction of children by strangers has emerged as one of these types, and has become of great interest to the media, the public, and to policy makers. However, following a critical literature review, it is argued that this type of child abduction remains poorly understood, and is subject to a number of problematic stereotypes that have been taken as fact. What academic research has been done on the topic has been overly concerned with establishing how often stranger child abduction occurs, with relatively little effort being made to further refine knowledge on the topic. A strain of arguments within the literature is identified that has been calling, with increasing conviction, to begin analysing stranger child abduction in terms of whether the offence was attempted or completed, i.e., to use an outcome based approach. After reviewing evidence in the literature, the conclusion can be drawn that this line of inquiry ought to be explored further. This thesis takes up this challenge by, first, gathering data on a sample of 78 stranger child abductions that occurred in the UK utilizing information drawn from legal and media sources, and, secondly, analysing the features of these cases while controlling for whether the offence was completed or attempted. The thesis takes the form of four studies, each of which analyses a different aspect of stranger child abduction that has been identified as key to the offence. The four studies are used: to show that the broad case profile of stranger child abduction varies when attempted cases are compared to completed cases; to provide evidence that direct, active, unequivocal resistance is associated with attempted cases and can therefore be considered effective; to assess the role of various forms of guardianship over children in preventing harm, which simultaneously pointed towards evidence of best practice while also demonstrating that criminological theory can usefully be applied to stranger child abduction when utilizing an outcome based approach; and to successfully build on and develop understanding of how offenders approach child abduction, and demonstrate that aggressive offenders who use multiple strategies tend to complete abductions more frequently than those using a single method.

Readings of contemporary accounts of the Japanese invasion of Choson Korea and Ming China's intervention, by Japanese, Korean, and Chinese writers; analysis of the writers' disparate world-views and how they each envision their country and its neighbours. This thesis uses contemporary writings from across the region to study the significance of the East Asian War of 1592-1598 for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese senses of identity, and argues that the war was a crucial moment in the development of those identities. Despite the 1592-1598 conflict affecting millions of people, and resulting in almost unprecedented cross-border flows of people and information, most previous considerations of its effect on identity have focused on court documents. In the first dedicated study of identities in the East Asian War, this thesis shifts from the hitherto emphasis on politicians and commanders to prioritize individuals at the frontiers of cross-border contact. This shift of focus from centre to periphery contributes to our understanding of two areas of history. In terms of the East Asian War as a historical event, it provides a far more nuanced picture of what this momentous conflict signified for people at the time. In terms of the history of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese identities, it demonstrates persuasively that the sense of belonging to a country held real meaning for people across society, influencing the actions even of those totally removed from the state. Tracing the legacy of frontier writings again contributes to both the history of the war and of identity, by revealing how peripheral insights and central biases combined to give birth to the orthodox narratives of the war, some of which remain influential to this day. Personal writings show how first-hand encounters in the war modified but also re-inforced already well-established identities, making national identities of immediate significance for an immeasurably wider group than in peace time. The late sixteenth-century growth in printing and literacy subsequently greatly amplified the impact of the East Asian War by allowing real-life interaction to be endlessly re-told as a dramatic clash between China, Korea, and Japan. This study restores the war to its proper place as a key moment in the longer development of national identities in East Asia. It also calls for a primary-source based, East-Asia centred reconsideration of theories on the historical development of collective identity, which remain overly influenced by later European experience.

Archaeological research in Cumbria has become increasingly holistic in recent years. Combined assessments of varied types of multi-scalar evidence, both archaeological and palaeoenvironmental, are now the basis of interpretation with regards to Neolithic and Bronze Age activity. Although the palaeoenvironmental record from Cumbria is extensive, certain key landscapes have been largely neglected. The extensive and varied archaeological evidence from the Furness Peninsula of South Cumbria features heavily in regional-scale interpretations of Neolithic and Bronze Age activity. Over the course of the Neolithic and Bronze Age, it is evident that this landscape was dynamic and changeable, especially along its coastlines. Compared to other parts of Cumbria, however, the Furness Peninsula has been subject to very little palaeoenvironmental research. This lack of local-scale data has impeded local-scale archaeological interpretation and, in turn, our understanding of prehistoric activity on a wider scale. Three pollen sequences have been extracted from natural prehistoric contexts upon the Furness Peninsula, which provide new evidence regarding local Neolithic and Bronze Age subsistence practices. A detailed geoarchaeological survey of buried prehistoric deposits within a particular valley system upon the peninsula has also been conducted. This provides new evidence regarding the inland extent of prehistoric marine transgressions across the Peninsula and changing palaeoenvironmental conditions in the environs of a number of important prehistoric occupation and ritual sites. This new data, augmented by the regional palaeoenvironmental record and qualitative local evidence, will be used to contextualise the archaeological record and reassess current interpretations. This improved understanding of both localised palaeoenvironmental change and human activity is used to identify a number of local- and site-scale human responses to changes in climate and coastline. The increased precision of these local-scale interpretations improve our understanding of Neolithic and Bronze Age activity across the wider region of Cumbria.

The thesis considers using measurements of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) signals from Partial Discharges (PD) to detect and characterise defect signals in multi-source environments. PD is the result of partial bridging of the insulation medium between electrodes, and can be a precursor to eventual flashover. UHF monitoring techniques became predominant in monitoring Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) filled Gas Insulated Substations (GIS). There are some particular characteristics of a PD that make monitoring in this range of signals advantageous, such as fast propagation velocities and low attenuation. These attributes make the technique very suitable to determining the type of PD source and location of the defect with accuracy. The research presented in the thesis uses three UHF sensors to detect PD signals from defects. By simultaneously capturing the UHF signals on three channels of a high bandwidth oscilloscope the time of arrival and signal strengths at the three sensors can be used to form Partial Discharge Cluster Maps (PDCMs), which are one of the main contributions of this research. These enable multiple defect sources to be identified and the defect location to be accurately determined. The application that will be considered in most detail is the use of UHF techniques to characterise defects in High Voltage (HV) oil-filled transformers. This is a relatively new area of research and the thesis discusses the challenges the complex internal structure of a transformer presents. The capability to locate and characterise multisources is shown to be successful. An on-line system was developed for plant assessment. Using this system, the technique was successfully tested on operational transformers and these results are also presented in the thesis.

Novel mullite fibres have been produced on a laboratory scale by pyrolysis of sol-gel spun precursors, having nanosized grains or discrete atomic dispersion, stabilised by in-situ precipitation of a minor phase addition of zirconia. A complex blend of chloride free precursors in aqueous media enabled good extrusion and drying characteristics, exhibiting Newtonian flow behaviour and draw down to fired fibre diameters, typically in the range of 10 - 20~m, the finest being almost defect free. The inorganic salt/alkoxide precursor ratio was optimised to 55:45 weight % addition after firstly using commercial grade precursors and then further optimised using lab produced aluminium acetotartrate (AA T) in order to remove unwanted alkali and alkaline earth oxide impurities. Various colloidal silca sols were also evaluated, the finest particle size (7nm) preferred for extrusion and sintering properties. Flow characteristics (rheology) and ageing with time were determined by cone and plate rheometry on three different sol concentrations, the highest concentration was found to age (thicken) faster but was easily extruded to make fibre over a 5 week period due to its shear thinning Newtonian flow behaviour. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including rcp, XRF, XRD, solid state NMR, SEM and TEM were employed to determine the purity, oxide phase evolution and microstructural stability with temperature and time. During conversion of the sol-gel fibres to the polycrystalline fibre SEM imaging and elemental analysis showed that careful heat treatment was necessary to remove volatile components such as sulphate in order to avoid large residual porosity and week fibres. Densification of fibres between 900 - 950°C was critical, as up to 26% linear shrinkage would result. The formation of nano porous y-alumina was apparent from low angle XRD scans and concurred from Al27 solid state NMR analysis which manifested itself as deformations in the fibre longitudinally resulting in "kinks" further exacerbated during sintering and mullite formation above 1200°C. Si29 NMR confirmed that tetrahedral peaks at 11 Oppm between 990 - 11 OO°C were due to heterogeneous colloidal silica, which subsequently reacted to form a fine stable orthorhombic mullite (3AI 20 3.2Si02) above 1200°C in and around which the zirconia existed in the tetragonal form, as defined by XRD analysis. TEM imaging demonstrated that the mullite microstructure had been stabilised and porosity removed due to in-situ precipitation of zirconia and subsequent sintering. The microstructure was compared to 3M Nextel 720 mullite/alumina fibre and found to be of similar dimensions. Optimisation of the zirconia addition was found to be 5% by weight, which also allowed the fine microstructure to be maintained without severe grain growth up to 1400°C. A relatively slow firing rate was shown to almost half the size of the mullite crystals due to controlled sintering and densification, although commercially firing rates of several hundred degrees per hour are more desirable. Such fibres exhibited an average tensile strength of 3.4GPa after heat treatment to 1250°C and superior Dicarlo ratio creep rate properties at and above this temperature compared to the 3M Nextel 720, the best commercial fibres that were currently available on the market. Discussions with QinetiQ (Famborough) are being held with the aim of exploiting the sol chemistry within a development project with the ambition of scale up from lab to production scale in order to supply fibres for fabrication of ceramic matrix composites.

An experimental microcosm system developed to investigate the community dynamics of two- and three-fungal species interactions is described. The microcosm consists of tessellated nutrient agar tiles allowing the varied prescription of: (1) the number of interacting fungal species; (2) the spatial organisation (patchiness) of the distribution of individuals; and (3) the scale of the interaction arena. The system also allows the quantification of interaction outcome in terms of species occupancy within each tile using a destructive re-isolation based plating technique. The outcome and reproducibility of small-scale, pairwise confrontations were used to predict the behaviour of larger two- and three-species interactions. The influence of experimental factors such as species patch size and spatial distribution on the community dynamics were also investigated. The spatial heterogeneity displayed during large-scale three species tessellations was represented by a novel application of principal component analysis, which showed good intuitive agreement with visual assessment of the interaction outcome patterns. The development of a non-destructive method, based on green fluorescent protein labeling of one of the organisms studied, to continuously monitor the development of the interactions is also described. Results indicated that for two species interactions of equal patch size the final outcomes of the large-scale tessellations could be extrapolated from the behaviour of relevant small-scale binary confrontations. However, further investigation revealed that species patch size influenced the temporal dynamics of the system. It was shown that larger patch sizes of species increased the time taken for one species to replace the other. Results also showed that extrapolation of the behaviour of large-scale three species confrontations were not possible from combative hierarchy information derived from the outcome of binary tile confrontations. The outcomes of the three species interactions were shown to be neither random nor fully deterministic and that a degree of stochasticity was displayed in outcome for all tessellations. These findings suggest that the initial spatial distribution of species influence outcome and reproducibility of the interactions. The model therefore demonstrates the complex and coordinated behaviour of fungal mycelia on fungal community development. The work to develop a non-destructive analysis system for the study of fungal interactions was unsuccessful. The work attempted to introduce the gene for green fluorescent protein into the genome of one of the study organisms, C. marmorata, via genetic transformation. Although, the introduction and expression of exogenous genetic material into the genome of C. marmorata was not successful, it was possible to isolate protoplasts from this species. This is the first known report of this for this species.

Support Vector Machines (SVM's) and other kernel based methods have grown in popularity in recent years. Although they have many benefits, such as the ability to deal with a large number of parameters, one drawback of these successful techniques is their lack of the ability to provide rigorous confidence measures for the predictions they make. This thesis is devoted to the efficient implementation and experimental testing of transductive algorithms developed at the computer science department, Royal Holloway. The algorithms are tested against several benchmark data sets, and methods for comparing quantitative confidence values are described and evaluated. These techniques and other machine-learning methods are also applied to the industrial application of fault diagnosis and automated repair. An extensive case study of applying these machine learning techniques to a real-world problem is carried out. Many problems such as data collection and representation -- which are common to most real-world applications of machine learning techniques, but sometimes over-sighted in literature -- are highlighted and discussed.

In the 1980s and 1990s, privatisation has been widely adopted across the developing world and has reversed the previous trend towards the expansion of state enterprise. This thesis examines the establishment, operation and privatisation of the state enterprise sector in Zambia between 1968 and 1998. Following the economic reforms announced at Mulungushi (1968) and Matero Hall (1969), state enterprise came to dominate the economy. In 1990 a policy of limited privatisation was introduced which was subsequently extended to cover the entire state enterprise sector. By the end of 1998, this had resulted in the privatisation of the majority of state enterprises. The thesis examines the changing role of state enterprise from a political perspective, with the state analysed as the agent of policy choice and implementation. It examines the reasons for the growth in state enterprise, evaluates its performance and identifies the factors which prompted the adoption of privatisation and influenced its implementation. It argues that the growth of state enterprise was primarily a response to the inadequacies of the existing private sector in meeting the state's developmental objectives. However, the strategy pursued by the state enterprise sector proved to be commercially and financially unsustainable. To these problems were added pressure from creditors and donors for Zambia to adopt policies of market liberalisation. This resulted in the adoption of a strategy of comprehensive privatisation. The thesis examines how the choice of the method of privatisation of individual enterprises reflected the objectives of the government in undertaking the programme and the constraints under which it was implemented. The Zambian Government sought to promote competitive industrial structures, indigenous ownership and the viability of the enterprises involved in the process. It has, however, been constrained in this by a number of factors, including the existing legal rights of minority shareholders, the weak commercial and financial position of many state enterprises and the macro-economic environment in which the programme has been undertaken.

The impact of two formulations of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservatives (Celcure AO and Tanalith C33 10) on a range of marine organisms was assessedin both laboratory and field investigations. As part of an EU project, a long-term field investigation was carried out exposing test panels of Scots pine treated to 12,24 and 48 kgm -3 CCA and untreated controls at seven coastal sites (Portsmouth, UK; Kristineberg, Sweden; La Tremblade (2 sites), France; Ria Formosa, Portugal; Sagres, Portugal; Athens, Greece). Inspections were made at 6,12 and 18 months after submergence and the fouling communities on CCA-treated and untreated panels were assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Over the course of the field trial patterns of fouling that were common at several of the sites were recorded. In the majority of cases there were no significant differences in species abundance, species diversity, community organic biomass and total dry weight of fouling organisms on CCA-treated versus untreated panels. However, a number of species were recorded in significantly higher numbers on CCA-treated panels compared to untreated panels. The extent and type of microbial degradation of these panels was also assessed. Sections from the panels exposed for periods of 6,12 and 18 months were examined by light microscopy and the depth of penetration by soft rot fungi and tunnelling and erosion bacteria was measured. Attack was found to be heavy in untreated wood, but absent or very superficial in CCA-treated wood. The fungal flora was also recorded after 6,12 and 18 months exposure following incubation of panels. Fungal diversity on untreated wood was high, whereas on CCA-treated wood fungi were either absent, or a low diversity present. The surfaces of untreated panels were notably softer as a result of microbial and marine borer attack. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed that the rate of biofilm formation on the surfaces of CCA-treated panels (12,24 and 48 kgm -3 CCA) was marginally faster than on the surface of untreated panels over a4 week exposure period in the sea at the Portsmouth exposure site. After 4 weeks of exposure no differences in biofilm composition were detectable between different panel treatments. Algal fouling was monitored on CCA-treated and untreated Scots pine panels after submergence at the exposure site at Portsmouth, UK for a period of 4 weeks. In the majority of cases there were no significant differences in the abundance of each algal species on CCA-treated or untreated panels. Two species of algae were recorded in significantly lower abundance on CCA-treated panels compared to untreated panels, suggesting that these species were sensitive to leached preservative from the surfaces of the treated panels. The impact of CCA-preservatives on invertebrate fouling was also monitored over the initial 4 weeks of submergence. Scots pine panels treated to 2,4,6,12,24 and 48 kgm -3 (Celcure AO and Tanalith C3310), and untreated controls were exposed at a brackish water millpond, Emsworth, UK. Settlement densities of 3 species of calcareous invertebrates were measured. Densities of the serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus significantly increased with increasing CCA loading; numbers of the two species of barnacle (Elminius modestus and Balanus crenatus) were also higher on CCA-treated panels than on untreated panels but these differences were often not significant. A laboratory leaching trial combining a static and a flowing seawater system was carried out to measure the leaching rate of copper, chromium and arsenic from the surface of Scots pine panels treated to 3,6,12,24 and 48 kgm-3 CCA. Losses of chromium and arsenic over the 10 week trial were very low, whereas losses of copper were much higher. Copper losses from freshly treated panels were highest, but rapidly fell to much lower levels after exposure in flowing seawater. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to test the toxicity of leachates from CCA-treated wood, or their toxic components. Tests on the thraustochytrid, Schizochytrium aggregatum, examined the effects of copper ions on mortality of sporangia and motility and viability of zoospores. A very high tolerance to copper ions was recorded in both instances. Experiments exposing spores/zygotes of two species of marine algae found that concentrated leachates from CCA-treated wood inhibited germination of Fucus serratus zygotes but only reduced the percentage germination of Undaria pinnatifida spores. All of the bioassays used produced rapid results. Data suggests that CCA-treated wood is not toxic to non-target marine fouling organisms. Preferences to settle on CCA-treated wood over untreated wood by certain marine fouling organisms may be due to differences in the surface properties of the wood (surface energy, biofilm formation) influencing choice of settlement sites by fouling propagules. Differences manifested at this initial stage of the fouling process may be reflected in the mature fouling community.

Coherent turbulent structures in the boundary layer resulting in turbulent bursts penetrating the sublayer, have been proposed as a mechanism for the removal of fouling deposits. The interaction between the bursts and representations of particulate and biological fouling deposits was studied using dye to highlight the flow structure and a twin laser system to provide illumination for filming and video recording. Over a smooth plate the dimensionless spanwise low speed streak spacing (λ+s = λsU*/v) was found to be 93 which is in excellent agreement with the literature. Grooved plates and polysaccharide gums were used as test surfaces and microglass beads and biofilms were also employed. The mean cleaning efficiency of bursts over a particulate deposit was found to be 0.023 percent and it was considered that a burst event had insufficient energy to remove fouling. Dimensionless streak spacings over the grooves ranged from 83.1 to 196.7 for longitudinal grooves and from 75.9 to 209.9 for transverse grooves. This increase in the spacing was expected from the literature. A change in the scaling parameters from inner variables over a smooth surface to outer variables over a grooved plate was recorded. Burst counts over the grooves, both longitudinal and transverse, and the gums were found to increase from the smooth surface. However, the spanwise spacing of low speed streaks also increased Over the grooves bursts were noted to display shallower ejection angles than over a smooth surface. A typical burst angle over longitudinal grooves was 3.70 compared to 4.30 for a smooth surface. This together with an increase in streak persistence and a delay in transition to turbulence suggested that the surfaces representing fouling deposits reduced the energy of burst events so making removal by burst action unlikely. Further work is recommended to investigate the flow over biofilms grown under flowing conditions, and over random roughnesses. The determination of the burst duration and intensity and the skin fiction over these surfaces would be a useful undertaking.

The relevance of a positive crossmatch in renal transplantation is controversial. Factors which may influence the relationship between recipient antibody sensitization and transplant outcome include; the antibody class and specificity, the time interval between the positive crossmatch and transplantation and whether the transplant is a first graft or a regraft. In highly sensitized patients the clinical relevance of a positive crossmatch against a particular donor is difficult to determine because it may be due to damaging (presumed antiHLA) and/or non-damaging (presumed non-HLA) antibodies. An in vitro assay has been developed which can reliably define the specificity of donor reactive antibodies even in complex mixtures. This technique was applied to define the immunoglobulin class and specificity of antibodies present in a series of positive crossmatch transplants. The clinical relevance of sensitization to HLA class I, DR, DQ and non-HLA was examined and a correlation sought with graft survival. The results showed good primary and regraft survival in the presence of peak positive and current positive crossmatches caused by IgM non-HLA antibodies. There was acceptable primary and regraft survival with peak positive-current negative crossmatches due to IgM HLA class I, but not with IgG antibodies. A positive B cell crossmatch caused by HLA antibodies was associated with good primary but poor regraft survival. These findings may be applied prospectively to select kidney donor and recipient pairs Who, despite a positive crossmatch, can be transplanted with a high probability of success. The target molecule of the commonest non-HLA antibody has remained a mystery for over 15 years. This question was investigated by the production and characterisation of human monoclonal antibodies from a renal dialysis patient by the generation of a mouse/human heterohybridoma. The resulting antibodies are of the IgM class with reaction profiles identical to those found in renal dialysis patients. Screening against panels of cells demonstrated that identical reactivity patterns could be generated at a different dilution for each MAb. This implies that the apparently different specificities are explained by differential target cell sensitivity. Reactivity profiles in fluorescence binding assays showed that this target cell sensitivity is dictated not by antigen density alone but also by antibody/antigen affinity. The results from enzyme treatment of target cells and from lectin inhibition studies show that the antibodies are polyreactive and capable of binding sialic acid dependent epitopes and other negatively charged cell surface molecules.

Forged under the Hammer and Sickle, The Case of Geoffrey Powell 1945–1960 is a multimodal exhibition and exegesis that concerns the post-war production of photographer-turned-documentary-filmmaker Geoffrey Powell (1918–1989). It re-evaluates Powell's production through the prism of his socio-political evolution from reactionary to Marxist. Within the photo-historical literature, he is defined as a participant in the mainstream Post-War Documentary Movement in photography. However, my research has revealed that Powell belonged to a cross-disciplinary nexus of creative thought. He was a member of the Australian Communist Party and his photographic production was all but confined to Socialist Realist journals. This Marxist affiliation imposed strictures on the way in which he engaged with subjects as well as the aesthetics of his work. He was also an active participant on the progressive ‘Arts Front’. An interest in expository film by the progressive Left tweaked a curiosity in Powell, which ultimately encouraged his move into documentary filmmaking. Through the patronage of progressive film producer John Heyer, Powell became employed at the Department of Information (DOI) Film Unit as a cinematographer from March 1946. At the DOI, he was a member of the Heyer documentary group that embraced the notion of "dramatising within the realm of reality". In keeping with the Leftist cultural element that operated within the film unit—that engaged with outside radical film production for militant labour unions—Powell assisted the Miners' Federation in the production of photography for their Amenities Campaign in 1947.

The argument made by the Leitch report and subsequent government policy documents is that an improved supply of skills is central to national economic progress in the face of increasing competition amongst nation states for business investment. Over the period 2005-9 higher education institutions in England were encouraged by government departments and HEFCE to engage with an emerging higher skills policy, and commit to building their capacity to develop and deliver workforce development provision in collaboration with employers and Sector Skills Councils. This thesis explores the implementation of this policy with the aim of developing an analytical framework that can be used to explain processes of implementation in this specific policy environment, at the interface of ‘skills’ and ‘higher education’. The approach to implementation recognises the importance of interpreting the structural character of the policy environment, the influence of the prevailing norms of the higher education sector, and the manner in which processes at the ‘street level’ interpret and adapt policy to institutional context. The analytical process takes account of the insights of sociological institutionalism, Matland’s ambiguity-conflict model and the focus on belief and coalition formation in the Advocacy Coalition Framework, and makes use of a range of documentary and interview material. The approach is deliberately sceptical about the possibility of the development of an overarching implementation model, and instead focuses on the characterisation of key factors that are likely to influence the implementation process and outcomes in this specific policy environment. To that end, the analysis produced can find use as an insight into the process of policy implementation in higher education in the U.K., and provide an indication of how similar policies may be re(formed) in future contexts.

This dissertation explores the nature of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) as a governance organisation in the context of international regime theory. It examines the hypothesis that ICANN represents a new type of hybrid political entity, one that both challenges established concepts in IR theory, and that may be representative of emerging trends in other areas of global issue management. The concept of international regimes, initially defined in the early 1980s by Stephen Krasner, has become one of the key elements of contemporary International Relations theory. Despite ongoing debates between proponents of various theoretical paradigms over some key questions, such as how and why regimes form and are sustained, the basic concept of the international regime has remained fairly clearly defined. ICANN, however, has been widely interpreted as a new approach to global governance in an emerging issue-area, one based upon ‘multistakeholder’ decisionmaking involving a range of interested actor types, as opposed to the traditional model of a predominantly state-based ‘inter-national’ organisation. This dissertation seeks to examine the extent to which concepts drawn from existing regime theories remain useful as analytical tools for interpreting the types of emerging global governance arrangements represented by the ICANN system. The dissertation begins with a review of ICANN’s history and organisational structure, followed by a literature review exploring some competing interpretations of ICANN. It then utilises three case studies of the ICANN policy development process in action, in an effort to explore how ICANN policy is made in practice and which types of actors and interests appear to have most influence within the regime. The analysis reveals certain commercial interests, together with governments, to be the predominant actors within the ICANN system. Subsequent chapters draw upon these findings to explore how ontological models drawn from various paradigms on regime theory, including realist, neoliberal institutionalist, neo-Marxist and social constructivist approaches, might be applied to the ICANN regime. The study demonstrates that concepts drawn from each of these paradigms, and particularly vi neoliberal institutionalism and social constructivism, are readily applicable to the ICANN case. The dissertation concludes that ICANN can be usefully interpreted as a regime using a definition based on Krasner’s, albeit of a modified type better described as a ‘global governance’ rather than an ‘inter-national’ regime. Finally, it attempts to evaluate the extent to which lessons from the ICANN case may be applicable to emerging trends in other issue-areas of international politics.