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It was recognized that the bio-solids can be treated prior to discarding it into the environment. The bio-solids can be treated primarily for fertilizers and effluent production. Now it was realized that they can be treated putting into use the membrane technology. The Membrane BioReactor (MBR) was firstly reused for wastewater treatment and effluent production primarily for reuse. It was recognized that the MBR can be operated under anaerobic conditions for energy generation. The Anaerobic MBR (AnMBR) is thus an efficient vehicle to generate energy. The energy generated, primarily in the form of Methane gas can be reused for heating the AnMBR (at mesophilic or thermophilic conditions) and the other fraction can be used for operation of external machines. The paper focuses on the food industry wastes [high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) content]. Although some technical details were assumed it was realized that currently the AnMBR is an efficient means to produce energy. According to the economic model if COD is less than 4 g/L it will not be economical to use the methane gas. When the COD is larger than 4 g/L however, less than 8 g/L then the use of methane gas will cover the expenses. The use of methane gas will economic as COD content in the influent will be above 8 g/L. All the economic considerations are subject to the return on gas, which is in the range of 0.04 $/m³ to 0.08 $/m³. The use of this alternative energy source is as well subject to the Time of Use Charge (ToUC) which changes daily and seasonally. The return for energy changes from 10 US Cents per one Kwhr (recession demand during winter) to 30 US Cents per Kwhr (peak demand during summer). The benefits of the methane production are multi-fold: besides the energy it is an excellent tool-box to get rid of the pathogens which allows a better use as soil amendment and safer discarding into the environment. The application of these residuals to agricultural, forests, or disturbed lands can solely or partially provide plant nutrient needs and can improve soil physical and chemical attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of psychological follow-upof economic processes is determined by growing interest in the human factor influence on the socioeconomic efficiency improvement. Labor psychology has well-proven the obvious link between motivation and success of the expert work.This link needs to be specified in the case of complex analysis, which includes social, economic and psychological aspect of the matter. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of personal qualities of sales managers on the economic effectiveness and professional success. Professional success is understood as the optimal combination of personal and professional achievements which correspond to the quality standards. The diagnostic instrumentariumis represented by two groups of techniques. The first group includes such methodologies for assessing personal qualitiesas "Locus of Control" offered byJulian B. Rotter, "Motivational profile" by Sheila Ritchie and Peter Martin; "The Motivation to Success" by T. Ehlers; "The Motivation to Avoid Failure" by T. Ehlers. Second group includes methods of economic efficiency estimation (i.e. the ratio between the results and the cost of labor). The study proves that those managers whopossess external locus of control have higher level of professional efficiency.They have the motivation to be recognized and this fact has a positive impact on their overall economic efficiency. However, their focus on the outcome has a negative effect on the results of personal achievements. Internal locus of control has a positive impact on professional activity related to personal achievements though it reduces the economic efficiency of team work. Economic modeling turns out to be an important regulator of personal orientation as it reveals the mechanisms of professional success and socioeconomic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the economic crisis, researchers from the economic field have been striving to find new approaches that will help them to study it in a more profound way by finding new solutions to its problems. For many years, computer science researchers have been providing new tools to study, model and solve different problems. One of the tools commonly used in the field is agent-based modeling, which consists of modeling the problem and creating solutions under the assumptions of the problem. For the study of the economy this tool is known as agent-based computational economics. This paper gives an overview of agent-based computational economics, agent paradigms and existing agent-based modelling tools. It also proposes a new solution for economic modelling based on the existing multi-agent system framework JaCaMo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in this paper we are proposing continuous mathematical modeling for describing the economic behavior and the relations between its components, as a system of PDEs. We deduced two algorithmic procedures, which allow us to forecast and simulate the economic behavior as a whole (GDP) and the impacts of each component on the other components. We have shown results, which support our hypotheses. We introduced flow-charts for the algorithms and complete results as a simulation to clarify our progress. Through these algorithms we will be able to simulate the economy for any country or economic entity and allow the simulators to consider changes, and then they can notice the future results according to these changes. We have assumed a model for "The Unemployment" and how it changes according to the changes in the economic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to render several important factors of impact on economic growth and to describe the particular types of relationships of the latter with each one of its influencing elements. In order to correctly determine such issue, we have resorted to three carefully selected models that have been estimated and compared so as to identify the most adequate and representative regression. For this purpose we have performed an analysis based on cross-section annual data for 105 countries spread all over the world. After having tested and rejected certain exogenous variables initially considered, such as imports or exports, we have finally retained the external debt and foreign direct investments as explanatory items of the dependent variable. The results revealed that both of them positively affect the gross domestic product of the analysed countries, this one being inelastic in relation to the exogenous variables considered. Even if the relationship between the economic growth and the external debt of a country is usually negative, as the money exit out of the country due to the debt service causes non-achieved potential investments, yet, there is an inflexion point up to which the external debt has a positive influence on economic growth by the increase of the investments funds acquired as result of the external credit contracting, this being the case reflected by our study. As for the relationship existing between foreign direct investments and GDP, the economic theory confirms that FDI and economic growth are directly correlated, the former contributing to technical progress, production increase and, finally, to the improvement of the living standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]