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Background: Prostate brachytherapy (BT) techniques have evolved over the past century. This paper aimed to preserve our collective memory of history and the early development of its technique. We searched articles in PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords referring to authors, dates, and BT technical details, including different radioactive sources and country-specific publications. We reviewed the work published by Holm and Aronowitz. The digital library Internet Archives was used to retrieve original journal articles, science newspaper printings, and government reports, which allowed us to situate the development of BT in its sociopolitical context in Europe and the USA. Our search was conducted in English, French, and German languages. Summary: Early BT methods were developed by European physicians with early access to radium. Technical advancements were made by HH Young, who brought this practice to the USA, where Barringer pioneered the use of radon seeds and low-dose interstitial brachytherapy. While centralized radiotherapy centers, such as Memorial Hospital in New York, emerged for training and research, the high cost of radium and opposing interests made brachytherapy harder to implement in Germany. After World War II, the introduction of man-made radioisotopes allowed experiments with colloidal solutions and new seeds, including I-125. In the 1980s, transrectal ultrasound allowed for more accurate radioactive seed insertion and replaced the transrectal finger guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We examined the history of the Endourological Society through the lens of its fellowship programs in the United States (U.S.). Methods: A review of the list of fellowship programs published annually in the Journal of Endourology from 1987 to 2015 allowed us to track the growth in fellowship programs over time. We reviewed the Endourological Society fellowship database and the websites for each of the fellowship programs for the names of graduates from each program. A survey was sent to each fellowship program director with a list of their graduates asking them to verify the names and to identify those graduates who had pursued a career in academic urology, and whether they had served as fellowship program director, residency program director or department chairperson. Seventeen of the 52 U.S. program directors (33%) responded to the survey. For those programs that did not respond to the survey each graduate's name was searched via Google, LinkedIn, and/or Doximity to determine if they had pursued a career in academic urology and served in a leadership position. Results: The number of U.S. Endourological Society fellowships has increased from 11 in 1987 to 52 in 2021. Five hundred and seventy-seven fellows have graduated from an Endourological Society Fellowship in the United States from 1987 to 2021. Two hundred and fifty fellows have pursued a career in academic urology (43.3%), 46 have served as fellowship program director (8.0%), 9 as residency program director (1.6%), and 13 have served as department chairperson (2.3%). Conclusions: The progress of the Endourological Society can be directly tied to the historical growth of its fellowship programs and the pursuit of an academic career by many of its graduates leading them to become the current and future educational leaders in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation's (HOLC) so-called 'redlining' maps have gone from a niche corner of urban historical scholarship to the centre of mainstream narratives about racism in the United States. In this paper, I map this journey and trace the contours of the ongoing debates that have emerged, identifying two competing camps I call 'HOLC Culpablism' and 'HOLC Scepticism'. Finding these perspectives to have run up against their self-imposed limitations, I outline a research agenda that breaks from the debate's narrow confines by envisioning HOLC's mapping materials anew. My proposed approach recasts the maps and their accompanying field notes as windows into the governing racial–spatial ideology of 20th-century US real estate capital. In doing so, it invites researchers to reimagine the map grades as dynamic categories reflecting a particular spatiotemporal conception of value that is highly contingent on an area's estimated racial trajectory. This reformulation, I argue, not only opens new possibilities for studying the HOLC mapping programme but suggests that the power of these maps has almost certainly been underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducts a fresh analysis of the key developments – strategic and technological – that resulted in the world's first penetrating stealth bomber. It explores the tectonic shift in defense thinking, which began in the late 1960s as it became widely understood that the Soviet Union had matched the United States' advantage in nuclear weaponry. It then examines how the United States grappled with the issue of Soviet conventional numerical superiority and whether advances in air defenses rendered penetrating airpower – the air leg of the nuclear triad and a critical component of the United States' emerging strategy – impotent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goals of this bibliometric review of the Review of Educational Research were to gain insights into the evolution of the journal and identify its key contributions to the education literature. Bibliographic data associated with the full set of 3,022 review articles published in RER from 1931 through 2021 were exported from Scopus for bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. The review confirmed that RER remains rooted in the American education context, with scholars located outside the United States accounting for only 6% of the RER corpus. The review identified authors and documents published in RER that have had the greatest impact on the broader education literature. Author co-citation analysis visualized the "intellectual structure" of the RER corpus, which is anchored by a "school of thought" associated with Teaching and Learning Strategies and Effects. This research stream has been informed by complementary schools of researchers who have generated theory and research on cognition, teaching, and learning as well as motivation and learning. Although conceptual reviews of research are more prominent, meta-analytic reviews have also come to represent a key pillar in the intellectual structure of RER. Journal co-citation analysis validated the centrality of RER's place within a community of highly ranked education and psychology journals. The findings confirm the strong disciplinary influence of psychology in shaping the journal's direction and content. Adapting to a changing global research landscape in education was identified as a key challenge facing RER in the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Society for Community Research and Action (SCRA) is the primary professional home for community psychologists in the United States and increasingly around the world. Since the formation of the American Psychological Association Division 27: Community Psychology in 1966, now SCRA, 54 people have served in the Presidential role. Presidential leaders' annual addresses both reflect the current state of the field and have the ability to shape the future of both SCRA as an organization and community psychology as a discipline given their positions as leaders. This commentary explores the trajectory of SCRA as an organization via 33 available presidential addresses, 28 of which were published in the American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP). Using thematic analysis and drawing on both dialectical and life cycle organizational processes, three periods of SCRA and community psychology more broadly were identified: defining community psychology, applying community psychology, and re‐imagining community psychology. Themes speak to tensions between the ideals of the society and the work of the society. We conclude by offering a series of questions for consideration as SCRA positions itself for the future. Highlights: Thematic analysis of Society for Community Research and Action (SCRA) presidential addressesDialectical processes within SCRAThree developmental periods of SCRAReflexive questions to guide the future strategic directions of SCRA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article pushes towards the integration of the history of Black Adult Education (AE) into the broader history of AE literature and it contributes a critique of the field's general omissions and misrepresentations of Black history. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to critique the white-dominated history of AE texts and (2) to provide a historiographical essay that highlights works focused on the Black history of AE. In doing so, we offer a historical counternarrative rooted in the secondary historical literature that addresses the history of Black education. Ultimately, this paper critiques historiographical essays focused on AE, situates our discussion within debates on approaches to race in AE, and revisits works of Black AE from within the field as well as key works by educational historians that address issues related to Black AE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic climate change is a scientific fact, but U.S. public discourse around the issue remains mired in controversy, including in education. Our study leverages natural language processing methods to give a precise look into the extent to which climate change-related topics are covered in 30 of the most widely used high school history textbooks in California and Texas. We find that history textbooks situate climate change-related topics within narratives of U.S. progress and development, and focus on the role of government in climate action. Consistent with analyses of science curricula, we also find that history textbooks emphasize controversy in climate discussions. Despite differences in state-level standards, the content of textbooks in California and Texas is surprisingly similar in the extent and nature of climate change-related discourse. Our study indicates that history textbook reform is an important arena for expanding and improving climate change education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded in comparative law research, this paper compares differences in the regulation of online child pornography in China and the United States. The United States began regulating child pornography through criminal law in the 1970s, gradually refining the laws to distinguish between child pornography and obscenity and prohibit the possession of child pornography and virtual child pornography. In contrast, China treats child pornography on an equal footing with adult pornography, but imposes more lenient penalties on disseminating child pornography, which has led to the proliferation of child pornography. By comparing the two countries' policies and laws on child pornography, this review makes four recommendations for other countries: (i) define child pornography in criminal law; (ii) distinguish between obscenity and child pornography; (iii) prohibit virtual child pornography on the internet; and (iv) increase criminal penalties for child pornography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Religious Ethics (JRE) was established at a particular moment in the United States in the early 1970s. This article investigates how that moment—in the institutional milieu of academic theology and religious studies in which the (JRE) emerged—influenced its founding. It does this through attention to three main sources: (1) the original charter and bylaws of the JRE, (2) publications from the JRE and other scholarly outlets in the period, and (3) a collection of interviews with scholars who occupied editorial roles in the first 10 years of the life of the journal. The article suggests that the JRE's early period was driven by three key forces: the emergence of Christian ethics as a field of academic theology, deepening engagement with academic philosophy among students of Christian ethics, and growing attention to the pedagogical requirements of increasingly pluralist tertiary educational environments. In conclusion, I describe my own place in this history, asking how the dynamics around the founding of the JRE shape my participation in the practice enacted in its pages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the transformation of Robert College, the first American college founded abroad, from 1923 to 1970. Based on a careful investigation of Robert College archives and personal accounts of the College staff, it contends that the school's missionary character acquired a new identity after the foundation of Republican Turkey. Robert College gradually abandoned its missionary tradition to become an institution of liberal learning in the service of westernizing Turkey. The College presidency and trustees have long elaborated on the new context and trends in liberal education in the United States. At the same time, the Turkish officers and graduates quickly adjusted to this new character immersed in secular values. The College's transition involved a shared commitment going beyond political partnership, reflecting an intellectual vision that came out of long years of negotiations within the College establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Immigration Restriction League (IRL) made literacy, and by extension education, a major aspect of immigration reform in United States in the early twentieth century. Appealing to an educated, conservative constituency, it promoted a literacy test aimed at systematically excluding "undesirable" immigrants. Literacy was initially treated as a learned skill, but eventually became linked to fixed, presumably heritable traits. The justification for requiring these tests was directly influenced by the growing Eugenics Movement. Literacy thus became intricately tied to an expanded conception of race and, consequently, the imagined worthiness of different ethnic and nationality groups. The 1917 Literacy Test Act, also referred to as the Immigration Act of 1917, limited migration to the United States and marked the IRL's eventual success. By that time, however, such tests had become seen as a proxy for presumably rigid, racialised, national characteristics, and the IRL pushed for even more restrictive measures. IRL members remained active beyond the First World War and contributed to the extension of immigration restriction policies in 1921 and 1924. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, Purdy calls independent schools to grapple with their complicated and full institutional histories. Offering examples of schools and individuals doing this work, Purdy contends that independent schools need histories of diversity, equity, and inclusion that span the entirety of United States history, like those being uncovered by higher education institutions that are delving deeply into the relationship between their institutions and legacies of enslavement. Purdy presents a concise history of what we know now about how independent schools have reflected the racism embedded in United States society, how the civil rights movement pushed independent schools to desegregate and admit more Black students, and how Dr. William Dandridge, the first director of Minority Affairs for the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) in the 1970s, challenged independent school leaders on their thinking about race. This commentary concludes by encouraging independent schools to ask the hard questions, because even with all the progress that has been made to make independent schools more diverse, inclusive, and equitable, Black students continue to shed light on the institutional and interpersonal racism that they contend with today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the gallows and fields of war to the street and bedside, chaplains of color have been present and instrumental in providing spiritual and emotional support in public and private settings across the United States. Their histories and experiences are not well documented and integrated into the field of spiritual care and chaplaincy, a field often understood as predominantly White, male, and Christian. This article introduces this special issue by offering historical context—particularly for Black chaplains—and naming the key themes that weave through the articles included. Naming the experiences of chaplains of color is a central step in responding to historically grounded racial inequities in the work of chaplaincy and spiritual care in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrusive state has long viewed women as fetal containers. The Dobbs decision goes further, essentially causing women to vanish when fetuses are abstracted from their relationships to pregnant persons. The ways in which women are first controlled and then made invisible are clearly connected with the move from obedience to omission that has historically affected black Americans. When personal decisionmaking and participation in democracy are regarded as threats, those threatened restrict decisional freedom and political power, deepening structural injustices relating to sex, race, and poverty. Fear of Dobbs has health effects on conditions unrelated to pregnancy and connects with erasures of human value that are not health-related. We reaffirm solidarity as a countering influence. Taking account of the richly relational context in which issues like abortion and political representation arise should lead to better, more meaningful policies, making so many people impossible to unsee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historical study aims to explain how the transition from student nurse service to fully qualified "graduate nurse" service in the United States in the 20th century affected assumptions about fundamental patient care in hospital wards and provide historical context for current apprenticeship programs. Through analysis of documents from 1920 when student nurse service, a nurse apprentice model, was the norm to 1960 when the nurse apprentice model was waning in favor of registered nurse service, this study found that the replacement of student nurses with registered nurses led to weakened standardization of fundamental bedside care and the introduction of large numbers of unlicensed nursing assistants. While student nurses could perform all the functions of fully qualified graduate nurses, nursing assistants could not, resulting in a separation of fundamental nursing care from the professional nurse role and changes in assumptions and attitudes toward fundamental care. These changes had a negative effect on fundamental nursing care. New apprenticeship programs provide opportunities for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a critical review of the literature on how race played into the historical development of pedagogical progressivism in the late-19th and early-20th-century United States. While many historians have focused on the overt/covert racism inherent in much of progressive pedagogy as espoused by White educators, others have highlighted the ways in pedagogical progressivism supported movements toward liberation and social justice, especially when taken up by Black educators. Thus, the historical treatment of pedagogical progressivism is becoming more nuanced by incorporating the work of Black scholars, school leaders, curriculum designers, and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Organ Transplantation System is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration, a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and is contracted with the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) to maintain the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN). It is a very complex system whose goals are to ensure effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of organ sharing in the national system of organ allocation, as well as to increase the supply of donated organs available for transplantation. UNOS has been the only agency contracted by the OPTN since 1987. The OPTN has proposed changes to modernize and revamp the organ transplant system to improve access, equity, and transparency. There is a federal initiative to modernize the U.S. organ procurement system. The initiative includes the introduction of competitive bidding to administer the contract of the OPTN to provide de-monopolization of the infrastructure and bring more alternatives to improve the organization of the existing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Public Health Reports (PHR) is the oldest public health journal in the United States and has reported on viral epidemics since the 19th century. We describe the creation and analysis of a collection of historic PHR articles on emerging viral epidemics in the United States to inform public health response to COVID-19 and future epidemics. Methods: We searched databases from 1878 through 2021 using custom search strings and conducted a manual search for articles published under previously used names for PHR. We evaluated all articles based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and coded the final list for virus/disease, article type, public health emergency preparedness and response capabilities from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and PubMed citation count. Results: We identified 349 relevant articles including 130 commentaries/reviews/editorials, 79 epidemiologic reports, 75 research articles, and 65 case study/practice articles. The collection focused on influenza (n = 244), COVID-19 (n = 75), dengue (n = 14), and other emerging viruses, such as Zika and Ebola (n = 25). The collection included 48 articles on health disparities/health of various disadvantaged populations, highlighting such disparities as race and ethnicity (n = 22), socioeconomic status (n = 17), and age (n = 15). When we categorized articles by CDC public health emergency preparedness and response capabilities, we found that 207 addressed surveillance and epidemiologic investigation, 36 addressed community preparedness, and 28 addressed medical countermeasure dispensing and administration. The articles addressing surveillance and epidemiologic investigation, nonpharmaceutical interventions, and community preparedness had the most PubMed citations (799, 334, and 308, respectively). Conclusions: PHR 's historic articles on US emerging viral epidemics covered a range of virus/disease types, emergency preparedness and response capabilities, and contribution types and were widely cited in the scholarly literature. This publicly available and continuously updated collection is a valuable resource for pandemic planning and response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a case study and historical textual analysis, this article explores how small-city newspapers offer a window into urbanism and identity formation in the early twentieth century. These newspapers pursued a content and circulation strategy that combined publishing characteristics associated with the mass circulation dailies and industrial journalism of major metropolitan areas with more community-oriented elements, such as booster content and hyperlocal news items. These newspapers operated as an important part of the early twentieth century American media system and represented a distinct type of publication that embraced the aspirational urbanism of local business interests and civic boosters. Despite flourishing literature on newspapers in twentieth century American society, large, urban areas tend to dominate scholarly analysis, while leaving out the sorts of communities that had a self-conscious experience of industrial modernity. By focusing analysis on the 1920s, this article explores how the Superior (Wisconsin) Telegram embraced this aspirational urbanism. It shows how the Telegram operated as a platform for its readers to navigate the tensions of the decade, articulate the city's urban ambitions, and serve as a symbol of the city's modern and progressive ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health policy plays a critical role in determining a state's or nation's overall population health, and health system change has been a priority for a majority of Americans for at least a decade. News coverage can influence health policy development, but little research has examined the quality of that coverage, in part because no consensus exists regarding what information health policy stories should include. This paper describes a series of in-depth interviews with eight health policy experts and 12 experienced journalists who have covered health policy. While rejecting the notion of strict quality criteria that could be applied to all health policy stories, the interviewees agreed on several factors that would improve health policy coverage. They recommended that health policy stories should include information about financial costs to consumers, evidence that a policy will have its intended effect, historical context for the policy, and "relatable hooks" that help consumers understand which groups a policy will affect and how. In addition, the interviewees stressed the importance of building policy coverage on trustworthy sources representing multiple viewpoints and the need to recognize how audience members' values influence their acceptance and interpretation of evidence. These findings provide an important foundation for future research examining the impact of health policy reporting on both public opinion and public policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, demand for abortion services has been consistent throughout U.S. history; what has varied throughout the centuries is a person's ability to access a safe abortion, free from persecution and prosecution. Recent U.S. history has demonstrated that making abortions illegal does not stop people from obtaining abortions. Furthermore, when discussing abortion access in the United States, a recurring theme in our history is how restriction of abortion and antiabortion legislation primarily affects the poorest and most-underprivileged members of U.S. society. This article examines the history of abortion legislation in the United States to promote better understanding of current antiabortion legislation and what these laws mean for patients and providers. (J GYNECOL SURG 38:320) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critiques the History of Sex Education, a publication by SIECUS: Sex Ed for Social Change (SIECUS). This document identifies the foundations of sex education in the United States. It recognizes the white middle class's centering within the historically racist, classist, and fear-based sex education. SIECUS utilizes this publication to explore the organization's history and its impact on the progress of sex education. Still, this history is missing recounts of the intersection of gender, race, and sex, including reproductive justice and notable organizations, works, and people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historiography of and Marxist philosophy on the relationship between capitalism and slavery in the antebellum U.S. Historians' writings on the U.S. abolitionist movement, including historian Harrison Trexler's perspective on the role of that the cruelty of slave owners towards the slave played in driving the movement, are discussed. Historians' vantage points on the relationship between conditions of U.S. Northern worker and slavery in Southern States are also discussed.

This essay juxtaposes the biographies, ideologies, and military commands of four nearly contemporary soldier-statesmen: Andrew Jackson in the United States, Baldomero Espartero in Spain, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington in Great Britain, and Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult in France. Despite the differences between their respective four countries in the decade from 1820 to 1830, all of them went through the same post-revolutionary phase, decisive in the consolidation of representative political systems and the formation of party structures. At this juncture, and independently of cultural or ethnic factors, some of these leaders were held up as popular champions of change, whilst others held up their swords in defence of a more reactionary stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of loyalty during the U.S. Civil War, particularly sentiment against treasonous speech by southerners. It examines the policies of the U.S. government concerning disloyalty, the role of the U.S. War Department and office of judge advocate general in the person of major Levi C. Turner handling subversive speech

The fall of 1864 saw one Confederate military disaster after another: Sherman took Atlanta, Farragut seized Mobile Bay, Sheridan defeated Early three times in the Shenandoah Valley, and Grant penned up Lee in Petersburg. Northern voters followed the battle returns and reelected Lincoln. The South had lost both the military and the political war by mid- November 1864. Yet Lee, who was the real head of the Confederacy, remained silent on the need to make peace on Union terms. This article addresses the question--largely ignored by historians--of the reasons for Lee's Great Silence and concludes that Lee's unwillingness to oppose his friend and sponsor, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, was the decisive factor in his inaction, although reluctance to engage in confrontation and belief in civilian supremacy over the military had some impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on President James Buchanan's nominated chief justice of Utah Territory Delana R. Eckels, focusing particularly on his views regarding polygamy, Mormonism, Mormon leader Brigham Young, and the party platform of the Democratic Party regarding the Mormons. Topics explored include his role in the Utah War, public sentiment regarding the Mormon Church and its founder Joseph Smith, issues of freedom of religion and "local sovereignty," and issues of state and federal oversight related to slavery and the domestic sphere.

The author argues that the 1849 political debate over the seating of Irish temperance activist Father Theobald Mathew on the floor of the U.S. Senate was a precursor to the debates that led to the Compromise of 1850 related to slavery in the U.S. The proposal was forwarded by Democratic senator Isaac Walker of Wisconsin. Both the House and Senate of Congress were facing increasing tensions and debates from sectionalism, slavery, and the rise of the Free Soil Party. The travels of Mathew throughout the U.S. and his influence on Americans to embrace temperance is also discussed.

The author discusses the history of teachers originally from northern states in the South before and during the American Civil War. He mentions the migration of teachers to meet the demand in southern states, the sectional attitudes towards the teachers, and the options teachers faced when the South seceded and during the war.

Nurses have a professional responsibility to advocate for dignified, respectful, and culturally appropriate care for all individuals. Refugees are a particularly vulnerable patient population, and each year, millions of individuals flee violence or persecution amid global unrest and a worsening climate crisis. Quality nursing care for refugees, specifically refugee children, requires a sophisticated level of cultural sensitivity and policy awareness. Nurses make up the largest health care profession and are well-positioned to collectively advocate for inclusive legislation that promotes equitable access to services for refugees. Evidence from nursing history can support policy advocacy, documenting how nurses have been on the front lines of health promotion for migrant populations in the past. This study utilized traditional historical methods with a social history framework to analyze the nursing care of immigrant children at Ellis Island hospitals from 1892 to 1924, focusing on the intersection of policy and place. Public Health Service nurses on Ellis Island learned to navigate multiple roles with potentially competing responsibilities, balancing their duty to care for immigrant patients with their obligation to protect the health of the nation. Today, legislators and health care providers appear at odds because increasingly restrictive immigration policies are often incompatible with strong public health measures that call for greater access to care for migrant communities. As the primary point of contact in refugee health, nurses can help bridge the gap between providers and lawmakers by using historical evidence to demonstrate public health policy and immigration legislation can be mutually beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a biographical sketch of the late Hans L. Zetterberg and a historical background to a translation of an essay based on a lecture given by Zetterberg in Stockholm in 1995. In it, he recounts his time at the Department of Sociology at Columbia University in the years 1953–1964. This essay is full of insights into an inspiring and formative period for Zetterberg in the United States, particularly in the stimulating milieu that was Columbia, at this time the center of American sociology led by Robert K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld. In the introduction to this translated essay, I give a brief overview of the establishment of sociology as a discipline in Sweden, and the transfer of knowledge between the United States and Sweden (and Europe, more broadly), embodied in Hans Zetterberg. In the post-WWII years, American sociology, which had a strong positivistic imprint, played an important role in shaping the beginnings of Swedish sociology. However, the transfer of knowledge went both ways, with Zetterberg, a semi-central and often neglected figure, being both a significant contributor to sociology at Columbia in its period of greatest prominence, and in his native Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the United States has struggled to provide accessible healthcare to all Americans. Now, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the country must rebuild its healthcare system to account for the devastating loss of healthcare personnel and the impending physician shortage. This paper discusses four U.S. laws that were intended to increase accessibility and how their history can guide the nation to better healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain-diverse research, that research which involves more than one domain of knowledge, has driven significant advances in science and technology. Recent interest has been shown in the United States for identifying and generalizing techniques for promoting success with such work. In this paper, an exemplar history of domain-diverse research is presented. Next, several forms of domain-diverse research are identified. A spotlight is cast on a particular type, known as "convergence". Convergence is a problem-solving approach that focuses on integrating the life sciences and medicine on the one hand, with the physical sciences and engineering on the other. Next, the design process is proposed as an organizing framework for domain-diverse teamwork. Finally, the need for research and training in the forming and running of such project groups is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospital libraries have a long and storied history in the United States. Since the 1700 s, they have provided vital resources to the medical community. Over time, hospital libraries have evolved regarding staffing, resources, and access, yet their mission has remained the same—they are expected to provide the best possible medical information to support patient care. Hospital librarians need to appreciate the history of their profession and the services they have provided in the past in order to sustain the value of their contributions well into the future. Looking at the history, as well as the present state of hospital libraries, helps hospital librarians shape their future. Advocacy is vital in a time when hospitals stretch their budgets as far as possible, hospitals consolidate and hospital libraries close. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of the relationship between Union soldiers during the U.S. Civil War with unionist women in private residents in southern states, particularly focusing on the concept of intimate space as related to loyalty, the nation and U.S. government, and political sympathies.

Histories of psychiatry in the United States can shed light on current areas of need in mental health research and treatment. Often, however, these histories fail to represent accurately the distinct trajectories of psychiatric care among black and white populations, not only homogenizing the historical narrative but failing to account for current disparities in mental health care among these populations. The current paper explores two parallel histories of psychiatry in the United States and the way that these have come to influence current mental health practices. Juxtaposing the development of psychiatric care and understanding as it was provided for, and applied to, black and white populations, a picture of the theoretic foundations of mental health emerges, revealing the separate history that led to the current uneven state of psychiatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual victimization (SV) history is common among college students and has many adverse effects on health, but little is known about whether these effects are explained by everyday stress and coping. Further, most studies conflate between- and within-person effects, limiting our understanding of distinct trait- versus state-level pathways. To address these gaps, we examined the multilevel association of SV history with contemporary positive and negative affect and somatic symptoms via daily control appraisals and coping (problem-focused, meaning-focused, and avoidance) with daily stressors. Online daily diary surveys assessed stress, appraisals, coping, affect, and somatization among 261 undergraduates with and without SV history over 11 consecutive days. Between- and within-person differences in appraisals, coping, affect, and somatic symptoms were examined using multilevel covariance modeling in a causal system, testing daily stressor type as a moderator of within-person effects. Across days, SV history was indirectly linked only to average positive affect via meaning-focused coping, with no other between-person indirect effects. At the within-person level, greater negative affect was experienced in the context of interpersonal stress, driven by greater problem-focused coping, greater positive affect was experienced in the context of academic stress, driven by greater control appraisals, and less positive and negative affect were experienced in the context of intrapersonal stress, driven by lower control appraisals and less problem-focused coping. SV may influence daily stress processes at multiple levels, depending on stressor type. Appraised control and active coping are potentially important but understudied ways in which SV history informs contemporary stress management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors comment on the article "Gender Inequity and Sexual Harassment in the Pharmacy Profession: Evidence and Call to Action" written by B. D. Bissell et al. Topics discussed include historical context of racism and gender inequity, predicament for Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color (BIPOC) women in pharmacy, and actionable recommendations.

The article presents an analysis of the film "The Free State of Jones," directed by Gary Ross and starring Matthew McConaughey. It focuses on the film's interpretation of white dissent in U.S. southern states, the concepts of patriotism and loyalty, and the film's significance in U.S. Civil War scholarship.

During the Cold War, the United States deployed nuclear weapons in South Korea continuously for 33 years, from 1958 to 1991. The South Korean-based nuclear arsenal peaked at an all-time high of approximately 950 warheads in 1967. Since the last US nuclear weapons were withdrawn from South Korea in 1991, the United States has protected South Korea and Japan under a “nuclear umbrella” using nuclear bombers and submarines based elsewhere. While defense hawks in Seoul and Washington have, in 2017, called for the United States to redeploy tactical nuclear weapons to South Korea, the authors argue against this idea. Doing so, they say, would provide no resolution of the crisis over North Korea’s nuclear weapons and would likely increase nuclear risks. Redeployment would also have serious implications for broader regional issues because it would likely be seen by China and Russia as further undermining their security. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines settler colonialism in the U.S. with regard to the myths related to pioneers in Confederate monuments from 1890 to 2017. Topics include the importance of the frontier to American history, the displacement and decimation of Native Americans by Anglo-Americans, how the monuments celebrate the racial dominance of whites, and the metaphoric elimination of the Native in Mississippi.

The article examines the relationship between settler colonial narratives, settler narratives, and the Westerns in the U.S. Topics include the characteristics of settler cinemas, the wagon trail films "Wagon Master" and "Westward the Women," and the 2010 revisionist film "Meek's Cutoff." Also discussed are settler narratives in settler cinemas, the usual themes of settler cinema, and the portrayals of Native Americans and settlers.

The article explores the history of Cherokees with European settler colonialism. Topics include Cherokees' efforts to welcome Europeans into their trade and diplomatic networks, the reform of Cherokees' political system, and the challenges that they faced in their territorial sovereignty. Also discussed are early settler colonialism, the expansionism of settler colonialism, and the migration of Cherokees and their settlements.

The article features a roundtable discussion among several U.S. Civil War scholars about the significance of Civil War prisons in the collective memory, including U.S. National Park Service park ranger Chris Barr, Heidelberg University anthropology professor David R. Bush, and Georgia Southwestern State University assistant professor of U.S. and public history Evan Kutzler.

The article discusses how the government of the Confederate States of America utilized the military detention facility Castle Thunder Prison in Richmond, Virginia, to reinforce the concepts of paternalism and gender roles and notions of masculinity, femininity, and nationalism during the U.S. Civil War. It also argues that Caste Run demonstrated an upset in the social order of the South.