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Research on the manufacture of particle board from various mass of cocodust and liquid rubber compound has been carried out. First cocodust with different masses of 53, 54, 55, 56, and 57 g with 30% of liquid rubber compound was mixed to obtain a particle board with the size of 5 x 10 x 7.5 cm in length, width and height then dried. Then the particle board is pressed to get a thickness of 2.5 cm which is the thickness of the particle board that is commonly circulating in the market. The next step is to characterization the particle board according to SNI 03-2105-2006 which includes modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), screw pullout resistance and thermal testing. The characterization results show that the best mass for the manufacture of particle board of this size is 55 g cocodust. In the best mass of cocodust, particle board have MOR, MOE, screw pullout resistance and thermal resistance values of 5212.62 g/mm2, 9053.63 g/mm2, 108670 g/mm2 and 240°C respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of stem and branch/twig mixture of sengon wood (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) on physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard. Twelve years old and 20 m high of sengon tree was felt from nearby Samarinda. Cement-bonded particleboard was made by conventional method by using various ratios of stem and branch/twig mixture i.e.: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (w/w). Target density and thickness of panels were 1.2 g/cm3 and 12 mm. Ratio of cement to particle was 75:25 (w/w). The particles were pretreated by boiling (100°C) for 30 minutes. Panels were processed by 30 bars of pressure. The physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard were evaluated with reference to ISO 8335:1987. The results showed that the hydration temperature of stem, branch and twig were 52°C for 14 hours, 55°C for 11 hours and 51°C for 13 hours, respectively. The physical properties of the panels were as follow: thickness 12.37-12.45 mm, density 1.16-1.18 g/cm3, moisture content 8.91-9.36%, thickness swelling 2.04-1.83%. The mechanical properties of the panels were as follow: MOE 4316-4855 N/mm2 and MOR 12.48-14.21 N/mm2. All of physical and mechanical properties of the panels were not significantly affected by the mixture treatment. The physical and mechanical properties of the panels fulfill the requirement of ISO 8335:1987. The present study suggested that stem, branch and twig sengon wood have potential as raw material of cement-bonded particleboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expired glue is one of the wastes generated from the adhesive and wood processing industries. Non-optimal management of expired glue can cause financial loss and environmental danger. This research tries to utilize the expired urea-formaldehyde (UF) glue with the addition of wood vinegar for producing composite products, i.e., for plywood and recycled particleboard. The materials used in this research were urea-formaldehyde glue past ±6 months from its shelf life/expiration date, wood vinegar from mixed wood, mangium wood veneer, and rubberwood particleboard waste. The manufacture of plywood was done using a glue spread of 170 g/cm², a cold press for 10 min followed by a hot press for 3 min with specific pressure of 12 kg/cm². The particleboard was fabricated using the following conditions: 10 wt% adhesive content, press temperature of 120°C for 10 min, and specific pressure of 25 kg/cm². The addition of wood vinegar decreases solid content and adhesive acidity. Meanwhile, adding wood vinegar tends to increase both composite products' properties. The best properties of plywood and particleboard are obtained at 30% wood vinegar composition. Acacia plywood bonded with expired UF-30% wood vinegar has a dry shear strength of 16.48 kg/cm², wet shear strength of 14.89 kg/cm², and formaldehyde emission of 0.49 mg/L. Recycled rubberwood particleboard bonded with expired UF-30% wood vinegar has an internal bond strength of 3.65 kg/cm², modulus of rupture of 187.28 kg/cm², modulus of elasticity of 25149.2 kg/cm², screw-holding strength of 61.60 kg, and formaldehyde emission of 3.12 mg/L. The expired UF that has not fully hardened yet was still able to produce composite products with adequate quality, as shown by all properties of plywood and particleboard produced in this research can meet the SNI requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particleboard fabrication process has two main challenges. They are in terms of conventional adhesive application and the utilisation of wood chips as raw materials. Indonesia has numerous sources of non-wood lignocellulosic materials that can be applied to produce composite panels. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) is an annual and wild plant which are widely growing in Indonesia. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a crop which currently gaining attention in Indonesia and is projected as a new staple food. The wide plantation area of Alang-alang and Sorghum, results in a high yield of agricultural by-products. This research was conducted to investigate the properties of experimental particleboard made from alang-alang and sorghum stalks, as a potential substitute for particleboard's raw material. One-layer particleboard were made with dimension 30 x 30 x 1 cm and a targeted density 0.8 g/cm3. The pressing temperatures were 150°C and 130°C, the pressing time was ten minutes, and the pressure was 15 Kgf/cm2. The adhesive used in the research was urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) 10% based on dry particle weight. Variable factors were the ratio of alang-alang and sorghum and the adhesive type. Properties determination was conducted for its physical, mechanical and surface roughness according to JIS A 5908-2003. The actual densities of particleboard in this research were between 0.88-0.95 g/cm3. The lowest thickness swelling was 23.84%, and the least water absorption was 43.99%. The MOE values were between 9.33-25 MPa and MOE values in the range of 1130.32-2524.14 MPa. The highest Internal bond strength (IB) value was 0.44 MPa, and the best screw-holding power result was 252.3 N. The roughness average (Ra) values were 7-14.1 µm. Particleboard made of 100% sorghum with PF adhesive performs the most higher properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In prior studies, three-accession sorghum was employed as a substitute raw material to make particleboard with maleic acid adhesive. Maleic acid (MA) performed better than phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive regarding the bonded particleboard's physical properties. Furthermore, the MA-bonded particleboard was equivalent to those that were citric acid-bonded. However, termite and decay resistance at various sorghum accession is unknown. Therefore, this study looked at how sorghum accessions affected the particleboard's resilience to termites and decay. Three sorghum accessions 4183A, Super 1, and Pahat had to be used in the production of particleboard. Particleboard manufacturers employed the 20 % MA adhesive. The board's dimensions were 30 by 30 by 0.9 cm3, and the desired density was 0.8 g/cm3. For 10 minutes at 200 °C, the particle mat was compressed at a maximum pressure of 6.5 MPa. In order to test for termite resistance, SNI 7207-2014 was used, while JIS K 1571-2004 evaluated the particleboard's decay resistance. The weight loss of particleboard against a termite attack in this study ranged from 13.87-47.21%. Particleboard that was MA-bonded against termite attack lost less weight than the control. In addition, control samples had a higher weight loss (42.16-44.60%) than particleboard bonded with MA (11.06-12.39%) after 12 weeks of brown rot and white-rot fungi. The higher acidity of MA and the lower moisture content of the particleboard are likely to blame for the improved resistance to decomposition. Due to the similar chemical composition of the three sorghum accessions, the sorghum accession had no discernible impact on termite and decay resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is a lignocellulosic material that has the potential for substituting wood and wood-based materials. Tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus (JA & JH Schultes) Kurz) has long been used in Indonesia as a traditional material for housing construction, woven products, and handicrafts. It is a promising raw material for a biocomposite product, such as strandboards since it is abundantly grown and widely planted in Java, Bali, Sumatera, and Kalimantan. This research aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo strandboards (BSB). Homogenous unidirectionally bamboo strandboard (BSB) with the dimension of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1.2 cm and a target density of 0.75 g/cm3 were fabricated in a laboratory using adhesive mixture of 7% (resin solid) phenol formaldehyde (PF) based on the strand dry weight, and 1% of paraformaldehyde based on PF weight. Three different strand dimension, i.e. 75, 100, and 150 mm in length, 25 mm in width, and 0.5 − 0.8 mm in thickness, were used to produce BSB. The BSB mats were hot-pressed at 150°C for 6 minutes with specific pressure of 25 kg/cm2 and 30 kg/cm2. Results revealed that strand dimension and specific pressure significantly influenced the physical and mechanical properties of tali BSB, with the exception of moisture content and density. BSB manufactured from longer strand had the lowest thickness swelling, water absorption, and width expansion of 2.37% and 23.30%, and 1.64%, respectively. The highest internal bond and MOE were found in BSB prepared from 150 mm long strand and specific pressure of 30 kg/cm2 (0.89 N/mm2) and 10779.80 N/mm2, respectively. All physical and mechanical properties of BSB manufactured in this study conformed with the Japanese Industrial Standard for Particleboard (JIS) A 5908-2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the third-largest paddy producer in the world. From 2019 to 2021 total paddy harvested was more than 100 million tonnes. This huge quantity has an inherent by-product, i.e., rice straw, even in a more significant amount. Unfortunately, poor rice straw management causes farmers to treat the waste by open field burning. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate the side effect of the open-burning treatment. This paper also discussed the worth of considering applications of using rice straw that could make rice straw more valuable. The uniform probability distribution was used to deal with the uncertainty of gas emissions generated from the open field burning of rice straw. In this scheme, at the highest estimate, more than 300 million tonnes of CO2 are released into the atmosphere each year when Indonesia does not apply well management of rice straws. Another 8 million tonnes of other emissions CO, (fine) particulate matter, N2O, NOx, CH4, NMHC, and SO2. Those pollutants more harmful to human health and well-being are also released. Transforming rice straw to particle board has great potential due to this application's high demand and value. It is also an environmentally friendly approach since it can potentially reduce deforestation. In conclusion, appropriate treatment of rice straw management will significantly contribute to the sustainable development of Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, new composite materials based on natural wood-based materials have been increasingly used in modern construction of houses because of their good physical, mechanical and thermal insulation properties. This raises the need to characterize their Thermophysical properties. As part of our project 'Research of selected properties of sustainable insulating materials with the potential for use in wooden buildings', we measured samples of High and Middle density particleboards made from chips of Turkey oak wood (Turkish oak HDPB, Turkish oak MDPB) and samples made from mixture of Turkey Oak wood and Orange wood (OOPB). A cuboid model for the pulse transient method was used to estimate the parameters. The model takes into account the cuboid geometry of the sample with a square base, the heat losses from the free surface of the sample to the surroundings using the coefficient of heat transfer from the surface of the sample to the surroundings in the lateral direction, as well as the infinitely large heat capacity of the heat exchangers between which the sample is placed. The heat transfer coefficient between the heat source and the sample is infinitely large. The surface of the particleboard is usually rough and porous due to the size and nature of its particles. In addition, the interfaces of the three parts of the sample set are hand-polished, so that the edges and corners are not perfectly flush with the central area of the surface. As a result of manual polishing, the interfaces at the corners and edges of the sample parts usually have air-filled gaps. Free gaps cause additional thermal resistance to heat flow from the heat source to the body of the sample. Then, the coefficient of heat transfer from the heat source to the sample is not infinitely large and does not correspond to the conditions of the cuboid model. While the Turkey Oak HDPB had a perfectly flat surface, the Orange-Oak PB suffered from loose gaps at the interfaces. Therefore, we filled them with silicone glue as a thermal contact agent and measured them again. The consequence of flatness differences for all results was discussed within the theoretical analysis based on sensitivity coefficients, uncertainty calculations, as well as the assumption of a thermally dependent heat transfer coefficient between the heat source, air gap and the sample. The criterion for the quality of the fitting of the thermal responses by the cuboid model was the residual graph within the thermal noise of the thermocouple ± 0.005 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo is one of the natural fibers currently has very abundant availability, bamboo applications can be used as an alternative natural fiber for particleboard material by using natural fibers, namely bamboo as reinforcement and epoxy. This research was conducted to obtain data on the mechanical and physical capabilities of the characteristics of bamboo particleboard using epoxy adhesive. Fiber treatment was carried out with 6% NaOH and aquadest. The bamboo fibers are sieved in sizes 40 mesh and 60 mesh. Specimen testing was carried out by tensile test with ASTM D638-02 standard and compressive test with ASTM 256-00 standard, as well as FTIR and TGA analysis. The results of the study showed that bamboo treatment with epoxy gave a better effect and for the size of 40 mesh the best tensile test was 198.5 kg/cm2 and for the size of 60 mesh the best tensile test was 114.2 kg/cm2. And for the bending test for the best 40 mesh size is 1746.9 kg/cm2, and for 60 mesh size is 1530.8 kg/cm2. For FTIR analysis, the particleboard has an O-H functional group marked with a wavenumber of 3302.13 cm-1, an ester group (C=C) at a wavenumber of 1616.36 cm−1, and C-H at a wavenumber 2804.80 cm−1. And for the TGA analysis, the bamboo fiber in a sample with a size of 40 mesh can reduce the thermal stability of the good composites. The 40 mesh and 60 mesh samples meet SNI 03-02105-2006 standards for tensile testing and compression testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents research into assessment of behaviour of cement-bonded particleboards modified by heating plant slag. Finely ground slag was used as a substituent of the binding agent of the particleboards. Blended cement was replaced by in amount of 10% by heating plant slag with specific surface area 514 m2/kg. Test specimens of the particleboards were stored in laboratory environment up to 2 years. Physical, mechanical properties and microstructure of the particleboards were analysed and subsequently evaluated in six-month intervals. Results were compared to the control particleboards (commercially produced by CIDEM Hranice, a.s.). Advantageous contribution of the slag was proved by performed experiments. However, particularly in short term, the slag contributes to form structure more as an inert filler rather than active component of cement matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood waste has immense value as it offers a plentiful and cost-effective resource for the production of materials and energy. Within Europe, approximately 46% of wood waste undergoes recycling to create particleboard, while the remaining portion is subjected to incineration. Numerous alternative approaches exist to enhance wood waste valorization but it is crucial to discern the most suitable treatment method based on the specific source matrix. Determining the optimal pathway for utilizing wood waste is challenging due to the complexity of its materials, which encompass pollutants, additives, contaminant materials, and varying chemical compositions. Moreover, the absence of a unified legislative framework at the European level adds to the complexity of managing wood waste effectively. The lack of standardized regulations and guidelines can hinder harmonized practices and impede efficient utilization of wood waste resources. Additionally, the absence of a precise decisional tool further exacerbates this issue, as stakeholders may face challenges in assessing and comparing different treatment options. The primary focus of this paper is to showcase the wood waste policy framework in Europe and identify crucial points for establishing an effective decisional tool that facilitates enhanced valorization of wood waste. By examining existing policies and practices, the paper aims to shed light on the critical issues faced by the wood waste management sector. Through this exploration, it seeks to contribute to the development of strategies and tools that can optimize wood waste utilization while promoting sustainability and circularity in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imminent health issues in the development of particleboards made from agricultural and woodworking industries wastes such as wooden chips, agro scarp, and sawdust are of major concern. These industrial scraps are bonded after mixing binder or synthetic resin under pressure and heat to develop particleboards. These developed boards have various physical and mechanical properties depending on the final application and use. The final quality outcome of the developed boards varies on the variation of terminology of particles, wood density, and manufacturing processes but the most important aspect to get the best results in the final product is the use of the right adhesive and additives with the right quantity. Conventionally, engineered wood products such as particleboards are made with the use of urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-formaldehyde (PF), melamine-urea formaldehyde (MUF), and melamine-formaldehyde (MF), but with these resins, the formation of free formaldehyde is a major challenge and researchers have investigated deeply to reduce it. The use of isocyanate wood adhesive gives better results as it improves the curing rate and tolerates higher moisture content in wood particles protection. Furthermore, recent research indicated the use of bio-based adhesives, natural and green adhesive to lower the health-related threats associated with utilizing formaldehyde type particleboard. Binder less panels is the latest invention in panel manufacturing sector and acceptable by most of the wood panels manufacturer due to its ecofriendly health & safety concern. The involvement of resins developed from naturally available resources has contributed a lot towards the lower down the serious health-related challenges and the economic concern of the developed board as the synthetic resins has a major part of the overall cost in producing particles boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, effects of process parameters, material compositions and adhesive binder content on some physical and mechanical properties of Millet cob and rohida wood particleboards for various categories were investigated as per IS 2380 and compared with medium density particle board as per IS 3087 standards. Particleboards were developed with various process parameters like pressing temperature, time and pressure, also MUF adhesive content variation was investigated for different compositions of millet and rohida wood particle boards. All sample boards had gone through testing for few mechanical properties (internal bond, MOE, screw holding capacity and MOR) and physical properties (density, surface Roughness SR, water absorption WA and thickness swelling TS). Obtained results have shown that increase in composition of rohida wood particles improves the properties of particle boards. After optimization of process parameters and adhesive content, most of the samples either made of rohida particles or with composition of rohida and millet particles had been passed through various tests as per IS 2380 and found fit for the medium and high-density particle boards category, when compared to IS 3087 Standards. While the boards made of millet cobs only can be utilised as low-density particle boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research and development in particles board as an alternate of natural wood have attracted great attention due to their social acceptance. In this research, particleboards samples having varying composition of millet and rohida wood particles were developed. A specified quantity of adhesive MUF (melamine urea-formaldehyde) as a binding agent was added in mixture. Also, for comparison of physical and mechanical properties, samples are solely developed with millet cob and rohida wood particles. All samples were investigated for physical and mechanical properties as per IS 2380 by using standard equipment. As a result, it is found that the developed samples contain the value of physical and mechanical properties very much like lower density particle board and medium density particle board as per IS 3129 and IS 3087 and can be used for various applications in furniture industries. The sample developed with 50:50 composition of rohida and millet particles was found the most suitable sample for its properties (Density 480 kg/m3, MOE 2350.25 N/mm2, MOR 15.40 N/mm2, IB 0.57 N/mm2, SHC 68.25, 103.50 Kg) and satisfied the required range of medium density board as per IS 3087. Also, it was observed that physical and mechanical properties of the samples could be improved on varying composition percentage of rohida particles in the mixture. These developed particle boards found good enough to use for interior applications such as light weight furniture and decorative handicrafts manufacturing. These test results indicates that agriculture waste like millet cob can be an alternative raw material to produce particleboards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural dynamics of a timber floor junction (chipboard plate screwed to a timber joist) have been investigated experimentally in the low-frequency range up to 200Hz. Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA), transfer mobilities and velocity level ratios between the chipboard walking surface and the joist were measured with two different screw spacings connecting the joist and the chipboard. These experimental data were used to validate a Finite Element (FEM) model that focused on the interaction between the chipboard and the joist due to the screws. The aim is to develop a validated FEM model for timber floors that can be used to assess heavy impacts (such as the rubber ball impact source) and act as a reference for the future development of TSEA models for lightweight structures. The screws were modelled using rigid connections in the FEM model. A comparison of mode frequencies and mode shapes from EMA and FEM will be made along with forced vibration of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basalt rock is a volcanic rock that has potential as a main composite material. One of the processing methods is by recrystallizing the crystal composition by burning it over its critical temperature and heat annealing to be made into powder as a filler on particleboard polyester composites. In this study, variations in basalt powder particles passed mesh 60, 100, 150, and 200, and variations in the volume of 30%, 40%, and 50% polyester resin were carried out in making particle board samples. Composite specimens were molded according to ASTM D695-15 standards for compressive strength tests and JIS A 5908-2003 standards for water absorption tests (DSA), MOE flexural strength tests, and MOR fracture strength tests. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the optimum composition of the particle size variations of annealed basalt powder and polyester resin on physical and mechanical properties. The lowest optimum physical water absorption results were found in 200 mesh with a 50% resin volume variation with a value of 0.001%. The optimum results of the mechanical test of compressive strength showed the highest strength value of 6.81 kgf/cm2 found in 150 mesh particle variations and 50% resin variations; for testing, the MOE test showed the highest value of 8798.13 kgf / cm2 on 100 mesh particles variations and 50% resin variations. At the same time, the MOR test results showed the highest value of 62.76 kgf/cm2 at 150 mesh particles variation and 50% resin variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and mechanical properties of newly developed rapeseed particle boards were studied in this paper. The rape straw surface was treated by boiling water and sodium hydroxide. The untreated rape straw was used as a reference material. An epoxy resin was used as a binder. Based on the results of mechanical properties, it can be stated that both surface treatments lead to an increase in adhesion. In order to better understand the microstructure, electron scanning microscopy was performed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly developed plant-based particle board was investigated in this paper. Rapeseed straw is used as the particle, and epoxy resin as the binder. This paper investigated the effect of different surface treatment of rape straw on selected properties of particle boards. Samples were made via cold pressing with a pressure of 4 MPa. In order to analyze the effect of the surface treatment on the properties of rapeseed particle board in more detail, basic physical, moisture and thermal properties were measured. It was found that the properties of particle boards are slightly dependent on the surface treatment. The impact of the surface treatment on basic physical properties, water vapor diffusion properties and thermal properties is relatively low. The surface treatment of straw has the greatest effect on the sorption isotherms and thickness swelling. From this point of view, the sodium hydroxide treatment is the least suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husk is a result of agricultural waste produced from the process of rice milling and water hyacinth is one type of aquatic plant float considered as a weed that can damage the aquatic environment. The carbon content contained in both materials is capable of being an absorber material for electromagnetic waves in the frequency of 4 GHz - 8 GHz. Epoxy is a resin used to produce board rice husk particles and water hyacinth particle board with a ratio of 50%, 60%, and 70%, respectively. The free space measurement method is used to obtain the reflection loss and the transmission loss by using two antenna horns that are connected to the measurement tool Vector Network Analyzer type E5071C. By knowing the amount of absorption value, we can find the value of permittivity material. This value of permittivity is further used to perform simulations with CST software. Simulated and measuring results show relatively small differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sharp increase in the volume of housing construction and a lack of roofing materials set a serious challenge to find alternative options for the roof of residential buildings and structures. This demands the involvement of a large amount of new advanced roofing materials, both for refurbished and renovated residential buildings. Numerical and experimental studies of the stress-strain state of the roof structure made of cement-bonded particle boards, supported on elastically deformable lathing under the influence of short-term and long-term loads was carried out. The studies show that roof structures using cement bonded particle boards on wooden battens meet the requirements for load-bearing structures, and when calculating a cement bonded particle board as a thin elastic slab operating in bending, the values of the maximum moments and deformations are much less than the corresponding values obtained when calculating a cement bonded particle board according to a two-span beam scheme. Experiments of CBPB roof structures have confirmed the reliability of numerical studies and allow to recommend the developed approximate method for calculating the strength and deformability of CBPB in the roof for practical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particleboard (PB) is an essential engineered product, which is often used as a replacement for wood, thus playing a significant role to reduce deforestation and improving environmental sustainability. Proper selection of PB is important to make sure that the chosen product has the required durability and sustainability and thus can maintain the quality of the construction work. This study proposes a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach, to evaluate the selection criteria of PB to aid the decision-makers of the civil construction projects. In this approach, the existing evaluation criteria have been categorized into four criteria-Physical Properties, Mechanical Properties, Chemical Properties, Health, and Environmental Impact. Then a Best Worst Method (BWM) has been used to determine the criteria and sub-criteria weights to evaluate the PBs. After that, a Weighted Product Model (WPM) has been applied to generate the final ranking of the products to aid the decision-makers to select the right product. The study finds Emission Level, Moisture Content, and Toxicity as the most weighted evaluation criteria to select a PB. For this study, the required expert feedback has been collected from the supervisors and managers of different construction firms in Bangladesh. The obtained results are expected to benefit the managers, supervisors, and other decision-makers of the construction projects to select the right product for their construction projects to maintain their quality and reputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of EPS is increasing day by day, especially in the food packaging sector. It is well known that disposal EPS needs a distinct method to process, thus requiring high costs. On the other hand, non-disposed waste EPS caused negatives effects on the environment, such as a severe threat to terrestrial and aquatic life in the long term. Therefore, recycling waste EPS to reduce these environmental problems has become necessary. This study aims to fabricate particleboard by using waste EPS as a binder and evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of the board. For this purpose, particleboards were made from kelempayan wood particles and mixed with different percentages of waste EPS of 10, 20, and 40%. The boards were pressed under 30 tons for 600 seconds at a temperature of 180 °C. The boards were then tested to evaluate the physical properties (moisture content, density, and swelling thickness) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding strength) based on the Japanese Industrial Standards for Particleboard (JIS A 5908 Type 8). The results showed that the board made from 40% of waste EPS has the highest mechanical properties than the other boards. In conclusion, waste EPS has the possibility to be used as a binder in particleboard manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to determine the potential strength properties of Cocopeat fibres and Merawan Siput Jantan species as a raw material for particleboard manufacturing. The biomass can be well managed if particleboard can be manufactured from these raw materials. The 2% of Nano Silicon dioxide (SiO2) was added as an additive to rubber latex binder. The ratio of 20% cocopeat fibres and 80% Merawan Siput Jantan (Hopea Odorata) were used for particleboard manufacturing in this study. An experiment was designed of a total of 36 boards with nine (9) different parameters. The physical testing, mechanical testing, adhesive properties, formaldehyde emission, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) were used to evaluate the properties of the particleboards based on EN 310, EN 319, JIS A 5908, and JIS A 1460. The thickness swelling (TS) results were showed that all values were less than 150%. However, the water absorption (WA) value for all particleboard samples was found higher up to 200%. The best performance for mechanical properties was found in the particleboard samples made from 100 % Merawan Siput Jantan when bonded with Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and passed the minimum requirement for internal bonding (IB) test (0.60 N/mm2) as stated in EN 319, 1993. The particleboard samples also showed a comparable internal bonding value with 593.60 N/mm2 when a rubber latex was added with 2% Nano-SiO2 used as a binder. However, none of the samples were passed the bending strength test requirement, as stated in the standards. The adhesive properties testing also revealed that rubber latex was categorized as an acid when a pH value of approximately 4.17 and high viscosity was also found in the rubber latex adhesive. The SEM images also showed that many void volumes appeared in the particleboard samples and Nano silicon dioxide (SiO2) saves significant effects on the formaldehyde emission (F.E.) test. In conclusion, cocopeat fibres and Merawan Siput Jantan can be used as potential raw materials for particleboard manufacturing, especially as a non-structural product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of coconut coir in the South Asian subcontinent opens an alternative to the commercially available wood-chip particleboards that are gradually increasing pressure on the natural carbon sinks or forest. The present study aims to analyze the fabrication process of medium density particle boards using widely available indigenous agricultural raw material coconut coir and analyze the mechanical properties of the fabricated boards to determine its potential. Coconut coir and binder (urea formaldehyde) resin have been used as the raw materials while examining the effects of parametric variations such as the resin percentage, and coarse layer to fine layer ratio. The crucial mechanical properties of particleboards such as tensile and compressive strength, screw withdrawal strength, thickness swelling, water absorption show satisfactory values. These properties are found to vary slightly depending on the amount of resin percentage or coarse to fine layer mass ratio. Experimental analysis shows an optimum property for a combination of 10% resin (wt) and 80%-20% coarse to fine layer mass ratio. The findings of the present study suggest that the medium density particleboard prepared from coconut coir has the potential to become suitable substitutes for commercially available boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the efficient fabrication of a novel radiation phantom material made of natural wood Rhizophora spp. (R. spp.) particleboard, using soy protein concentrate (SPC), NaOH, and a bio-based curing agent (itaconic acid polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin) (IA-PAE) as critical components. The structural properties of the phantom samples were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Mass attenuation coefficients were determined using photons at XRF energies between 16.59 and 25.26 keV. CT numbers, electron densities, and density profiles were estimated using an X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner and compared to water. The results showed that the physical, mechanical, and dimensional stability properties of the particleboards were significantly enhanced with 15 wt% IA-PAE content. All cured particleboard samples showed values of mass attenuation coefficients and an effective atomic number close to that of water with p-value>0.05. It was found that the CT number, electron density, and density profile of the particleboard phantom with 15 wt% IA-PAE agreed excellently with water at 80, 120, and 135 kVp CT energies. These findings indicate that NaOH/IA-PAE resin has the potency of ameliorating the performance capability of SPC-based adhesive, thereby making the R. spp. particleboard suitable as a tissue- and water-equivalent phantom material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, cogon grass powder and methyl ethyl ketone was used as fillers and catalyst, respectively to improve the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin particle board prepared by compression molding. Cogon grass powder was added with different amount of composition (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) and variation of particle size (90/110, 110/130, 130/150 and 150/170 mesh). The addition of cogon grass powder as fillers increased the physical and mechanical properties of particle board as amount of the fillers increased except for the addition of cogon grass up to 40 wt%. The density of the particle board decreased as fillers composition increased, while thickness swelling of the particle board increased as fillers compositions increased. The result of mechanical properties showed that the particle board had modulus of rupture (MOR) 60.039 MPa and modulus of elasticity (MOE) 207.306 MPa. The results of physical and mechanical properties approached that of values in standard JIS A 5908-2003 except for modulus of elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-dimensional granular system consists of a single intruder and particle board. All particles are frictionless and placed in a fluid with a specific density and viscosity. This work aims to investigate how particle bed can support the intruder in the way similar to how buoyant force can support a floating object. The final condition of the intruder is limited to the partially floating condition since the sinking condition will give any supporting information in formulating granular buoyant force. Considered types of forces are the gravitational force, fluid buoyant force, fluid viscous force, particle-particle and particle-wall normal force with elastic and damping constants, and particle-particle binding force for the intruder. Simulation is performed using the molecular dynamics method implementing the Euler algorithm. Only one kind of parameter variation is used in this work, which is a variation of intruder particle density. As the results, it is observed that an intruder with larger particle density sinks deeper than the smaller ones, but how it floats is still inaccurate. Finally, it can be concluded that the granular buoyant force will show similar characteristics as a fluid buoyant force, but not the same due to nature of granular particles that built the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low dimensional stability and strength properties are weakness of particleboard. Particle immersing in acetic acid solution is one of treatment to improve dimensional stability of particleboard. Furthermore, the utilization of material that has good strength as surface layer will increase of strength properties of particleboard. The objective of this research was to analysis the effect of immersing particle in acetic acid solution on physical, mechanical, and durability properties of SPb made from bamboo belangke and corn stalk bagasse bonded with isocyanat. Bamboo strand and corn stalk bagasse soaked in the acetic acid solution at various concentrations 1, 3, 5, and 7% (%v/v) for 24 hours. Board was produced in size of 25 by 25 cm2 with density and thickness target of 0.70 g/cm3 and 1 cm respectively. Bamboo was place for surface layer and corn stalk bagasse as core layer with composition ratio of 1:2:1. Isocyanat resin used as binder in SPb manufacruring. Hot pressing temperature and time were set on 160°C and 5 minutes with pressure of 30 kg/cm2. Durability testing of SPb using graved yard test method was conducted for 3 month. The results showed that almost all board fulfill standard excepted of internal bond value. Amount 3% acetic acid concentration resulted best quality of board. Durability test showed that weigh loss of SPb in this research ranged of 2.45 to 6.07%. It was classified into moderate to durable class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard sample manufactured from oil palm trunk (Elaesis quineensis) using glutardialadehyde as replacement for urea formaldehyde resin. Density that was used is 0.6 g/cm³, 0.7 g/cm³ and 0.8 g/cm³ to compare the durability of the each particleboard with the dimension of 21 cm × 21 cm × 0.5 cm. Binderless particleboards were made by using hot pressing system at temperature 150 ℃ for 10 minutes. The method used is based on previous studies and according to Japanese Industrial Standard, JIS A-5908 2003. The physical and mechanical properties of the study consist of density test, moisture content test, water absorption and thickness swelling test, and also bending test. From this study it was found that 0.7 g/cm³ density level particleboard was the optimum density level that gives the highest MOR. The moisture content also shows lowest reading in density level 0.7 g/cm³. The result for all the water absorption test and thickness swelling test were at density level 0.7 g/cm³ were the optimum density level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global market for wood-based panels annually increases despite of decreasing availability of wood resources have encouraged the use of alternative sources of lignocellulosic materials. In this research, the performance of particleboard manufactured from seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and urea formaldehyde (UF) resin as binding material was investigated. The effects of seaweed mass ratio and UF resin percentage on the mechanical (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bonding strength) properties of the particleboard were evaluated. The results showed that, the sample with highest amount of seaweed particles and UF resin percentage, gave the highest values of modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bonding strength with the results of 277.94, 3.29, and 10.74 MPa, respectively. The results of internal bonding strength met the requirements of the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908 with result 10.74 MPa. Comparison with the others standards for particleboards are presented, showing the potential for using Kappaphycus alvarezii as a natural resource for particleboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the over-harvesting of low valued wood for the production of low and medium density particle boards the forest resources are decreasing day by day and hence finding new substitutes for producing particle board is a major concern nowadays. This study attempts to fabricate and examine the structural and mechanical properties of banana pseudo-stem-based particle boards that are capable to serve as a cost effective and technologically viable substitute to the conventional wood chip. Banana pseudo-stem has been used as the raw material with commercially used urea formaldehyde resin as the binder. A systematic experimental study is carried out to examine the effects of parametric variation (particle-board density, resin concentration and thickness of the sample) on the physical and mechanical properties of the particle-boards such as tensile, compressive and maximum crushing strength, screw holding strength etc. The fabricated particle-boards exhibit excellent mechanical and physical properties. It is found that the physical properties greatly vary with thickness, density and percentage of binder used in the particle board. For a constant density of the particle board, 12 mm thick boards exhibit the maximum internal bond strength and the strength decreases with increasing thickness. Both the maximum crushing strength and screw withdrawal force are obtained at a resin concentration of 9%, while both higher and lower resin concentration give inferior results. The particle-boards fabricated in this study can have significant potential for substituting wood-based particle-boards in a range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the acoustic properties made by various different ratio of kenaf core (KC) and bamboo betung (BB). The particleboard were manufactured at density of 400 kg/m³ and 600 kg/m³ with four different mixing ratio of 100:0 (KC:BB), 70:30 (KC:BB), 50:50 (KC:BB) and 0:100 (KC:BB) respectively. The absorption coefficient of the samples was measured using the standing wave method. The characteristic curves of sound absorption coefficients of the samples demonstrated a linear increment with frequency, peak at 2000 Hz and decreased gradually thereafter. The sound absorption properties were investigated by comparing the noise reduction coefficient (NRC). Overall, particleboard with density of 400 kg/m³ exhibited better sound absorption properties as compared with 600 kg/m³ density of particleboard for all mixing ratio. Also, particleboard made with higher amount of BB particles exhibited better sound absorption properties. In addition, results showed a consistent reduction of NRC values with the amount of BB used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the properties of binderless particleboard (BPB) fabricated via hot-pressing process with pressing temperature, pressing time and pressing pressure of 180°C, 5 minutes and 1 MPa, respectively. The fabricated BPB with density in the range of 0.8-0.95g cm-3 was heated in a temperature-controlled laboratory chamber at 80°C, 120°C and 160°C for period of 2 and 8 hours before underwent physical observation, mass loss measurement and thickness swelling test. The samples had remarkable color changes, mainly with samples of treatment temperature of 160°C, where the color differences were 9.5 and 20.3. This changed the fabricated BPB samples from yellowish brown to dark brown color when treatment conditions increased. Darker color indicates greater mass loss due to severity of chemical component in the powder. Dimensional stability of fabricated BPB was improved with higher treatment temperature as more cellulose cross-linked and hemicellulose degraded that removed the hygroscopicity behavior of powder. These results revealed that heat treatment helped in improving the BPB physical properties, particularly in dimensional stability of boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective atomic number of tannin-added Rhizophora spp. particleboards was determined based on elemental composition using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA). The value of mass attenuation coefficients were measured using 137Cs and 60Co gamma energies. The attenuation properties of PDD curves and beam profile of tannin-added Rhizophora spp. particleboards were investigated using Gafchromic EBT2 film at 6 MV photon and 6 MeV electrons and compared to the value in water and solid water phantoms. The results showed that tannin-added Rhizophora spp. particleboards having effective atomic number close to the value of water. The mass attenuation coefficients were near to the value of water with χ2 values of 0.018 and 0.357 to 137Cs and 60Co gamma energies respectively. The PDD of tannin-added Rhizophora spp. particleboards at 6 MV photons showed good agreement within 3.21 and 5.91% to that in solid water phantoms and water respectively. The PDD at 6 MeV electrons showed a good agreement within 3.32 and 3.12% to that in solid water phantoms and water respectively. The depth of R50 and R90 in tannin-added Rhizophora spp. also showed a good agreement to that in water and solid water pahtoms. Lower surface dose was observed in tanninadded Rhizophora spp. particleboards at electron beams in comparison to solid water phantoms and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of tannin-based Rhizophora spp. particleboard phantoms with dimension of 30 cm x 30 cm was fabricated at target density of 1.0 g/cm³. The mass attenuation coefficient of the phantom was measured using 60Co gamma source. The phantoms were scanned using Computed Tomography (CT) scanner and the percentage depth dose (PDD) of the phantom was calculated using treatment planning system (TPS) at 6 MV and 10 MV x-ray and compared to that in solid water phantoms. The result showed that the mass attenuation coefficient of tannin-based Rhizohora spp. phantoms was near to the value of water with χ² value of 1.2. The measured PDD also showed good agreement with solid water phantom at both 6 MV and 10 MV x-ray with percentage deviation below 8% at depth beyond the maximum dose, Zmax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method and results of experimental investigation on the additive influence of amorphous silica micro powder (ASMP) when mixed into the glue for one-ply particle board (PB) based on carbamide-formaldehyde resin (CFR) are presented in the article. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the correlation between ASMP content in the glue and one-ply particle board water absorption and swelling thickness. The boards were manufactured from a mixture of coniferous (fur, pine) wood and hardwood (birch, aspen) particles. The mixture composition was as follows: coniferous particles mass share was 60 %, and hardwood particles share was 40 %. The porosity of particle mixture was 80 %, and the density was 309 kg/m3. The particle size was such that during stratification they passed through a sieve with holes of 3 mm diameter. The wooden particles moisture content was 4 %. The average particle size of ASMP was 8 microns. Five types of glue solutions for boards manufacturing were composed. The first one (the basic glue solution) was prepared of 66 % water CFR solution and 20 % water hardening agent NH4Cl. The content of the hardening agent was 1 % of resin solution mass. Four other glue solutions were mixtures of the basic one and ASMP additive. The ASMP addition was as follows: 0.10 %, 0.25 %, 0.50 %, 1.00 % of absolutely dry resin mass. The sample PBs were manufactured with the use of laboratory equipment. Packages for boards shaping were made manually. Cold sub-pressing of packages was performed before pressing in hot press. Hot pressing was carried out at 190°C, pressure 2.5 MPa. In the course of the experiment one-ply particle boards with the thickness 16 mm, by dimension 280×280 mm were produced. The reference density of the board was 850 kg/m3. The content of absolutely dry resin in the internal layer was 10 % of absolutely dry wood mass. The samples for experimental investigation of their water resistant properties were made out of these boards. As a result the correlation between the ASMP additive content and water absorption capacity was established. It was found that 1 % amorphous silica micro powder additive in the glue decreases the values of one-ply particle board water absorption and swelling thickness by 33.5 and 27.1 % respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some aspects referring to water absorbtion and thickness swelling for solid wood and chipboard (with and without melamine film for protection). There is made a comparison between the two wooden materials in terms of hygroscopicity. A similar methodology was used in order to obtain all results in the same conditions. Also, it was taken into account that wood has a different swelling in tangential and radial direction and in the case of film covered chipboard the large swelling was near the cuts and very small to the center of the specimen. Results have showed that swelling of covered chipboard was lower than on solid wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact response of plywood laminate composites with imbedded glass and flax fibre fabrics utilising different adhesives were both experimentally produced and studied. Moreover the impact energy absorption of wood products as veneer, three and seven plies plywood and particle board were estimated. Therefore, laminate composites were subjected to drop-weight tests with initial energy of 150J and striker with diameter 20 mm in order to determine the impact force, energy absorption and deflection rate. The experimental results approved poor impact absorption properties for both single veneer ply and particle board, the impact resistance was significantly higher in plywood products. In combination with thermoplastic polymer and textile fabrics the absorbed energy of laminates was considerably enhanced. The highest specific absorbed energy values have been observed for plywood laminate produced by polyethylene adhesive and incorporating the glass fibre fabrics. During the drop-weight impact tests all samples were punctured, showing local damage in the upper ply and much more extensive at the bottom ply. The damage extent was smaller in composite laminates reinforced with the fibre fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for wood based material is increasing but the supply is decreasing. Therefore the price of these raw materials has increased. Bamboo provides an economically feasible alternative raw material for the wood based industry. Its properties are comparable to wood. It is also compatible with the existing processing technology. Bamboo is in abundance, easy to propagate and of short maturation period. Bamboo provides a cheaper alternative resource for the wood based industry. The development of new structural components from bamboo will widen its area of application from handicrafts to furniture and building components. In this study, five layer sandwiched bamboo particleboard were manufactured. The sandwiched Bamboo PB consists of a bamboo PB core, oil palm middle veneers and thin meranti surface veneers. The physical and mechanical properties of the bamboo sandwiched particleboards were tested in accordance to the BS-EN 317:1993 [1] and BS-EN 310:1993 [2], respectively. All the samples passed the standards. The modulus of elasticity was about 352% higher than the value specified in the BS standard, BS-EN 312-4:1996 [3]. The Internal bonding was about 23% higher than the general requirements specified in the standard. On the other hand, the thickness swelling was about 6% lower than the standard. No glue line failure was observed in the strength tests. Critical failures in the IB tests were observed in the particleboards. Tension failures were observed in the surface veneers in the bending tests. The five layer sandwiched bamboo particleboard can be used for light weight construction such as furniture, and wall and door panels in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]