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The article discusses a study that investigates the formation and stabilization of noble metal nanoparticles by polymeric nanostructures and the catalytic properties of synthesized systems. Various types of nanostructured polymers utilized are described which include amphiphilic block-copolymers, polyelectrolytes, and polymeric matrices. A study is made of the catalytic properties of nanocomposites in semihydrogenation of acetylene alcohols, enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones, direct selective oxidation of monosaccharides, and nitrate reduction.