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Global warming that occurred over the last century led to the increase in surface temperature of the earth. The increase of the temperature affects the physiological adaptations of the organism. Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) is one of the native Indonesian cattle that have high adaptability in response to the changing of environmental conditions, such as the increase of temperature. The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between environmental conditions and physiological response of Bali cattle in Bogor district and West Sumbawa district. Environmental parameters from each location, which consist of air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity, were measured every hour. Physiological profiles such as body temperature, skin temperature, rectal temperature, and respiration rate within one minute were measured for five days in August 2016. The statistical analysis with Pearson Correlation test (p<0.05) showed that the physiological profiles of Bali cattle in Bogor district was affected by air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation, while the physiological profiles of Bali cattle in West Sumbawa district was affected by air temperature and wind speed. This result indicated that environmental conditions affect the physiological response of Bali cattle in both districts and Bali cattle have good adaptability to response the changing of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bali cattle have high adaptability, so the distribution area is spread across Indonesia. These studies aimed to determine the effect of environmental factors on physiology performance of Bali cattle in Buleleng district and Barru district. Skin and rectal temperature and respiration rate within a minute were measured in cattle across 5-days. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and light intensity were measured as environmental factors. Our findings suggest that environmental factors between the two districts were different (p<0.05), but the temperature and wind speed were not. In Buleleng, the relative humidity was 82.6 ± 14.4% and light intensity was 123.03 ± 24.83 kW/m2, whereas in Barru the relative humidity was 75.4 ± 12.6% and light intensity was 200.96 ±25.11 kW/m². Although both regions had different environmental conditions, the respiration rate of cattle was different between the two districts (p<0.05). Cattle respiration rate in Buleleng was 26-34 BPM, whereas in Barru it was 22-28 BPM. Our results indicate that the changes in environmental conditions affect changes in the cattle physiology profile in each district. Thus, Bali cattle have adaptability towards a variety of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the sleep and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from 0 AM to 7 AM in a gymnasium. One night the subject used a pair of futons and on the other the subject used emergency supplies consisting of four blankets and a set of portable partitions. Air temperature, humidity were measured around the sleeping subjects through the night. Sleep parameters, skin temperature, microclimate temperature, rectal temperature, and heart rate of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects completed questionnaires relating to thermal comfort and subjective sleep before and after sleep. The sleep efficiency indices were lower when the subjects slept using the blankets. As the microclimate temperature between the human body and blanket was lower, mean skin temperature was significantly lower in the case of blankets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the subjective sensation and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from Midnight to 7 AM in the gymnasium. One night the subject used a pair of futons and on the other the subject used the emergency supplies of four blankets and a set of portable partitions. During the night, air temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured in the area around the sleeping subjects. Sleep parameters measured by actigraphy, skin temperature, microclimate temperature, rectal temperature, and the heart rates of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects completed questionnaires regarding their thermal comfort and subjective sleep before and after the sleep. The subjects felt more coldness on their head and peripheral parts of the body using the emergency blankets than the futon during the sleep. Moreover, fatigue was felt more on the lower back and lower extremities from using emergency blankets than the futon after sleep. However, the sleep efficiency index and subjective sleep evaluation by OSA questionnaire did not reveal any good correlationship. The emergency supplies should be examined for their suitability to provide comfortable and healthy sleep in the shelter-analogue settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock protein 90-kDa is induced stress protein that expressed in response to stress and play crucial roles in environmental stress tolerance and adaptation. This study aimed to determine effect of environmental heat stress on the HSP90 expression of Bali cattle. Heat stress was measured by temperature humidity index in the morning and evening across 5-days on August 2016. The blood samples of Bali cattle were taken from venous jungularis. HSP90 was derived from RNA isolation of whole blood then was followed reverse transcription two steps. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to analyze the transcript variants of HSP90, followed by comparative ΔΔCt to determine HSP90 expression. The results of temperature and humidity index (THI) measurement indicated THI on afternoon was higher than in the morning. The difference in environmental conditions in the morning and afternoon effected changes on rectal temperature but neither did on Hsp90 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress in cattle welfare is a growing concern because of increase in ambient temperature due to global warming. Physiological adaptation is as a way to survive and reproduce by regulation internal body temperature. West Sumbawa is a dry tropic area in eastern Indonesia where its temperature range is 24-38 °C and relative humidity is 50-90 %. This study aimed to determine the physiological response of indigenous cattle i.e. Bali cattle and Sumbawa Ongole cattle to the environment in West Sumbawa. Skin and rectal temperature and respiration rate within one minute were measured as physiology profiles from seven Bali cattle and two Sumbawa Ongole cattle. They were measured every 7.00 am and 15.00 pm for five consecutive days in August 2016. The results of measurements physiology profiles differ significantly between morning and afternoon among cattle breeds. Body temperature and respiration rate were significantly different among breeds (p < 0.05). Body temperature was lower but respiration rate of Sumbawa Ongole was higher than Bali cattle. Increased respiration rate of breeds was positively correlated with Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) value (p < 0.05), but neither was body temperature. Physiological response of Bali cattle to environmental West Sumbawa through the increase in body temperature, whereas Sumbawa Ongole cattle through increasing in respiration rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One medicinal plant that plays a role in lowering a fever is Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.). This study aims to determine the antipyretic activity of ethanol extract 96% herbaceous Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.) in local male Mice fever-induced strains with 10% peptone injection. This research uses experimental methods. Fifteen male mice were randomly divided into negative control groups, positive control groups, pegagan herb extract dose 100 mg/g mice weight, 150 mg/g mice weight, and 200 mg/g mice weight groups. The temperature was measured with a digital thermometer and done before treatment, after 30 minutes of induction of fever, and every 30 minutes after treatment. Statistical tests are performed to compare each test group and each time difference. Wilk's Shapiro test results showed normally distributed data (p > 0.05) and homogeneous with the Levene test (p >0.05). One-way ANOVA test result obtained a p

Background Hendra virus (HeV) causes severe acute respiratory and encephalitic disease mediated by endothelial vasculitis in horses and humans. Sixty-three natural spillovers have been detected resulting in 105 horse deaths, seven human cases, and four human fatalities. Around 1000 horses are tested annually for HeV, mostly from regions within the ranges of the black flying-fox and the spectacled flying-fox, and less than 0.5% of these cases test positive. Causative diagnosis is rarely identified in the remaining cases, including those with high indications of an infectious cause. We hypothesised that some severe equine diseases consistent with HeV, but negative when tested, were due to infection with other paramyxoviruses spilling over from flying-foxes to horses, and plausibly posing zoonotic risks. Methods A biobank of samples from horses tested for HeV by the Queensland Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory was constructed and found to be negative. Subject, geographic, clinical and sample details and results were captured using a purpose-built, de-identified SQL database. Cases were classified via a syndromic disease decision algorithm according to likelihood of infectious cause to guide selection and processing for subsequent batched molecular and serological testing pathways that included meta-transcriptomic next-generation-sequencing (RNAseq-NGS) coupled with nested-conventionalPAN-Paramyxovirus RT-PCR screening and a 33-plex microsphere immuno-serological assay screening for both IgM and IgG against emerging infectious diseases. Results A previously unrecognised variant of HeV was detected in a case of acute severe disease in a 12-yearold Arabian gelding clinically indistinguishable to that caused by the prototypic HeV. The case, which occurred in September 2015 near Gympie in South-East Queensland, presented clinically with severely ‘injected’ mucous membranes, tachycardia (75 bpm), tachypnoea (60 bpm), rectal temperature of 38.0C, muscle fasciculations, head pressing and recumbency, with rapid deterioration over 24 hours resulting in euthanasia on humane grounds. A complete viral genome sequence was obtained by RNAseq-NGS from the blood sample. While the variant is sufficiently consistent in amino-acid sequence and protein structure to be of equivalent pathogenicity (mean 92.5% phenotypic consistency), it was sufficiently divergent in nucleotide sequence (82.9% genotypic similarity) to fail detection by standard molecular surveillance testing for HeV. Updated PCR approaches for routine use to detect both this variant and the formally-known HeV were developed, optimised and made available to state and national human and animal health laboratories. In-silico analysis of the variant’s receptor-binding protein (RBP or G glycoprotein), using established x-ray structures of the HeV RBP, revealed unaltered epitope structures relevant to the binding of both the Ephrin-B2 & -B3 virus entry receptors and the monoclonal antibody mAb 102.4 used as post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. These findings support the observed consistent pathogenicity and indicate that equivalent immune protection should be afforded by the Equivac® HeV vaccine against this variant. Comparison of a partial viral sequence identified from a grey-headed flying-fox from Adelaide in January 2013 and genomic sequence of this HeV variant (2015 horse) showed them to be >99% similar. Recommendations Equine veterinarians should consider HeV a differential diagnosis in unvaccinated horses anywhere in Australia where flying-foxes are present. Suspect diseased horses should be screened for this variant via routine state biosecurity HeV testing. Biosecurity recommendations should be updated to reflect the link between HeV variants and flying-fox populations while emphasising the protected status and importance of flying-foxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of targeted hyperthermia delivery by an intrauterine ultrasound applicator to patient-specific treatment volumes in conjunction with HDR brachytherapy was investigated using theory and experiment. 30 HDR brachytherapy treatment plans were inspected to define hyperthermia treatment volumes (HTVs) based on tumor and radiation target volumes. Several typical cases were imported into a patient-specific treatment planning platform that optimized acoustic output power from an endocavity multisectored tubular array to conform temperature and thermal dose to HTVs. Perfusion was within a clinical range of 0.5–3 kg m-3 s-1. Applicators were constructed with 1–3 elements at 6.5–8 MHz with 90°–360° sectoring and 25–35 mm heating length housed in a water-cooled PET catheter. Acoustic output was compared to heating in ex vivo tissue assessed with implanted thermometry. Radiation attenuation through the device was measured in an ionization chamber. The HTV extends 2–4 cm in diameter and 2–4 cm in length. The bladder and rectum can be within 10–12 mm. HTV targets can be covered with temperature clouds >41° and thermal dose t43>5 min with 45° C maximum temperature and rectal temperature <41.5° C. Sectored applicators preferentially direct energy laterally into the parametrium to limit heating of rectum and bladder. Interstitial brachytherapy catheters within the HTV could be used for thermal feedback during HT treatment. Temperature distributions in phantom show preferential heating within sectors and align well with acoustic output. Heating control along the device length and in angle is evident. A 4–6% reduction in radiation transmission through the transducers was observed, which could likely be compensated for in planning. Patient-specific modeling and experimental heating demonstrated 3-D conformal heating capabilities of endocavity ultrasound applicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic noses (e-noses) have been widely used for medical applications or in the food industry. However, little is known about their utility for early disease detection in animals. In this study, 20 calves were experimentally infected with Mannheimia haemolytica A1. Blood serum was collected from 7 days before infection to 5 days after infection and headspace of sera was analysed using the ST214 (Scensive Tech. Ltd., Leeds, UK) e-nose. Differences between pre- and post infection status were investigated and a temporal profile of sensor responses was compared with body temperature over the course of infection. A similar profile for sensor responses and body temperature indicated the e-nose was detecting a genuine physiological response following infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress, a major contributor to brain damage in ischemic stroke, is involved in alterations of cerebrovascular properties after an episode of ischemia/reperfusion. (Jiménez-Altayó F et al., 2009). Uric acid (UA) is an endogenous antioxidant that protects the rat brain in a model of thromboembolic (Romanos E et al., 2007) and transient focal (Yu et al., 1998) ischemic injury. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms whereby UA exerts its beneficial effects. We hypothesized that UA could influence the changes on vessel properties due to ischemia/reperfusion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (270-320g) were subjected to right middle cerebral artery (MCA) intraluminal occlusion (90 min) followed by 24 h reperfusion. Sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical procedure but the MCA was occluded for less than 1 min. Rats were anaesthetized with isoflurane (3-2.5%) in a mixture of O2 and N2O (30:70) and divided into 4 groups: sham-operated vehicle (n=7), ischemic vehicle (IV, n=18), sham-operated UA (n=4) and ischemic UA (IUA, n=9). UA (16 mg/kg in 3 ml Locke's buffer, i.v.) or vehicle (3 ml Locke's buffer, i.v.) was infused during 20 min at 30 min reperfusion. Mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature and cortical cerebral blood flow was permanently monitored. Afterwards (24 h), rats were killed under isoflurane (4%) and the ipsilateral MCA was removed and set up in a pressure myograph under physiological conditions. Values are means ±S.E.M., compared by two-way ANOVA or Student's t-Test. Mean arterial blood pressure (IV: 94.7±1.6 mmHg, n=18; IUA: 91.3±1.0 mmHg, n=9) and rectal temperature (IV: 37.3±0.119°C, n=18; IUA: 37.0±0.197°C, n=9) was similar in all groups. UA reduced infarct volume (IV: 129.6±23.5 mm3, n=18; IUA: 48.9±16.6 mm3, n=9, p<0.01), neurological score (IV: 3.4±0.4, n=18; IUA: 2.0±0.3, n=9, p<0.05) and brain oedema (IV: 7.7±1.1, n=16; IUA: 2.9±1.4, n=7, p<0.05). Ischemia/reperfusion increased MCA wall thickness (p<0.01), cross-sectional area (p<0.05) and wall/lumen ratio (p<0.05) while decreased wall stress (p<0.05) and stiffness (β value SV: 7.8±0.1, n=5; β value IV: 6.8±0.2, n=17, p<0.001). UA prevented all MCA changes induced by ischemia/reperfusion. These results show that a single dose of UA administered early after the onset of reperfusion prevents MCA structural and mechanical alterations induced by ischemia/reperfusion. We suggest that UA might exert beneficial actions on ischemic damage through prevention of cerebrovascular remodelling. These results reinforce the involvement of the vascular response in brain damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of physical exercises under certain environmental conditions in carriers of sickle cell trait (SCT) may be associated with microvascular injury such as renal vasculary disease (1, 2, 3). The increase in ambient temperature and high humidity seem to play a significant role in the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis reported post exercise in these individuals (2, 3). However, adequate fluid intake during exercise would limit the sickling process and therefore reduce the risk of microvascular injury (2). Our study assessed the effect of hydration ad libitum on thermoregulatory responses during two football matches in carriers of sickle cell trait in tropical climates. Twenty two students from the Higher National Institute of Popular Education and Sport (INSEPS) of Dakar, male, black, aged 26 ± 2.16 years and weighing 65 ± 5.45 kg, for a size of 1.75 ± 0.08 m, participated to the study. Eleven (11) subjects were genotype AA (control group) and 11 were of genotype AS (sickle cell trait: SCT). A hemoglobin electrophoresis led to the discovery of the presence of abnormal hemoglobin HbS of SCT carriers. Subjects were randomized into two teams: A team of 11 players consisting of 6 subjects AA and 5 SCT carriers, and a B team of 11 players, including six SCT and five AA. These teams competed in two football games separated by two weeks in comparable environmental conditions (temperature: 24.5 to 25 ° C, humidity: 65-68%). In the first game, only players of Team A could drink water freely without restriction during the match (6AA hydrated and 5SCT hydrated), while the players of Team B were not allowed to drink during the match (5AA no hydrated + 6SCT no hydrated). Conditions were reverse in the second match. Rectal temperature of subjects in both groups was taken before and after football matches with a thermometer. Body weight was assessed at rest and recovery in both groups. Our results showed that sickle cell trait is not a limiting factor in thermoregulation and that great hydration during physical exercise can significantly reduce the increase in rectal temperature and weight loss in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress, caused by a warming climate and the increasingly high milk-producing dairy cattle, is one of the major threats to the well-being of dairy cattle as well as the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of dairy farming around the world. Timely identification of cows under heat stress is crucial to improving animal welfare, preventing milk production losses, and preserving water and energy for cooling. This paper presents a smart ear tag, named eTag, and an associated system that can read a passive microchip temperature sensor subcutaneously injected into the animal with minimal discomfort. It features a lightweight design using a single coil shared for microchip scanning and wireless charging. eTag is autonomously recharged by a wireless charger over the head during daily milking sessions, enabling perpetual operation without battery replacement after deployment. The real-world performance of the proposed system was examined intensively in a three-week deployment on seven lactating Holstein cows. We demonstrate that eTag can reliably collect accurate body temperature in real time while maintaining a positive energy flow. The deployment of eTag will enable the timely detection of heat stress and facilitate precision control of barn cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the work is to study toxicological effect of new pyrimidine derivative, saltlike conjugate of the drug Xymedon with L-ascorbic acid. As a result, it was shown that when intravenous injection of L- ascorbate 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4,6-dimethyl-1,2-dihydropyrimidine-2-one was performed for 90 days in experimental animals at doses of 10 mg / kg, 30 mg/kg and 50 mg / kg, no significant pathological changes in the general condition of animals were detected, significant physiological and anatomical and histological changes were not observed. According to the results of daily intravenous injections for 3 months, the drug was assigned to the 3rd class of low-toxic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study of the effects of naturally low temperatures on the human and animal body is of interest to clinicians who provide medical care to persons who have hypothermia. At present, deaths from general cooling in naturally low temperatures (below -40°C) have not been studied in the world. The possibility of returning to life after freezing has not only not been studied, but is not even expected, although there is very valuable scientific evidence on the return to life of individual organs after deep hypothermia, including the brain. Thermometry of twelve people who were exposed to low temperatures of -40 ° C and below were carried out. Original thermocouples were manufactured and applied for measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrexia or fever is a disease caused as a result of secondary impact of other diseased states due to the resetting of the hypothalamic set-point. From scientific discovery, antipyretic drugs such as asprin, NSAIDs, opioids have been developed for use and of which mostly produces side effects including gastrointestinal bleeding, renal, hepatic effect, etc (Cheng et al., 2005, Sharma et al., 2010).Therefore, many herbal plants have been found to be having antipyretic effects. Ocimum gratissimum is a shrub commonly found in Africa and has been used to treat bacterial fevers locally. This study investigates the antipyretic activity of the methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimumon brewer's yeast induced fever in experimental rats. 30 albino rats weighing 150g-200g were used. They were divided in to six groups of five rats each. Group one serve as control(n=5) and was given 1ml of normal saline, group two (n=5)was treated with brewer yeast alone, group three(n=5) was given 100mg/kg of asipirin, while groups four, five and five were treated with 300mg/kg,200mg/kg and 100mg/kg (n=5)of Ocimum gratissimum respectively. A suspension of brewer's yeast was injected subcutaneously to induce fever in all the experimental animals. After 18hrs, the rectal temperature was taken and the animals were administered Ocimum gratissimum (100mg/kg.200mg/kg, 300mg/kg) and aspirin (standard group,100mg/kg) orally. The body temperature of the rats was measured rectally over a period of 4hours. Ocimum gratissimum (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg) significantly reduced yeast induced pyrexia, 36.88±0.39°C, 36.43±0.26°C and 35.83±0.46°C when compared the group two (20ml/kg, brewer's yeast) temperature of 37.80±0.18°C(*p<0.05, respectively). The group three(asipirin, 100mg/kg) also show significant reduction 36.55±0.22°C,*p<0.05, compared with group two (20ml/kg, brewer yeast) with temperature 37.80±0.18°C. Thus, this experiment shows that the antipyretic effect of ocimum gratssimum is dose dependent and the effect is as a result of the flavonoid component of the extract. These data therefore suggest that methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves possesses significant antipyretic activity and it mechanism could be by inhibition of/release inflammatory mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection and monitoring of ovulation has long been practiced by women, particularly those participating in a natural family planning program. The urge of Indonesian Government for the society to participate in family planning program has caused the increasing demand for cheap and efficient method of self-test to predict fertile period in each menstrual cycle. The cheap, easy, and efficient method in predicting fertile period would be beneficial in encouraging more people to participate in natural family planning program. There are several low-cost methods can be used to detect the time of ovulation as an indication of fertile period, such as basal body temperature and cervical mucus. However, their interpretation is not always easy, particularly for young women. Calendar system and salivary ferning are two methods which have been perceived easy to be implemented and do not require special expertise, yet has been effective in promoting natural family planning practice. Calendar system is a method which requires a woman to keep track of menstrual cycle length using a calendar. Salivary ferning is the formation of crystal-like structure in woman's saliva. While single method may have weakness, the use of calendar system and salivary ferning simultaneously may provide a better insight into woman's fertile period. This study aimed to detect women's fertile period based on calendar system and salivary ferning. The result of observation showed that salivary ferning pattern found on day 11 and 16 of a menstrual cycle which is included in fertile days based on calendar system. The formation of salivary ferning pattern during fertile period as calculated through the calendar system support the potential use of calendar system and salivary ferning simultaneously as a double check to detect fertile period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is an important manifestation of arteriosclerosis with increasing incidence in the western world. Progressive inflammatory processes involving infiltration and differentiation of monocytes into the vessel wall, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and eventually the degradation of the internal elastic lamina are causal for aneurysm formation. Since calcium channel blockers exert multiple beneficial effects in the vascular system we investigated the effect of the benzothiazepine-type calcium channel blocker diltiazem (DIL) on aneurysm formation. Angiotensin II infusion (ATII, 4 weeks, 1.44 mg/kg bw/d) induced massive aneurysm formation in ApoE-deficient mice that was blocked by co-treatment with DIL (100 mg/kg bw/day). Additional treatment with phenylephrine (PHE, 18 mg/kg bw/d) to counteract the blood pressure-lowering effect of DIL had no influence on its beneficial effect. Moreover DIL prevented the ATII-induced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the aortic arch after 6 days of ATII treatment due to a reduction in the amount of locally infiltrating macrophages which was accompanied by attenuated systemic CCL12 serum level. Ex vivo, DIL (10 µM) did not reduce the ATII-induced (100 nM) expression of promigratory chemokine CCL2 and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 of vascular segments in organ culture or vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, DIL (30 µM) did not affect the recruitement of Ly6C+-monocyte into subcutaneously implanted matrigel plugs filled with CCL2 (600 ng/ml) in ApoE-deficient mice. In contrast, in peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells, DIL prevented the IL-6-induced (10 ng/ml) mRNA expression of IL-1β and CCL12. As underlying mechanism, DIL abrogated the IL-6 induced activation of AP-1 promoter without affecting NF-kB activity as well as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of MAPK1 and Stat3 or intracellular calcium. These observations indicate that DIL prevents aneurysm formation by a mechanism independent of its blood pressure and intracellular calcium lowering effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses sports medicine topics. Topics include nutritional supplement use among school level athletes in Sri Lanka and the effects of creatine supplementation on the airways of youth, elite football players and differences in training protocols and racehorse responses of higher- versus lower-ranked trainers. Also mentioned are trunk muscle activation in back squat and hack squat at the same relative loads and the effects of beetroot juice and sodium nitrate on muscle damage.