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Purpose: This study examines the Turkish press advertisements and the adaptation of American culture in Turkey from 1950 to 1960. The Democrat Party brought about significant changes in Turkish politics, economy, and culture. Purposes of investigation First, it explores the ways in which American products and cultures were promoted in Turkey, and the subsequent impact on society. Methodology. Analyzing periodicals such as 'Hayat Mecmuası' and other publications from the 50s and 60s using archival data, text analysis, and qualitative content analysis. The study analyzes advertising frameworks in Turkey and the United States to evaluate the impact of cultural exchange and influence. Results: Critics found that Turkish commercials mirrored American ones, especially those about family, health, and modern life. These ads showed women becoming more influential in family management and marketed American products as important for modern, healthy life. This study showed that advertising influenced consumer preferences and increased Turkey-US cultural exchanges. Limitations in Research: Limited access to historical documents and magazine and ad selection. The study focuses on print media ads, therefore it may omit some media effects of the years examined. Originality: This research links mass communications and food culture by examining the cultural effects of commercials, contributing to media and advertising histories, culinary history in Turkey, and westernization studies. Media lenses show how advertising exchanges culture and conveys messages, shedding light on Americanization's colonizing effects on Turkish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid growth in competition, consumerism, education, disposable income, westernization, etc, urban markets are rapidly growing and reaching saturation levels. Due to these factors organizations are now moving towards rural markets in India. To further understand rural markets, understanding of what rural areas are, is important. According to Census of India, those areas where the population is below 5000, the population density is less than 400 per square kilometer and where at least 75% of the males of the working population are engaged in agricultural activities is defined as rural area. It has been observed that the rural demographics are rapidly shifting. Growth in per capita income in rural India is increasing due to modernization of agriculture, better job opportunities, govt. focus, etc. The education level is also increasing which plays a major role in understanding of risk management including life insurance. In rural India life insurance agents are the primary source of promotion, information and sale of life insurance products. Although other channels of life insurance distribution like banks, post offices, brokers, etc. are available, agents are responsible for major portion of life insurance distribution in rural areas and have a major influence on customers. The paper aims to explore the impact and influence of life insurance agents on rural customer's life insurance buying behaviour. Aspects like familiarity with the agent, product knowledge provided by the agent to the customers, agent's convincing power, agent's social status, etc. have been statistically tested for their influence on rural customer's buying behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the oncoming of globalization across the world, everything predominant and widely accepted by way of westernization has seeped into our lives going down the road of school education as well. So indirectly the culture of any place collides with such globalization being absorbed everywhere around. Since earlier times indigenous education has built up student-teacher relationships with warmth and given students a chance of learning along with exploring. Students had been in touch with nature with the assessment method not only sticking to testing on the basis of exams but also in other developing skills in the students of cooperation, honesty, compassion. The olden methods of education should go hand in hand along with growing methods of education by learning from outside the culture as well as from the culture to present ourselves with the best of both worlds. The ancient traditions of any society could be kept alive with passing on of the traditional knowledge to its young generation along with the global education as well so that there is no lack towards better development and there is no educational gap within the society as well as outside the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main research question in this paper refers to top-down Europeanization of subnational government levels, in the context of implementing the open government policies. In the last few decades, democratic deficit and growing passivization of citizens in political life keep denoting the European countries. Therefore, it seemed important to explore all options for increasing democratic legitimacy of the public authorities' actions and decisions. This paper is focused on citizens' participation in public life on subnational levels considering the fact they meet the most of their needs on local level. The method of legal analysis, linguistic and teleological method are used to analyze European Union and Council of Europe legal documents, all in order to identify principles and standards proclaiming open government on European states' subnational levels. The research has shown seven different principles, which can be classified as the primary (participation, partnership, antidiscrimination, transparency and accountability) and the secondary ones (inclusiveness and sustainability). They are systemized and elaborated in the first part of the paper. In the second part, some specific aspects of open government policies are discussed, e.g. level of trust in local authorities and their activities on European level, cooperation between local authorities and nongovernmental organisations, and important aspects of responsible citizenship. In the last chapter, implementation of open government policies will be analysed on the case of Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper belongs to the area of critical studies in European Integration and I will try to demonstrate that the concept of Europeanization is not able to capture the nature of social change which occurs in member states. Nowadays, this concept is largely used by scholars to describe all of the economic, political and social changes that are taking place in national domestic policy under the influence of the European Union, understood as a distinct polity. In other words, this approach of Europeanization is limited only to the European geographical space and, as a consequence, it cannot capture the wider context in which the European Union exists - globalization and the nature of world order. My aim is to analyse the concept of Europeanization through the neo-gramscian theoretical framework and to see if it can be overlapped with the process of European integration. I will do this by assuming a historical materialist view on the European integration process and international relations which will help me understand these changes through the Marxist perspective of structure and superstructure. Those concepts are mutually constructed in the neo-gramscian approach and they are represented by the agency of social forces and its superstructural dimension - the neoliberal ideology according to Baastian Van Apeldoorn, Andeas Bieler, Adam David Morton or Stephen Gill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents theoretical and empirical considerations on the topic of international trade and policy. The authors point out that the standard textbooks and typical instruction have drawn seriously misleading implications. In fact, the customary illustrations and explanations can be powerfully deceiving expositions. Unfortunately, it appears that the authors of standard textbooks and most likely college instructors are unaware of serious errors and the untrustworthy conclusions drawn from the popular justifications for globalization and free trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguistic landscape research of the city of Kazan presented in modern public signage and advertisements show a strong tendency to westernization. The cognitive and onomasiological analysis of the ergonyms, a class of urban toponyms designating social institutions collected in the city of kazan from2010 to 2014 demonstrated various lexical blends, 'contamination' of the state languages (Russian and Tatar), appearance of new concepts which are likely to lead to changes in ideological and cultural values of the population and possible erosion of ethnic and national stereotypes. The meaning of the majority of the eronyms studied contain the semantic components of 'style', 'glamour', 'beauty', 'simplicity' thus strongly contrasting with the Soviet ergonyms the positive connotations of which was interwoven into their communist ideology. The article contains references to the documents making the language policy of the Republic of Tatarstan which on the one hand provide for the public signs to be in Tatar and Russian but allow keeping the source language of the goods on public signs, thus, leading to westernization of the linguistic landscape of the city of Kazan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show how complex the relation of Cameroonian youths is to the West and how this influences their relation to HIV risk and partly induces their exposure to the risk. This work is the result of anthropological fieldwork carried out in Cameroon between 2004 and 2006. Information was got using focus group discussion and in-depth interviews among young people aged 15-24 both in urban and rural areas. In fact, one observes among these youths a relative westernization, which coexists with a violent relation, somewhat fantastical, made up of admiration, great fascination, suspicion and mistrust, adoption and rebuttal of what comes from the West. This strong and complex relation to the West acts at various levels. It leads to victimization trough a process of selective past and current information that would partly explain the state of lethargy in which Africa is nowadays: In this process of victimization, there is a high tendency of releasing from individual responsibility, which enables rationalization and justification of casual sex. It also reinforces the notion of otherness of risk through the construction of the risk as being a far away fact. Living in a context sandwiched between tradition and modernity places individuals in a state of global tension. They are roughly under the influence of five discourses: biomedical discourse, religious discourse, traditional medicine discourse, traditionalist opinion leader's discourse, conspiracy discourse on topics related to the sale of condoms, the origins of HIV, and research on efficient therapy and vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the Westernization process of the japanese money-form from the Meiji period to the period under the USA military occupation. Japan is the first country that westernized its money-form in Asia. This study aims to analyze what Japan removed from or preserved in the Oriental money-form and, in doing so, to understand the process in which Japan recognized what Japan-ness is, as well as to understand the 'Orientalness' recognized in Asia before the modern.This research focuses on imperialistic unification of modern money-form in the Asia by the Japan in the early 20th century and the colonization of regional identity which constructed by long traditional relationships of inter-Asian countries under the USA military government in the mid-20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Chinese culture has seen an influx of Western influence, following the opening of China to the "West" in 1976. This study examines the resulting Westernization of Chinese culture, specifically the trend toward the Westernization of gender and sexuality ideals. This is accomplished by conducting a forty year longitudinal content analysis of two Chinese magazines, "Women of China" and "Popular Cinema," by which it is determined if a trend toward Western ideals of gender and sexuality is demonstrated, by the portrayal of women?s bodies on the covers of these magazines. Results indicate that there is a clear trend in Chinese magazines toward Western ideals of gender and sexuality. This is demonstrated by a number of indicators. Chinese magazines in more recent years demonstrate an increase in the depiction rate of thinner models in conjunction with a decrease in the depiction rate of heavier models, a trend which indicates a movement towards bringing models in line with ideals found in Western magazines. Additionally, women on the covers of Chinese magazines in more recent years demonstrate an increased depiction rate of the superior palpebral fold of the eyelid, a feature often obtained through a surgical procedure in order to Westernize appearences. The consequences of a move toward Western ideals of gender and sexuality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Modern transformation of ancient Chinese literary theory" is the main mode for rebuilding the discourse of Chinese literary theory. In the process of transformation, we encounter blind area and drop into the dilemma of Times and Understanding. Based on Western literary theories, people blindly interpret Chinese literary theories, eventually lead to aphasia. From the perspective of "variation", we can find that modern transformation of ancient Chinese literary theory have two problems :less Chinization and more Westernization. The variation theory has great means for rebuilding the discourse of Chinese literary theory by advocating ways and methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's interest and impact on the Middle East not only has increased but also changed dimension over the last years. Ankara intends to turn the Middle East into one of its main policy areas within which multilateralism would dominate. Those who regard Turkey's active policy toward the East as a 'change of axis,' prioritize Turkey's rapprochement with the Western axis and membership to the European Union. Turkey's foreign policy has been going through a radical change which aims at adaptation to the new multilateral global structure. Accordingly, within the government's foreign policy approach, the Middle East and the Middle East policies has as much priority and weight as European Union full-membership policies. However, how the Turkish foreign policy is being perceived by the neighbouring countries, who are the addressees of 'zero-problem' policy that Ankara pursues with respect to its neighbours, has been ignored. As a result, studying and analyzing how these developments have been perceived by the neighbouring countries is a major field of research. While the reasons and the consequences of Turkey's foreign policy orientations can be analyzed by economic data, how the foreign policy is perceived can only be understood by 'elite surveys.' In that regard, the intended project, titled "Perceptions of Turkish foreign policy by the neighbouring countries," aims at measuring and tracking how Ankara is being perceived by the countries which border Turkey on land. The methods to be used will be similar to those employed by a research unit within the Heidelberg University, which measures and tracks the conflicts in the world. In that context, the project focuses on the following fields: How is Turkey's desire to become a new power-centre in the larger Middle East perceived by the experts and elites of the societies? Is the intensive transformation process that Turkey goes through been read in the Middle East as 'Westernization,' or is it perceived as the increased interest of a partner, which also gains strength in the West. The Turkish foreign policy literature has shortcomings with regard to the field of 'foreign policy' perception. In a similar vein, how Turkey is being perceived by the neighbouring countries, which are the addresses of Turkey's foreign policy based on the 'zero-problem' approach, has not been adequately studies within the literature. In that regard, the intended project aims at filling in a major gap in the foreign policy literature. The intended study can cover Iraq, Iran, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Bulgaria and Greece. The research can be conducted in the form of 'elite surveys', which can be conducted, in the form of both online and face-to-face interviews, only with those scholars, researchers, graduate students, media editors/writers who specialize on Turkey, and also those economic actors who have trade relations with Turkey. It is intended to survey at least 50 individuals per country. While the survey questionnaire can be collaboratively written by the scholars and research assistant involved in the project, to carry out the surveys we intend to employ foreign student studying in the International Relations department of Fatih University. Finally, the data obtained and the conclusions drawn from those surveys can be published in the form of a report. Due to the fact that the project intends to bring light to a hot and controversial subject, it is also intended to contribute to the literature in the form of articles, presentations, and booklets. The main aim of the project, in the long-run, is to periodically repeat similar perception analyses, and hence, to establish a centre where the subject of "foreign policy perception" would be closely followed and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global adaptation of reality shows has been understood largely in two ways: On the one hand, there has been a concern over the Westernization of local culture brought by the international TV format. On the other hand, scholars have argued that local culture plays a more important role in audiences' meaning-making of global media programs. This paper argues that both perspectives have a limited empirical ground, suggesting that there are critical but neglected factors that mediate the relationship between the two poles. Proposing a spectrum model as an alternative to the global-local dyad, the paper suggests that media systems and sociocultural expectations toward them in a nation state shape forms of local appropriation of global media content. As a case study, the paper compares a 'global' format reality show (Project Runway Korea) on a cable channel with a localized reality show (Infinite Challenge) on a national network in Korea. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]