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This proceedings contains selected papers from the first International Adventure Therapy Conference. The papers reflect a wide range of ideas about what constitutes adventure therapy and how it should be conducted. Presenting an array of international perspectives, programs, and practices, the papers expand the current literature, which has come primarily from the United States. Following an introduction, the 38 papers are organized into 6 sections: theoretical considerations, facilitating adventure therapy, working with adolescents, working with offenders and sexual perpetrators, working with mental health concerns, and working with families. The papers include the following: "The Journey in OZ: From Activity-Based Psychotherapy to Adventure Therapy" (H. Gillis); "International Models of Best Practice in Wilderness and Adventure Therapy" (S. Crisp); "It Is Better To Learn To Fish: Empowerment in Adventure Education" (I. Hyde-Hills); "The Wilderness Enhanced Model for Holistic Strategic Intervention" (R. Handley); "Adolescent Coping Styles and Outdoor Education: Searching for the Mechanisms of Change" (J. Neill, B. Heubeck); "The Wilderness Intervention Program: Change through Mentoring" (L. Haynes, S. Gallagher); "Integrating Adventure Therapy into an Adolescent Sex Offender Program" (D. Eger, S. Kilby); "An Evaluation of the Outdoor Adventure Challenge Programme (OACP) at Rolleston Prison" (E. Mossman); "Wilderness Adventure Therapy in Adolescent Psychiatry" (S. Crisp, M. O'Donnell); "Adventure with Adults Living with Psychiatric Disabilities" (B. Roberts, S. Horwood, N. Aunger, M. Wong); "Families at Play: The Dynamics of Intervention" (S. Bandoroff, A. Parrish); and "Exploring Together Outdoors: A Family Therapy Approach Based in the Outdoors" (R. Mulholland, A. Williams). (SV)

Analyses of the efficacy of group psychotherapy indicate that group therapy demonstrates, in a majority of reviews, significant improvement over inert comparison groups and proves comparable or superior to other active treatment conditions. Because group therapy is a viable cost-efficient treatment option being used with increasing regularity among diverse populations, and with varying structural formats, a central task demanding attention is careful analysis of the differential effectiveness of group therapy across treatment variations or dimensions. Using a common measuring standard called an effect size, meta analyses can represent the average amount of change one could expect in the average client who receives a given treatment. The present study sought to explore systematically the relationships between improvement rates in group psychotherapy (effect size) and several treatment, therapist, client, and methodological variables using meta-analytic techniques. The review was based on the cumulative results of 12 years of group psychotherapy outcome literature. Results were reported on: component characteristics; post treatment change comparisons--treatment type comparison with wait-list controls, group treatment type comparison, outcome source comparison on post-treatment change, and outcome content comparison on post-treatment change; and pre- post-treatment change comparisons--client population/diagnosis client gender, composition, and attrition. Contains 47 references. (JBJ)

Orthopedagogisch Centrum Michiel is a multifunctional institution in the eastern Netherlands for youth with emotional problems. The staff of the institution's residential treatment center has gradually become involved with outdoor experiential education through training programs, conferences, special projects, and supervised programs. Activities in experiential outdoor programs are incorporated in the treatment of various special populations such as adolescents with behavior disorders, drug addictions, and criminal records. The staff aims for youth self-discovery and personal growth through activities such as trekking, rock climbing and rapelling, caving, and white-water canoeing, followed by journal writing or group reflection. Some problems have been encountered with regard to effectively structuring group processes. Outward Bound was the first institution running experiential outdoor programs in the Netherlands, beginning in 1961. De Dreef, a center for the intensive treatment of adjudicated youth, uses outdoor activities to support its program. Other residential programs in the Netherlands use extensive trekking, sailing, or farming. Project philosophies and results are poorly documented in the Netherlands, but the few studies or reports that exist generally find positive results for these programs. Programs in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria are comparable to those in the Netherlands. (KS)

One of marital and family therapy's key contributions to counseling is its use of systems theory; that is, studying a phenomenon in relation to its context. This paper addresses several contexts which will influence marriage and family counseling: (1) the future of psychotherapy; (2) marriage and family counseling's projected future; and (3) the vision of the future for professional counseling in general. Psychotherapy, states the author, must adapt itself to increasing pluralism in the field and in the population. New techniques are needed to adapt to increasing ethnicity, economic limitations, and more complex contexts. Marriage and family therapists in particular must integrate various theoretical positions as well as incorporate technical eclecticism so as to better involve reluctant family members. Increased interest in family involvement in therapy, proscribed therapeutic situations, and the reconciliation of opposites will all influence future therapy. For the future of professional counseling, licensure, program accreditation, psychoeducational approaches, the changing family, as well as other issues, will require therapists to adapt accordingly. Counselors of all types will become more involved in medical settings. The increasing importance of the family, along with its rising complexity, in therapeutic approaches will dictate more training for professionals to meet these new demands. Contains 30 references.) (RJM)

A counseling group for eight black male adolescents in foster care used techniques associated with wellness counseling and holistic health (emphasis on strengths, self responsibility, and a collaborative approach). The counseling program was a joint venture undertaken by two psychologists and a community mental health center. Games, fun activities, and popular music were incorporated into the program to help promote the participants' acceptance of the permanent separation from their natural families and to deal with conflicts arising from the separation. The group focused on the importance of individual responsibility in systematically identifying options for personal action and making intelligent choices. Positive results from the group included significant individual achievement for all members, positive group identification and good relationships with the therapists, increased openness in expressing individual needs, and greater appreciation of individual strengths. Among negative aspects were lack of involvement of foster parents and difficulties with billing and reimbursement. (CL)

This paper summarizes the theoretical frame of reference, structure and function of an experimental program called the Parenting Process Project which has been part of the Child and Family Guidance Unit of the Department of Psychiatry at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles since 1967. The Project combines psychoanalytic and anthropological insights and techniques to study child development and the psychodynamics of varying family systems in so-called "normal families" during the first five years of life of the newborn. Another aim of the Project is to refine an intervention model for monitoring the psychodynamic and cognitive progress of children during this span. The structure for this longitudinal involvement is a group consisting of 12 families (with heterogeneous socioeconomic, ethnic and family structures) and members of a multidisciplinary team which forms before the birth or adoption of an infant and continues to meet weekly until the child enters kindergarten. The Project target is the infant, and the long-term goal is facilitating each child's mastery of the major phases inherent in the first five years of life in order to prevent or ameliorate developmental impediments to proper ego functioning. Several case studies are presented. (Author/MS)

Described is a milieu intervention scheme for treatment of disturbed deaf children (6-18 years old) in a residential school for the deaf. It is noted that the program sought to develop respect and awareness of the self and social group within the security of a specially adapted environment and to support reintegration into the social, academic, and vocational mainstream. Implementation is reported to involve the development of a therapeutic milieu providing: (1) individual and small group intervention daily with the therapist, in a resource center; and (2) selected integration in the mainstream supported by weekly consultations with the integrating staff. Strengths and weaknesses of the program are discussed, and sample evaluation forms are included. (Author/SBH)

This article presents a description of the authors' experiences in a university counseling center with therapy groups for individuals who had undergone male-female partnership failure. The impact separation and divorce have on individuals, resulting adjustment stages, and corresponding group goals are highlighted. Common concerns and feelings expressed by divorced individuals are related to changes in their perspectives and behaviors. The intent of the article is to illustrate the value of group therapy in the amelioration of divorce-related problems. (Author)

According to Dr. Gorelick, "fictional literature has unique assets that live clinical experience lacks," thus setting the tone for his paper. Literature serves many purposes; a form of communication; a tool for making the reader understand her/his subjectivity; and most importantly for the mental health situations, "it (literature) represents the completed working out of a set of problems in a human life." The best type of therapy for the patient is one where the whole person concept is utilized, therefore making literature a very important tool exposing characters who deal with "growth stress, change, challenge and confrontation." Dr. Gorelick goes on to explain several methods of utilizing literature to aid in group therapy situations for problem-solving and the utilization of the whole person concepts. (Author)

Penal systems of European countries vary in educational programs and humanizing efforts. A high percentage of Soviet prisoners, many incarcerated for ideological/religious beliefs, are confined to labor colonies. All inmates are obligated to learn a trade, one of the qualifications for release being evidence of some trade skill. Swedish institutions, leaders in humanizing efforts, offer vocational/industrial training, continuing education, and follow-up educational programs. The Finnish penal programs, although limited to elementary instruction, indicate a strong progressive strain. Education is a feature of all penal institutions in England. Of the French inmates involved in education, about one-fourth are enrolled in correspondence courses. Italy, prohibited by legislation from organizing schools in prisons, provides vocational training. Elementary academic education is provided in Portugal, Yugoslavia, Poland, Greece, and Hungary; vocational training is emphasized in Belgium and Poland. Dutch penal staffs provide impressive group therapy experimental programs. In the United States, programed instruction and college education provision are current trends. Although a national strategy for adult basic educational training exists, General Education Development (GED) research is lacking. Vocational training, which is often provided, is weak. (EA)

Poetry therapy is the method of therapy based on the principle that a poem is a special medium for expressing emotions and that this expression can have psychotherapeutic value. A survey taken in 1973 showed there were over 400 therapists treating 3,500 drug addicts, alcoholics, and mental retardates around the country. Poetry therapists discourage their pupils from overconcern with stylistics which engender a sense of artificial double think; they make great use of the fact that we are symbolic beings, capable of emotionally understanding far more than words alone can communicate. At present, there are four ways to run a therapy session: (1) provide group members with varied poetry selections to read and respond to, (2) provide members with poems of a similar mood or topic, (3) have members write poetry round robin style, and (4) have members write and react to each other's work of original poetry written during the session. Poetry therapy can also be used in the English program classroom as a way to reach disadvantaged students, as a means of promoting a better communication between upper grade students and lower grade students, as an extracurricular activity, and as an extremely humanistic method of getting into the study of poetry. (TS)

This study evaluated the impact of structured and unstructured marathon therapy on institutionalized female narcotic addicts. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of five groups: two structured therapy groups, two unstructured therapy groups, and a no-treatment control group. The Personal Orientation Inventory, the Adjective Check List, and a measure of self-ideal congruence were selected as the dependent variables. Results showed that marathon participants, when compared with the control subjects, became more interested in their obligations (i.e., "Self-control") and made greater efforts to be more successful (i.e., "Achievement). Because narcotic addicts have difficulty in impulse control and lack of persistence in working on their problems, it seems reasonable to assume that the addicts who participated in the marathon groups experienced therapeutic change. The results of the comparison between the structured and unstructured treatment conditions did not produce any significant results. Highly positive verbal feedback was received from the marathon participants directly after the postmeasures were administered. (Author/PC)

Numerous research studies have documented that for patients coping with chronic illness, social support is extremely important in facilitating adjustment to the illness. The support may come from organized therapy and self-help groups or from interpersonal relationships outside a group. However, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic illness with characteristics that seriously interfere with patients receiving social support of any kind. Three factors: the threat of a drastically shortened life, an unpredictable illness course, and stigma, not only interfere with AIDS patients receiving sustained social support from the outside world but can dramatically influence the process of a psychotherapy group. The factor of early death, which can impact group cohesion, can be dealt with by encouraging mourning and facilitating accurate interpretation of group process. The factors of an unpredictable illness course can impact group cohesion by helplessness, making continuity across sessions difficult, and by excessive focus on individuals. These factors can be dealt with by encouraging expression of feelings, and focusing on the present and on group process. The factor of deviancy/stigma can impact group cohesion by rejection/hatred of self and others, but can be dealt with by providing unconditional acceptance. Therapy is often a matter of helping the patient appreciate life's complexities - to enlarge his/her cognitive worldview and spectrum of emotional functioning. (ABL)

These proceedings contain four papers. In "Identifying Learning Disabilities in Correctional Facilities," Ronald E. Fritsch and Donna D. Tynan discuss two types of learning disabilities that may affect incarcerated youth: developmental (problems in attention, memory, perception, thinking, and oral language) and academic (problems in reading, handwriting, spelling, written expression, and arithmetic). The second paper, by Mark Hamm, is entitled "The Human Potential Seminar: A Strategy for Teaching Social Adaptive Behavior in a Correctional Classroom." Hamm describes the use of a pretest-posttest control group design and experimental manipulation consisting of structured group exercises to increase self-affirmation, self-motivation, self-determination, and empathetic regard for others. The use of this social learning procedure resulted in favorable changes in self-concept and strengthening the bond between the delinquent and society. Thelma Yarborough discusses "Project New Start: The Community Approach to Literacy Training of Inmates." This District of Columbia Department of Corrections project provided remedial instruction, literacy training, and general educational development preparation for inmates. In "Innovation in Group Work Practice: A Running-Therapy Model," Sallie E. Gratch and Kathryn D. Rindskopf highlight the rationales for using running as a treatment for moderately depressed adults and for choosing the group method. (SK)

A theoretically-derived, easily employable, and widely applicable coding system for processing analysis of small group discussions is described. The system was constructed from established social influence theory, and pilot results from application of the system to group therapy interactions were presented. Eighty percent of all group communications were found to be either influence-related or direct influence attempts. Influence-related probes, disclosures, and reinterpretations were employed significantly more by both therapists and patients than overt or manipulational influence categories. Therapists, however, used influence-related communications less than did their patients. No sex differences in influence usage were disclosed. (Author)

The librarian in a mental health hospital has a unique opportunity to serve patients. The nonclinical setting is a significant factor in establishing the library as a bridge between the hospital and the outside world. The librarian-bibliotherapist, especially when working as a team member with the psychotherapist, brings professionalism and expertise about literary materials to focus on the emotional needs of the patient. There are several modes for the delivery of bibliotherapy: individual therapist/patient discussions, reading aloud to a group with no discussion, and facilitator-directed reading and/or writing groups. The last technique seems to be the most common mode and is the one most frequently used at the circulating library. Poetry therapy has been used effectively in the drug addiction unit. The final step in the continuum of bibliotherapy techniques consists of the group members reading materials before discussion meetings. A 1972 doctoral thesis concluded that this method, as studied in a prison, may foster socially acceptable attitudes. (Author/SL)

Reviewed are literature and research on the use of the positive peer culture (PPC) approach with socially maladjusted and/or emotionally disturbed adolescents. Studies presented focus on the effects of PPC on inappropriate behavior and parole performance. Findings are noted to be inconclusive. (SB)

Group therapy, in general, and positive peer culture (PPC) programs, in particular, are discussed in terms of treatment characteristics and effects on maladaptive adolescent behavior. Topics covered include the three phases (inclusion, power, and affection) of group treatment, difficulties (negative group experiences) produced by group therapy, PPC's emphasis on peer control, and problems in evaluating PPC programs. (SB)

The genogram can be used in an initial interview, as an organizing conceptual approach to the study of a family system. As a family tree, the genogram is a portrait of a family system over time and space. It's a structural diagram of a family's three-generational relationship system--an overview of emotional problems within the context of the family system. Multigenerational family survey highlights the important issues and relationship patterns as they emerge and repeat over the generations, and defines the problem within the larger context of the emotional system. Major concepts of Bowen's family systems theory and psychotherapy serve to clarify how the genogram can contribute to the organization of facts and characteristics of a family, while dissecting the emotional process in a way that focuses on the problem areas in a family and, thus, can define from the onset where to place the treatment strategies. (Author/PK)

The Crockett Therapeutic Wilderness Camp, a program designed as a remedial group treatment program for juvenile delinquents and conducted by the Texas Youth Council, is described. The review addresses the following areas: student population; camp life routines; treatment strategies; and program evaluation procedures. (HLM)

Summaries of arguments given in the literature both for and against the use of verbal-traditional psychotherapy with mentally retarded individuals is presented. Much research examines process variables in therapy as an approach. Feedback variables are crucial. Results of a research study in which therapy groups composed of mentally retarded adults underwent manipulations designed to affect delivery of feedback within the group are reported. Therapist style, race, and time, but not sex, affected feedback. Feedback may increase self-reinforcement and less reliance on the opinions of other people. (Author/BEF)

The impact of group hypnotic and self-hypnotic training on the academic performance and self-esteem of learning disabled children was explored. Three hypnotic training sessions and instructions for six weeks of daily self-hypnotic practice containing suggestions for imagery related to improvement in these areas were given to 15 children, their reading teacher, and both their parents, and their responses were compared to a similar but untreated control group of 18. No overall differences were observed between groups. Given the large variations in hypnotic susceptibility and self-hypnotic practice, a multiple regression analysis revealed important predictors of self-esteem improvement for the experimental group. The child's hypnotic susceptibility score and self-hypnotic practice by children and parents were the most relevant. These LD children were significantly more hypnotically susceptible than a normative sample. Hypnotherapy is seen as feasible in group administration by persons only moderately trained in hypnosis and of potential benefit to self-esteem improvement in LD children, depending on individual difference factors. (Author)

The relative efficacy of both group and individual cognitive behavior therapeutic approaches in treating anxiety and depression are evaluated and then compared to an interpersonal group therapy approach. The two major hypotheses are that group cognitive behavior therapy is at least as effective as individual cognitive behavior therapy, and that group or individual cognitive behavior therapy is significantly more effective than interpersonal group therapy. The 44 subjects, ranging in age from 21 to 41, were all seeking relief from symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. They were randomly assigned to one of three treatment modalities: (1) cognitive behavior therapy group, (2) interpersonal group therapy or (3) individual cognitive behavior therapy. The three treatments were compared as to their efficacy with this patient population. Results indicated that cognitive behavior therapy in a group format was as effective as individual cognitive behavior therapy in producing significant improvement in depression, anxiety, and assertiveness. All three experimental groups improved significantly from pre to post treatment on all dependent measures. An inverse relationship was found between depression and assertiveness and between anxiety and assertiveness on both pre- and post-treatment measures. (Author/BMW)

The effective social worker or family counselor delivering health care services to the American Indian community will focus on the strengths rather than the weaknesses of the community and will recognize and use existing natural helping systems. The American Indian family network, for example, is unique in Western society and contains a variety of natural helping groups. Tribal ceremonies, medicine men, spiritual leaders, interpretation of individual dreams and visions, and the Indian's attunement with nature are all available for therapeutic use. The self-help group is probably the best model to use in mobilizing the helping systems inherent in the Indian community. The group may consist of various family members; of people united by a common problem, such as alcoholism; or of a network of neighbors, friends, and relatives. The group should follow a task-centered approach rather than a rational or cathartic approach; and the therapist should act as a facilitator, helping the group develop its own problem-solving style. The professional must be aware of the need for new, still-to-be-discovered techniques for counseling American Indian families. (JH)

A 2-year study was done on the effect of group therapy on the teacher-perceived classroom behavior of 82 hyperactive minority boys (ages 10-16 years) in a day school for disruptive children. By the end of the study, there were a minimum of four behaviors which indicated that the group therapy was accomplishing a statistically significant change in the experimental group: at the .05 level of significance, the experimental group was less likely to require assistance from others and to require teacher intervention for misbehavior than were the controls; and at the .62 level of significance they were less likely to flare up at classmates and to hit or push others. Among other findings was that the experimental group, overall, were more controlled in the classroom and less likely to interrupt classroom routine than were those not receiving group therapy. (A bibliography, a copy of the teacher rating form, and tabular data are appended). (DLS)

The national divorce rate has risen since the Civil War from less than two per 1,000 to one of every two married in 1976, with a continuing increase likely. Implications for divorced people suggest an increase in mental and physical illness concurrent with increase in stress. The impact appears to diminish with time. Divorce is a legal, emotional and financial process calling for many adjustments, particularly for a mother of young children who must go to work. It is imperative that both parents continue a positive relationship with their children. Most earlier investigations occurred after the divorce; this study follows the legal "event" as it transpires. It finds, among other things, that each spouse considers himself more giving than the other. Regarding children, the literature concentrates mainly on the long-term effects, but several exceptions are examined. During the project's final phase, a nine-session children's group therapy program was conducted. (LS)

Rapid social change as it affects the mental health of women is examined. Increased stress for women is predicted as social mores change in the future, relaxing sexual relationships toward the fleeting and more casual, and expecting women to attain higher career goals and independence. Projected needs in the field of mental health services are discussed, emphasizing the success of group therapy as a treatment for women who have difficulty coping with life situations. (JD)

The author describes "Comprehensive Care for Families," an outpatient community mental health center in Chicago which helps to conduct a consultation project serving public school classes for the emotionally disturbed. Based upon students' own expression of goals, a group treatment program was initiated to increase self concept, expressiveness, concern for themselves and others, ability to recognize the affects of their behavior, and awareness of their own strengths. Group sessions include role playing, modeling, paper-pencil tasks, and art. Informal evaluations indicate an overall improvement in student behavior and increased classroom time for academic rather than disciplinary tasks. (CL)

It is well known that many smokers who quit during cessation programs relapse soon after leaving treatment. To investigate the relationship of health locus of control, social support, nonsmoking areas, and objecting to another person's smoking to relapse and long-term maintenance of nonsmoking, male (N=70) and female (N=149) subjects participated in a single session group hypnosis treatment for smoking cessation and completed questionnaires prior to and 1 year after treatment. Results showed that three smoking status groups could be defined. Exsmokers actively coped with smokers in their environment and received considerable support from family and friends. Recidivists placed greater responsibility for their health on others, did not actively cope with smokers, and were more likely to participate in additional hypnosis. Males tended to be exsmokers, while females tended to be continuing smokers. The findings suggest that post-treatment factors appear to be more important than participant characteristics for long-term maintenance of nonsmoking. (Author/JAC)

Eleven female students, in a graduate education course entitled "Mental Health and Human Interaction," participated in a single 24-hour sensitivity training group and were studied to identify personality changes resulting from the session. During the marathon session, an aura of warmth, acceptance, and security was maintained, creating an open atmosphere in which the leader emphasized support and encouraged individuality. Each member was administered the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) before and after the session. Participants were also interviewed within 1 week after the session. One month after the session, when participants again completed the CPI, 8 of its 18 subscales showed significant improvement: (1) socialization; (2) social presence; (3) tolerance; (4) sociability; (5) social acceptance; (6) state of well being; (7) responsibility; and (8) self control. Significant improvement was noted on the RISB scores for conflict and self-esteem. Study results indicate that sensitivity training may be beneficial in teacher training since it can provide a supportive atmosphere for self-disclosure and getting in touch with feelings, allowing teachers to become more aware of students' needs. (FG)

The paper describes the program offered by the Shawbridge Youth Centers High School (Montreal, Quebec) for adolescent offenders and focuses on the school's Life Skills and Work Orientation Department (known by the students as the "Co-op"). Overall goals of the school's program include developing educational programs matched to individual needs and facilitating transition of students between institutional life and the community. The Co-op is based on two approaches--reality therapy and life space interviewing. The Co-op program is designed to help students acquire skills to improve their level of autonomy and employability. To illustrate the program, the process, from referral through evaluation, is reviewed. Sample forms are included. (SW)

Sociotherapy was launched as a therapeutic system in 20th Century, which has very strong theoretical and historical relations with the discipline of Sociology. Why there was a need to suggest a new way of therapy, while psychotherapy is existing? We have witnessed that there are some social dimensions of psychological problems which require a solution based on "socialization" between therapists and patients. There is a "healing power" in socialization and it has been the basis for all sorts of group therapies, including Sociotherapy as well. In this paper, we will have the opportunity to discuss the theoretical knowledge on Sociotherapy and consider its possibilities for applying contemporary socio-psychological problems in society. Knowledge society gives us a suitable platform to practice various therapeutic disciplines to find out solution for the problems created by the same society. This paper may be seen as a part of this purpose, finding viable and operative solutions to sociopsychological problems that today's individuals experience in their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the "Rathus Assertive Scale" (RAS) which was adapted to Turkish by Voltan Acar used to assess the assertive behavior of the students. The scale is consisted of 30 items and it is a Likert type scale. The scale range from +90 to -90 and the individuals whose scores are above +10 are accepted to behave assertively. First of all, 120 students participated in this research. From these total sample, 20 volunteer students whose grades were lower than +10 were chosen for both experimental and control groups. These 20 students were randomly divided into two groups. Again one of these two groups was randomly assigned as the experimental and the other one as the control group. Then group therapy was only conducted for experimental group for ten weeks and later again as a post-test the assertive behavior of two groups (experimental and control) were measured by (RAS). The results of variance analysis and t-test showed that group therapy has been effective on assertive behavior of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Goffman's (1963) concept of involvement, its many variations, and its signs in the ethnographic data of group therapy sessions of female clients in a drug and alcohol treatment program. The program counselors attempted to control the situational order such that the clients' main involvement was displaying attentiveness to the group therapy session itself. "The rules" were emphasized to impose attentiveness as the main involvement. Clients who were deviant in their involvement received negative sanctions. Thus, this paper examines how clients displayed (in)attention and (dis)interest within the social occasion and how these displays were recognized, interpreted, and responded to by the group members. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]