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The 2008 crisis prolonged and deepened divergences in fair value measurement as the most reliable and other measurement systems. The introduction of IFRS 13 contributed to improved results at the level 3 asset prices observed in companies operating on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The literature has shown that in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 7, different levels of fair value are relevant to value. This research analyzes market prices of the different levels of fair value hierarchy reported under IFRS 7. It is noted that fair value assets measured at different levels of hierarchy are relevant for value, while liabilities are valued differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research shows us risks in acquiring assets on capital markets. Behavior of investors uses limited rational theory, adaptive theory of expectations and mind theory. Simon asserted in 1955 that "a normal human being is not entirely rational in making his decisions because of various heuristics and behavioral prejudices." The hypothesis of adaptive expectations asserts that "adaptive rationality of human preferences and expectations, given that individual decisions are prefered over time, incomplete information, and different learning environments" (Brocas and Carrillo, 2000; Hey, 1994). Compared to EU firms investing in the financial market, Romanian firms invest less because of poor asset quality, labor market uncertainty and inadequate transport infrastructure, according to the EIB survey of December 4th, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence of enterprises on Information Technologies gives rise to the need for effective information security management. It is essential to manage risks relating to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of assets in an enterprise. Even a medium-sized enterprise contains a huge number of assets, and diverse access-control requirements, along with spatio-temporal aspects. Moreover, risks evolve rapidly in today's connected digital world. The proper management of information security, therefore, requires automation of the various monitoring, analysis, and control processes. This can be best achieved by representing information security requirements of an enterprise in a standard, structured format. This paper presents such a structured format in the form of Enterprise Security Requirement Markup Language with Space-Time extension (ESRML-ST). It is an XML-based language that considers the elements of ISO 27002:2005 and 27005:2011 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A method of business process-based information system risk analysis technique is brought forward in this paper. Focusing on enterprise's business process, it analyzes the handling process of business information and the attributes of business activities and then sets the importance of the correlative assets contributing to the activities. The equivalent value of assets is calculated through analyzing the contribution of assets to the information handling activities. This method can solve the subjectivity and independency of the asset-based risk analysis. As the fundamental aspect of information risk management, the status quo of information system can be acquired through this business process-based risk analysis technique. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the theoretical base of a future World Atlas on Intellectual Capital (IC). The Atlas is to be made in an economic perspective. Its first edition, due hopefully in 2012, will describe the situation regarding IC in the 60 major world economies. The Atlas will analyse IC through twelve relevant economic perspectives: demand, supply, equilibrium, price, quantity, market forces, role of the State, investment, stock, need, international flows and returns. We believe that the Atlas could be important for economic policy analysis and management, and therefore, for the wellbeing of the world population. In order to make the Atlas, many crucial conceptual questions must be addressed. In this paper we outline the major ones that we have encountered until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual capital (IC) is a concept that in our view can be assimilated to the unidentified flying objects in the way that researcher and academics have been asking questions such as: does it really exist? If it does, what is it? Can we control it? Can we measure it? All these questions corroborated with the fact that there is no unique world-wide accepted response to the recognition and valuation of IC, challenged us to the present research paper. By trying to answer the questions mentioned above, our paper represents a mix between literature review and conceptual analysis in the way that: (1) having as starting point the IC's definitions formulated so far, we are trying to draw one of our own; (2) we discuss different options that companies have to recognise IC in the financial statements; (3) in our efforts to make a case for recognising IC as an asset, we are analysing IC against several key words such as control, substance over form, risks, future benefits; (4) after reviewing the models developed so far for measuring IC, we develop and launch a new model of our own; (5) consequently we propose for debate an accounting treatment to recognise and subsequently measure IC; (6) having in mind the disclosure requirements applicable to every financial statements item, this paper discusses the ability of companies to disclose information about IC, and presents different views regarding the importance and usefulness of IC reporting. As any study, our paper has limitations that are summarized and presented within the conclusions section. The value and the originality of this research paper can be supported by the genuine approach used to position IC as a component of the financial statements, the reasoning used to recognise, measure and account for IC and last but not least by offering a framework and a model that could be tested by researchers in their future empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History exhaustively demonstrates information as critical to the military and has only further increased as information is used to conduct all aspects of modern military decision making and operations. The value of information has increased to the level of being identified as a commodity or asset through organizational activities of information collecting, processing, analyzing, distributing, and aggregating for purposes of tactical, operational and strategic planning, and command decision making. Vital to an organization is the confidentiality, integrity, availability, quality and timeliness of the information as a violation of information can detrimentally affect the success of an organization's military or business activities. It is crucial when an information violation or breach occurs for timely and accurate determination of loss, damage, and impact resulting from the breach to include notification to affected organizational units that are depending upon the information. In this paper, we continue research expanding development of an Information Asset Valuation (IAV) process for a qualitative valuation methodology used for assigning value to information asset (InfoA) within a military context. Valuation of information as an asset relies upon both tangible and intangible valuation measures to create a linkage between the organizational mission and the supporting InfoA. We review existing non-military information valuation methodologies used in the accounting and information technology disciplines to determine their applicability in a military context for understanding the effectiveness of each discipline as adaptable models for IAV. The intention of this work is the development of foundational methodologies supporting the creation of an automated Cyber Incident Mission Impact Assessment (CIMIA) Decision Support Software (DSS) tool to provide near real time cyber environmental awareness. CIMIA addresses the competing functions of mission capability (operations) and the sustaining computer infrastructure (communications) for effective decision making prior to, during, and post cyber incident situations. The objective of this work is to identify potential methodologies for InfoA factor measurements of accessibility, availability, confidentiality, context, essentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, substitutability, temporality which impact information valuation. A standardized taxonomy of information valuation measures would help improve consistency, reduce uncertainty, and promote documentation of information value during the risk assessment process, and enable the aggregation of information asset value in support of higher level decision making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern business increasingly accumulates different types of intellectual efforts in its results. For the business efficiency intellectual efforts require much more attention to their compatibility than material factors. Taking into account that in some business areas the costs of intelligent resources are growing more quickly than the costs of material recourses, there is a demand of integrated intelligent resources management, including business intelligence. The research of business intelligence develops new acceleration and diversity, asking for integrated business intelligence understanding and better management. The paper deals with the problem of comprehending integrated business intelligence, working out the quantitative measurement of that phenomena and finding out the dependency of various indicators on main factors of business intelligence. Business intelligence concept is trying to be exploited, which should become the foundation component of integration and used resource rationalization of business intelligence activities. The article deals with the concept of business intelligence activities and raises the question -- do the business intelligence assets exist? In the paper we assume that business intelligence is a means for adding value in production or service delivering process, so we assert that business intelligence activities are the means which help to provide and generate benefits and could be treated as assets in a construction of portfolio of business intelligence assets. For a problem to solve the portfolio ideology will be used. In this case asset is an instrumentation element of portfolio, which becomes a symbol of systematic research and a carrier of systematic analysis potency. As we know the concept of portfolio is very diverse, but in the paper authors tried to find a possibility and were successful to find out the way to connect the potency of separate assets into a system, not only for the highest result to obtain, but also for the most effective usage of resources. It is a major economic problem and progressive development motto. Taking into account the main problem of economies -- to rationalize the consumption of resources -- the portfolio of business intelligence asset is proposed as a system for envisagement and management of integrated business intelligence. Business intelligence processes are expressed in stochastic way, as the environment in which the processes take place. For perception and management of these processes, it is necessary to use stochastic optimization ideas and techniques. As business intelligence processes are stochastic ones, they also have nonlinear dependence nature. The interaction of the activities and results, also the processes in between are nonlinear, thus, the attempt to approximate linear dependencies is not allowed. For a solution of nonlinear stochastic optimization dependencies, the so-called Markowitz random field idea could be successfully used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]