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The article deals with communicative strategies and tactics of speech influence on the consumer (social advertising case). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this session is to discuss how loading conditions that a joint is exposed to influence both the structure and mechanical properties of the underlying articular cartilage. This is important as cartilage degeneration, as occurs during osteoarthritis, involves changes to structure and properties. Different joints across the body are exposed to different movements and, thus, loading. For example, the loads and stresses experienced by the hip are different to those experienced by the knee during walking or running. Different joints also experience different rates of cartilage degeneration. The ankle, while exposed to higher stress experiences little cartilage degeneration unlike the hip or knee. Variation in structure and mechanical properties occur across different joints, within a joint and within a joint component. The knee is a good example of this. The medial and lateral components of the knee are exposed to different types of loading. During walking, the lateral femoral condyle of the knee rotates unlike the more static medial condyle. However, most compressive loads pass through the medial knee. The patella, menisci and ligaments all affect loading distribution across the knee. Thus, the knee joint is used as an example of how cartilage properties and structure vary within a joint, and differences in the boundary conditions that cartilage is exposed to. The session includes: - background to the knee, its anatomy and biomechanics; - discussion of the different loading conditions knee cartilage is exposed to in vivo; - description of the differences in cartilage structure (including collagen orientation and arrangement); - detail of the mechanical properties typically measured (including different testing regimes) and how these vary across the knee. Finally the question is asked, whether trends between cartilage boundary conditions and structure/properties can be determined? Experiments are currently taking place in our laboratory to answer this question. These build on our previous knee mechanics and cartilage micro-structural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the manipulative potential of speech means of English business discourse in the media space. The study is a relevant topic, since the concept of business media discourse as a separate type of discourse has not yet been singled out. The material of the study comprised the public speeches of businessmen, commercial staff and economists for the period of 2021-2023. The authors resort to the method of functional discourse analysis, which substantiates the selection of speech means by a communicative purpose. At the same time, it is assumed that the goals can be main / secondary, open / hidden. The dynamics of the study of speech influence means in linguistics is described. As a result of the study, it was possible to identify speech tactics to enhance the manipulative impact and tactics to counteract speech manipulation: distracting questions; unwillingness to answer questions; pause before answering; question to question; refusal to explain; indignation over a minor issue; sudden change in behavior. The author comes to the conclusion that the study of the functional and pragmatic properties of business speech and the peculiarities of its implementation in media conditions can enrich the communicative competence of specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses baseline principles of education in the sphere of forensic linguistics in Russian Federation on the example of the discipline "Forensic linguistics" which is included into Master's Degree Program "Applied linguistics" for the students of philological faculties and institutes. The authors present the content of the course, its basic topics, such as a) linguistic expertise - its general characteristics, main methods, the object, goals and the subject; the problem of abuse in linguistic expertise; b) problems of semantic analysis from the point of linguistic expertise; c) classification of speech influence methods; d) lexicographic sources (including e-versions) in forensic linguistics; e) principles of text analysis in linguistic expertise. The course includes different aspects of the speech influence theory, its cognitive and linguistic basis, the problems connected with interpretation of linguistically defined terms in the text instructions and laws. Specific attention is devoted to commercial designations in order to define the degree of their originality and the degree of mixing with the opposite designations (according to phonetic, semantic and graphic features); setting of the dominant element in the combined trademarks including verbal designation; linguistic expertise of trademarks. The authors discuss the competences of students at the end of the course. Students should study the researches in the sphere of forensic linguistics, manuals and guidelines for linguistic expertise; the trends of modern linguistic expertise; principles of linguistic analysis of speech activity products. Students should be able to use linguistic terminology for qualifying legally significant situations, to use the terminology of the related disciplines; to carry out a linguistic analysis of the typical legally relevant situations. A future master should possess information on existing laws and regulations regarding the linguistic expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to one of the topical issues of modern pedagogical science - the competence approach in teaching the Russian language in the frame of modern professional education for nonphilology students. The main competence, formed in the process of learning the Russian language is a communicative competence, which is aimed at the development of speech activity of students of nonphilological specialties. According to the author of the study, the acquisition of professional communication skills, the use of speech influence techniques, and persuasion is a part and parcel of culture of a non-philologist specialist in the high-tech competitive world. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to create pedagogical conditions that ensure the formation of the communicative competence of nonphilology students at the university; the definition of pedagogical learning technologies to improve the culture of verbal communication of future specialists; identification of the professional orientation of psychological and pedagogical knowledge. The practical significance of the problem under study is to improve the quality of professional training of non-philology students; in determining the trajectory of the educational growth of a future highly qualified specialist who is able to reasonably choose language means in his professional activity, adequately implement his communicative intentions in various communication situations, follow the rules of Russian speech etiquette and non-verbal communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines professional communication of medical workers with consumers and other specialists of the medical industry over the Internet. The study was based on the descriptive method, including involved observation, the method of communicativepragmatic analysis of discourse, and discourse analysis, through which communication was examined from different perspectives. Communication participants as well as speech strategies and tactics were also analyzed. The study made it possible to describe communicative-pragmatic features, determine the specifics of communicative interaction in network medical discourse and identify its main strategies and tactics. The analyzed material has shown that it is not always possible to clearly and unambiguously identify a specific speech strategy in professional communication. Merging and interpenetration of speech strategies is a characteristic feature of network medical discourse. We should not forget that the human body is a complex system: diseases of one organ are often accompanied by dysfunctions of other organs. Therefore, in order to avoid mistakes, it is important to take into account all the three strategies: (1) treating, (2) diagnosing and (3) recommending. It should be noted that the study of communicative-pragmatic features will significantly expand the theoretical understanding of the network discourse structure and obtain reliable data to compile modern dictionaries on relevant topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human communication has been a relevant area of social research for last 50 years. It attracts the attention of psychologists, sociologists, culturologists, and, of course, linguists. The theory of verbal influence, which arose at the intersection of argumentation, rhetoric, and pragmatics, is now at the stage of forming its own terminological research vocabulary, as is evidenced by the lack of an elaborate system of tactics and strategies. The article highlights leading approaches to this problem within the framework of various scientific disciplines. It is worth mentioning that special contribution to the development of persuasion theory was made by marketers, by specialists in behavioral economics, by social psychologists and psychotherapists, that is, scholars and practitioners who did not study linguistic problems properly. The proposed conclusions make it possible to use theoretical achievements of related humanitarian disciplines to enrich the linguistic theory of persuasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a situated interactive robot receptionist that can coordinate turn-taking and handle multi-party engagement and dialogue in dynamic environments, where users might enter or leave the scene at any time. The objective is to create a multi-user engagement policy to manage turn-taking using the robot's gaze, head pose, and verbal communication as parameters and to analyse the participant's perception of the robot. Participant feedback on the system was collected using an online survey that allowed for a comparison of subjective feedback for 4 different interaction policies. The results confirm the hypothesis that a robot is perceived as more intelligent and conscious when it reacts using eye gaze or head pose, once a new user enters the scene. Furthermore, we find that robots need to use a combination of verbal and non-verbal cues to coordinate turn-taking, in order to be perceived as polite and aware of human social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the objective measuresof mental workload is through respiratory method. Respiration is a physiological process mainly related to the exchange of O2 and CO2 from body tissues to the air. The aim of this study is to review respiratory method and mental workload research for developing cognitive workload measurement methods based on a literature study. As acknowledge by authors, there are 28 studies using respiratory approach, with 13 parameters in which the respiratory rate parameter is often used. There are 7 domains and 1 nonspecific domain about the studies. From the literature review, considering its advantages, the respiratory seems to be a promising approach in the study of cognitive workload measurement in particular in Indonesia due to its low cost and practical reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes personal reasoning peculiarities of Russian undergraduate students viewed through the prism of their culture and their psycho-typical characteristics. The experimental study showed specificity of argument formation in the students’ reasoning about their cultural values. Our experiment identified the respondents’ poles within the cognitive style ‘abstract / concrete conceptualization’ based on their verbalization of the primary values. Four levels of concept abstraction were detected and proved by the students’ verbal manifestations: the resulting students’ texts showed remarkable differences between the poles concerning preferences of argument exposition, both in its construction schemes and in the choice of components of the arguments. We thus state that the degree of variability of the students’ value assessment correlates with the degree of formation of the mechanism of differentiation in value orientations. Our recommendations for teaching reasoning concern: linguistically based principles of student cognitive differentiation which minimize distractive factors; choice of teaching tasks depending on the student specific conceptualization pole; and ways of activating differentiation and integration operations in reasoning. In a broader context of education, students’ individual peculiarities and cognitive preferences should be focused on training which stimulate the students’ learning interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the formation of speech interaction skills and the development of teamwork in the process of mastering the stylistic features of the Russian language by Chinese trainees. The use of innovative learning technologies contributes to the achievement of these goals, including interactive technology of mutual learning as one of the most important components of educational communication. The author points at the most important competencies that trainees need for successful learning and mastering the skills of speech interaction in Russian. These include, first of all, communicative competence, which includes language, discursive, conversational, pragmatic (practical), socio-linguistic, strategic and thinking competence. The formation of interpersonal relationships is considered in connection with the formation of a differentiated impact on the communication partner. The main attention is paid to the ways and methods of interactive learning, in which three-level interaction between the teacher and students is carried out, at the levels of educational content, interpersonal relations and self-awareness. The article summarizes the experience of working with Chinese trainees in the process of teaching them to read texts of different styles in Russian classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For modern scientific knowledge it is typical to have a deep concern in issues of verbal communication. One of linguistic fields dealing with these problems is functional linguosynergetics. Functional linguosynergetics aims to determine the relationship between linguistic units and the conditions of their use in a certain communicative and pragmatic space which is characterized by the author and the addressee’s interaction and by precise peculiarities of this interaction. It helps to see the process of full functioning of speech units in discourse. The objective of the work is to show some ways for promoting better understanding of the purposes and functions of language units in social settings, deeper comprehension of their pragmatic meanings and effects on people’s feelings and opinions. This becomes possible with the usage of linguosynergetic analysis which is helpful in revealing the relations between language units and the conditions of their use in a certain communicative and pragmatic context. The article covers the notion of the term discourse, describes its properties, coherence, and functional relations. The author focuses on the formation of functional relations (serving as order parameters) in the system of the English discourse and their types. Functional relations and formation of order parameters are exemplified by nominations of possessiveness. The research is conducted with the help of methods of functional linguistics. The linguistic functional analysis when applied to discourse makes it possible to trace the specificity of the semantic space of the English discourse and its pragmasemantic relations. The author comes to the conclusion that, interacting with the external environment, elements and parts of discourse shape functional relations and order parameters and that possessive nominations can participate in their formation. The author also states that the use of principles and methods of functional linguosynergetics allows to define more clearly the significance of the semantic, structural, pragmatic characteristics of speech, with their interaction making up the common functional space of discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the business microblog register is an object of linguistic research because its structural and semantic properties require further investigation in terms of linguostylistics, discourse analysis and business rhetoric studies. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that today the register of microblogging and its semantic structure have not been studied in the context of business communication. The authors aim to find out what functions are performed in business messages of the social network Twitter. The work uses the methods of functional analysis and logic-semantic analysis. The study identified such properties of a business microblog, as hypertextuality, interactivity, dialogical and polycode nature, as well as spontaneity, business context, situational nature, expressiveness. Logic-semantic analysis revealed the following properties: the most frequent pragmaticsemantic relations (functional connections) between propositions are clarification, extension, causation and pragmatic commentary. Thus, the analysis of language material has shown that the business microblog genre is a result of mixing and contamination of oral and written business discourse registers, as well as a consequence of emergence of new technical means of communication. Functional and semantic analysis of propositions showed that the semantic structure is predetermined by the communicative intent of the addresser and, due to the small volume of messages, is built on the basis of two or three propositions connected by certain logical relations. Further studies on this subject can be conducted in the field of studying virtual language personality and general Internet linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the actual problem of studying the stereotypes of speech behavior in the English corporate communication. It attempts to systematize and explain these features through the type of culture and the category of politeness, which is considered as the most important regulator of communicative behavior. The formation of a corporate specialist and the style of one’s professional work is also influenced by the specialization chosen by the employee: there are established patterns of behavior in each specialty. Speech behaviour is as a complex unity of communicative qualities, normative, ethical and aesthetic tendencies existing in a particular culture. A comprehensive linguistic analysis of corporate communication produced by native English speakers requires taking into account its linguistic and cultural features as one of the key components of the professional competence of specialists in economic specialties and attracting specific linguistic material that demonstrates stereotypes of speech behavior in the modern corporate communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to determine the linguistic status of advertising based on the functional (pragmasemantic) properties of Russian advertisements. This issue is topical today, when advertising is acknowledged as a crucially important part of successful business, and has to be adequately handled in teaching future business people. The problematic side of it is that advertising contaminates features of different styles and genres, and forming students' skills of composing efficient ads requires some expertise in distinguishing such features. Advertisers have to be targeted on a certain customer, which inevitably leads to a careful choice of language means with an orientation towards the customer's taste both in the product and in the advertisement wording. The article argues that, in terms of a linguistic status, advertising makes up a special type of media discourse. Applying methods of functional analysis to an advertising sketch and advertising slogans presented in the article, the author clarifies the basic attribute of this discourse type: whatever the structural form of an ad is, its functional essence lies in making certain psychological impacts on the recipient - sparking interest in the product thus urging to purchase it. The article discloses the specificity of Russian advertising texts and concludes that their rhetoric efficiency is ensured by persistent targeting of all speech components at the relevant communicative purport, as well as by an adequate estimate of the customer's demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual elements always performed important functions in journalistic publications: they added to the information, made it more vivid and clear and helped varying the text component. Nowadays along with the development of Internet media the role of visualization significantly increased. It may perform as a complete language for communication allowing the construction of narratives along with the verbal language and provision of coherence and continuity of message. The given article considers the role of visual elements while constructing the history in journalistic materials by the example of publications in the Russian Internet mass medium "PostNauka". Such type of narrative helps non-professional reader perceiving the specialized information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern international economic relations are characterized by instability and conflict character. Current events in British political, business and economic life make the nation identify itself in new global environment. The image of the country as a strong player on the international arena is powerful tool which aims to unite its citizens and form the consciousness of prosperity and economic development. This fact makes the verbal characteristics of identity formation in discourse a topical issue to study. The aim of the article is to single out communicative strategies which reflect linguistic identity on the pragmatic level. The authors define linguistic identity as a reflection of national identity in discourse. As discourse is a multidimensional phenomenon taking into account extralinguistic components of communication, we aimed to search linguistic means showing belonging of the speaker to geographical location, ethnic stereotypes of behaviour, historical background, confession, symbols of culture and other constituents of linguistic identity. The method of functional analysis was used. The article proposes a functionalpragmatic approach to the identification of verbal means, which testify to the linguistic identity of a particular nation. The definition of functions and purposes of using various lexical, grammatical, syntactic and stylistic means allows to identify markers that indicate the identification of a communicant with a particular group. The materials of the study included the statements of the British Prime Minister Theresa May and representatives of business and economic circles in 2016-2018. As a result of the analysis of practical material, it was possible to identify the following communicative strategies: creation of the image of strangers, solidarity, invocation. The authors come to the conclusion that British identity is a tool for managing the behavior and consciousness of representatives of business circles. Further directions of research can include development of methodology of linguistic analysis of markers of linguistic identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with linguacultural peculiarities of slogans featured in advertising discourse. Advertising discourse finds its way into all kinds of institutional communication thanks to its thematically unrestricted nature, genre distinctiveness and its propensity to capture the most inconspicuous manifestations of the ever-changing world. This type of discourse is considered most exemplary as it can reflect the latest trends of socio-linguistic realia within a single slogan, which is viewed as a compositional component of an advertising text and a crucial element from the communicativepragmatic perspective. The paper aims to analyse the functions of slogans featured in advertising discourse at lexical-semantic, phonological and syntactic levels within the framework of three national varieties of the English language (British, American and Australian) from the standpoint of linguacultural identity, which implies studying, describing and systemizing the most typical lexical-sematic and syntactic mechanisms involved in the composition of slogans in English-speaking advertising discourse. The study employed the following methods of research: 1) descriptive method; 2) lexicalsemantic method, whereby linguistic and extralinguistic units were analysed in terms of their roles in organising advertising slogans; 3) comparative analysis of British, American and Australian slogans; 4) linguacultural method. The study demonstrates its effectiveness in analyzing British, American and Australian advertising materials available through official online company resources, such as journals, TV commercials and promotional banners etc. determining verbal realization of linguistic identity in the context of professional communication. The most illustrative instances found in the slogans are: alliteration, rhyme, assonance, anaphora, epistrophe. The authors also specified a number of communicative-pragmatic characteristics of slogans, linguistic means typically used in their composition, as well as their linguacultural differences and similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the speech behavior of Fedor N. Plevako who appeared in a court not only as a barrister, a representative of a civil action, but also as a private prosecutor. The main focus of this article will be on three points. First, we will find out what kind of speech behavior Plevako used in his speeches as a barrister and a prosecutor. Second, whether Plevako's speech behavior differs from the average speech-genre index of speech behavior of the respective professional groups consisting of barristers and prosecutors. Third, to find out if there is a strict correlation between Plevako's high professionalism and the indexes of his speech behavior in comparison with stereotyped speech behavior of the Russian-speaking barristers and prosecutors of the nineteenth century in their speeches for a trial by jury. To answer all these questions we have studied Plevako's speech behavior for a trial by jury in his speeches as a barrister and as a prosecutor on the grounds of the Pragmalinguistic experimental results. The analysis was made in compliance with three implicit speech strategies of the school of Implicit Pragmalinguistics. They are: participation/nonparticipation of members of communication in a speech event, sure/unsure speech behavior of an author and the sender's formation of addressee's attitude to a speech event by evaluation. As a result we have drawn up a table - Plevako's speech behavior as a barrister and a prosecutor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the peculiarities of Future simple tense functioning in speech acts of order. Speech act of order is considered as a part of speech strategy. The speech act of order may realize a common communication strategy aimed at establishing the status of a speaker. The order may be a part of a private communications strategy related to realize particular communicative tasks in a particular communicative situation - to achieve an action. Independently of expression means speech act of order is characterized by the indication of speaker's will and by the impulse to perform an action. Future simple tense with second person pronouns implement speech act of order (someone's will). Semantic structure of such statements is the following [I order] you will do something. The implicit order is implemented by Future simple tense but intonation has the most important role. Predicates in Future simple tense forms represent the second part of the statement, whereas the first is implicit [I order]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the material of two speeches pronounced by two Spanish Kings with 39 years interval there is made an attempt to analyze their discourse, to compare its pragmatic, syntactic and lexical value. The speeches are discussed as cross-discourse what gives us certain possibility to reveal a special discourse genre. paper also deals with a problem of royal speech, more precisely, with speeches of two monarchs - father and son, Juan Carlos de Borbón and Felipe VI. The speeches of the two monarchs were delivered on the same occasion - on the Catholic Christmas Eve, and were directed to the same addressee - their nationals, and had the same form of distribution in mass media. The speeches were broadcasted on national television. In this paper we understand the terms: "mass communication" and "medium of mass communication". The tactic communication comparison permits to discover in the texts many common features as well as some differences. The syntax and lexical analyses are done under the focus of its correlation with ideological and pragmatic aims purposed by Their Royal Highness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses intercultural business communication in the times of globalisation. The research aims to describe the peculiarities of British, American, and Russian linguacultures against the background of English professional language as a component of the linguistic system and one of the social dialect types. English professional linguistic culture is commonly not viewed as a separate type of linguaculture. The authors consider it as a subculture comprising such components as speech etiquette, traditions, customs, etc. constituting a part of social norms of conduct. This paper deploys the following methods of research: (a) comparative analysis, (b) cognitive and discursive analyses, (c) lexical units analyses, (d) linguacultural interpretation of lexical units. Considering the international perspective, the authors explore people's self-identity, as well as their relationships with other nationalities, which, in consequence, identifies differences in ethical, social, and professional norms, and affects communication. The authors conclude that today, the regional, professional, social, and personal factors determining people's linguacultural perceptions present a challenging subject of research, along with the national values shaping the norms of professionals' communicative behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of pre-existing phenomena are very actual in modern science. Pre-existing (or precedent) visual images are visual images of cultural space stored in the memories of those belonging to a certain socio-cultural community. In linguistics the phenomenon of precedence is usually treated as an element of linguistic consciousness, i.e. as images of consciousness which are generated and objectified with the help of language means. The semiotic approach to this phenomenon suggests that precedence is a mental reflection (constructive and creative, rather than passive) of a piece of information about the cultural space which is significant for this community. Precedence is the community's collective cultural memory, it is a part of their general worldview, not merely of their linguistic world image. In the analysis of precedent visual phenomena used in modern print media, the author relies on linguistic methodology, in particular, on the linguistic classification of pre-existing phenomena which can assign precedent status to texts, statements, situations, or names. At the same time, the research material suggests some of the terms should be interpreted from the semiotic point of view. In this article, the author proposes her own classification of precedent visual phenomena, tracing their roots in modern print media. The author differentiates between the concepts of "precedent visual image" (a mental, ideal category) and "precedent visual phenomenon" (a particular way of representing an ideal image). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains the first observation over the discourse of the popular psychology practiced on the women's sites from the point of view of the persuasive potential of linguistic metaphoric means. Scientific research of Golovin A.V.[1] is devoted to the analysis of persuasiveness, which claims that, being universal strategy of a text formation; persuasive strategy determines the use of certain sets of linguistic means both as rational persuasion as emotional effect. The goal of the paper is to investigate the persuasive potential of statements where subject-predicate basis has a metaphoric semantics. The analysis of texts of the women's sites showed that one of the techniques of a "women" outlook by means of a metaphor could be tentatively called as "a relieve of responsibility for something". The core of the described technique is that any subjects, processes, phenomena, etc. in woman's life is given as estranged from the logical subject (personality) by means of adding semantic object to the foreground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]