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In this paper, we discuss the case studies of two professional development (PD) participants: Nhung Tran and Stella Miller. This data comes from an NSF-funded grant studying inquiry and equity within mathematics instruction at a two-year college. We analyze participant conceptualizations of equity using Gutiérrez' (2009) equity framework. By considering the dominant axis (Access and Achievement) and the critical axis (Identity and Power), we identify places of dissonance, or Nepantla, that emerge for each participant. We discuss how these tensions give us valuable information as we consider future iterations of PD on the MPIE project. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630210.]

This is the book of abstracts for the conference held in 2017 entitled: ''METADISCOURSE ACROSS GENRES: MAPPING INTERACTION IN SPOKEN & WRITTEN DISCOURSES'', also known as MAG2017. The 1st International Conference on Metadiscourse Across Genres took place in METU Northern Cyprus Campus, Cyprus between 30 March-1 April 2017 with the participation of Prof. Ken Hyland, Prof. Anna Mauranen and Prof. Annelie Adel as keynote speakers. This international conference aimed to disseminate current research work on Metadiscourse and related areas in line with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis and eventually the first-of-its kind conference in the field of Metadiscourse has welcomed 110 participant and hosted 3 plenary talks and 94 research talks given by researchers from 40 countries from Japan, Mexico, Turkey to Botswana and United Kingdom. The book of abstracts includes the abstracts of the talks with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis. We would like to acknowledge that the event was co-organized by individual researchers: Dr. Erdem Akbas (Erciyes University), Assoc Prof. Ciler Hatipoglu (Middle East Technical University) and Prof. Yasemin Bayyurt (Bogazici University) with the initial suggestion coming from Reza Abdi (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili).

This issue includes the following articles: "A Multi-Modal Analysis of Anaphora and Ellipsis" (Gerhard Jager); "Amount Quantification, Referentiality, and Long Wh-Movement" (Anthony Kroch); "Valency in Kannada: Evidence for Interpretive Morphology" (Jeffrey Lidz); "Vietnamese 'Morphology' and the Definition of Word" (Rolf Noyer); "The Conflict between Future Tense and Modality: The Case of 'Will' in English" (Anoop Sarkar); and "Predemonstrative Modifiers in Mandarin" (Alexander Williams). References are appended to each article. (KFT)

This paper focuses on parents' attitudes about their children's maintenance of their native language (L1). It is part of an inter-nordic study of immigrant languages between generation one and generation two, that interviewed 276 parents of North American, Finnish, Turkish, and Vietnamese origin, residing in Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden. Questions were about parents' attitudes to L1 maintenance by their children and second language acquisition and use. Tables show the results of the interviews, and a discussion focuses on why some of the results occurred. (AB)

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the second annual meeting of the American Council of Teachers of Uncommonly-taught Asian Languages (ACTUAL) held in Boston, Massachusetts. The following papers are included: (1) "Passives as Reflections of Thought: A Case in Indonesian" by S. Dardjowidjojo, (2) "Acquainting Language Students with Dialect" by D. Dellinger, (3) "A Classification of Verbs in Vietnamese and Its Pedagogical Implications" by N. Liem, (4) "Kam-sui-mak and Tai Tonal Correspondences" by B. Oshika, (5) "Degree of Comparison in Modern Javanese" by R. Sumukti, (6) "The Problems of Programming Devanagari Script on Plato IV and a Proposal for a Revised Hindi Keyboard System" by T. Bhatia, (7) "The Nature of Rural Marathi: Some Hypotheses" by I. Junghare, and (8) H. van Olphen's "Honorifics and the Teaching of Hindi." Most of the papers have extensive bibliographies. (PMP)

The material development needs for the Southeast Asian languages are analyzed as follows: (1) both student and reference grammars must be produced; (2) student and reference English-Foreign Language dictionaries are needed; (3) research is needed in sociolinguistics, semantic analyses, linguistic surveys; (4) elementary, intermediate and advanced teaching materials are lacking in primary and secondary languages; and (5) teaching facilities and centers for the study of these languages are lacking. A report from the conference held in 1959 at the American Council of Learned Societies is also furnished here, with its determination of needs and recommendations for research. Requirements included basic language courses, graded readers, reference grammars, orthographic systems, student dictionaries, instructional tapes, area handbooks and other resources. General recommendations for programs to develop neglected languages were outlined, and specific needs for Burmese languages, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Indonesian languages and Tagalog were detailed. (CHK)

The articles included in these proceedings are presented in order to give some insight into the meaning and scope of bilingualism and bilingual education. The volume is divided into sections respresenting the following five areas of concern in bilingual education: philosophy, legal aspects, language and linguistics, culture, and techniques and teaching strategies. The papers dealing with these areas are: (1) "A New Philosophy of Education," by A. Castaneda, P.L. Howard and M. Ramirez; (2) "Lau v Nichols: Implications for Bilingual-Bicultural Education," by E.H. Steinman; (3) "Language and Linguistics in Bilingual Education," by R. C. Troike; (4) "Spanish Usage in the United States," by L. B. Kiddle; (5) "Spanish Speakers' Linguistic Interference on Their English" by D. A. Thomas; (6) "Arguments in Support of Bilingual-Bicultural Education," by S. Betances; (7) "The Cultural, Social, and Educational Backgrounds of the Chaldean and Arabic Students in Michigan Schools," by G. H. Sesi; (8) "The Community: A Neglected Resource for Bilingual Program Effectiveness," by R. Martinez; (9) "Appropriate Models for Bilingual-Bicultural Instruction in Michigan," by W. Katra and W. Cline; (10) "The Implementation of the Bilingual Program for the Vietnamese Children at Palmer Elementary School, Grand Rapids, Michigan," by T. C. Xuan; and (11) "Strategies for the Implementation of Bilingual Programs," by J. Thomas. The appendices give the texts of the U. S. Supreme Court Decision, Lau v. Nichols, and the Michigan Bilingual Education Act. (AMH)

The proceedings of a seminar on integrating language instruction and academic content instruction include: two presentations surveying the current state of the art in content-based language instruction ("Language and Content Learning: Finding Common Ground," by Bernard Mohan and "Integrating Content and Language Instruction," by Helena Anderson Curtain); summaries of four sessions geared to different languages and levels of instruction (elementary or secondary grades, and English or foreign languages); an overview of critical concerns in the content-based instruction, and summary remarks by G. Richard Tucker. Descriptions of ten content-based programs represented in the presentations and a list of resources in the field are appended. (MSE)

The text of the hearings referred to in the title, held on September 23 and 27, 1977, is provided here. The bills under discussion called for the extension of the Indochina Refugee Assistance Program, established in 1975. During the first hearing the respective roles and responsibilities of the federal, state and local governments and the voluntary agencies in the resettlement process were discussed. The second hearing was a continuation of the subcommittee's consideration of the various proposals to extend the program. The texts of the four bills are included. (CFM)

A longitudinal study of English acquisition by a Vietnamese mother and her daughter is reported. Subjects of this study are Lan, a young Vietnamese woman in her late twenties, and her daughter Than, who was four years old at the time this study began. Neither knew any English when they resettled in Texas in the summer of 1975 after fleeing from Vietnam in the spring of that year. English acquisition began through interaction with the American family sponsors, with whom they continue to maintain close social ties. Vietnamese continues to be the language of the home, but English is developing through the mother's contacts at work and frequent visits with the American sponsors. Than is enrolled in an English-speaking school. A wide range of syntactic structures are examined; the adult acquisition sequencing of the mother is compared with that of her child. Findings have implications for a theory of language acquisition, both first and second, as well as for pedagogical considerations in teaching English as a second language. (Author)

Acculturation of Asian immigrants to American life through participation in public education is influenced by school system ideology, goals, and implementation of goals. School system response to Asian immigrants to the United States in the early 20th century was characterized by assimilationist ideology and by goals emphasizing social mobility and Americanization. However, these goals were ambiguous regarding children of Japanese and Chinese immigrants and discrimination against Asian pupils was not unusual. Goal implementation varied by school system and there was a general lack of remedial programs to meet special needs stemming from linguistic and cultural differences. Vietnamese refugee children in the middle 1970's, in contrast, are entering school systems which are influenced by federal and state legislation to recognize and enforce cultural pluralism, provide special help for non-English speaking children, and provide curriculum relevant to minority children. Goal implementation still varies, however, depending upon degree of commitment of school authorities and resources available. Data about educational policies of school districts in Colorado is presented as an example of the recent trend to include ethnic studies in the curriculum, to reinforce ethnic identity, and to encourage minority participation in society. The conclusion is that changes in school system response to Asian immigrants from 1900 to the present are due in large part to state and federal influence on local school system policy. (Author/DB)

The experiment reported measured the degree to which cloze tests deliberately biased on the basis of contrastive analysis would actually be harder for Vietnamese than for speakers of other languages. The experiment tested the approach to ESL (English as a second language) for Vietnamese described in a guide for teachers of Vietnamese refugees published by the Center for Applied Linguistics. The approach maintains that the teacher of Vietnamese students can tell in advance which lessons will be difficult for students by comparing the structure taught with the parallel structure in Vietnamese. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) Vietnamese mean scores on three biased tests were expected to be lower than on the control; (2) the mean score of the Vietnamese on a double-biased test was expected to be lower than on both a selected deletion test and the "salted" test (a test loaded with structures predicted to be hard for Vietnamese); and (3) Vietnamese scores on biased tests adjusted for the covariate control test were expected to be lower in every case than similarly adjusted scores for speakers of other languages. Subjects included 37 Vietnamese, 26 other non-natives, and 9 native speakers of English. Results offer no evidence of a difference in performance due to native language interference for the Vietnamese group. (CLK)

A language typology based on common errors made in pronunciation of English by speakers of other languages is presented and discussed. The classification system was developed from the concept of interlanguage, the intermediate step between a language learner's native and target languages, and the notion that interference in learning a new language can occur in the transition from one phonological system to another. It focuses on representative languages spoken by refugees and immigrants in Washington State, including Japanese, Vietnamese, Khmer, Amharic, Polish, and to a lesser extent, Mandarin, Korean, Spanish, Thai, Margi, and Igbo. General parameters are offered by which the teacher may assess students' pronunciation needs so as to provide more effective instruction. Some universal characteristics of second language learning and how they may be reconciled with language-specific characteristics are also discussed. Then, general characteristics of tone and stress languages are outlined and each of several foreign language sound systems are discussed specifically. Finally, brief generalizations are offered for use in the classroom. A list of references is included. (MSE)

The main purpose of this study is to identify factors that affect customer's use of e-payment in Vietnam. Literature review and a constructed questionnaire survey were adopted as the research methods. Four hundred and eighty five samples were drawn from 8 clustered professional sectors in the two major metropolitan cities of Hanoi and Hochiminh City. A snow ball sampling method was used to sample the subjects. Data were collected and analyzed with Factor Analysis, Path Analysis besides the comparisons among the demographic variables. This study hopes to help Vietnamese commercial banks having a broader view to increase their competitive advantages by applying modern technologies to their business. It also hopes to bring general knowledge about electronic payment transaction to Vietnamese customers by clarifying which factors are essential for e-payment use. Thus, e-commerce will be improved together with the development of e-payment and as a result, creates more opportunities for the Vietnamese companies. Some suggestions involving the development of e-payment are proposed in the summary section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of the label bias problem of maximum entropy Markov models for part-of-speech tagging, a typical sequence prediction task in natural language processing. This problem has been underexploited and underappreciated. The investigation reveals useful information about the entropy of local transition probability distributions of the tagging model which enables us to exploit and quantify the label bias effect of part-of-speech tagging. Experiments on a Vietnamese treebank and on a French treebank show a significant effect of the label bias problem in both of the languages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The intelligibility of synthesized speech is satisfactory, but the naturalness is fair in Vietnamese speech synthesis system without prosody phrase breaks. In order to improve the naturalness of synthesized speech, prosody phrase (L3) breaks are automatically predicted by using C4.5 decision tree algorithm in this paper. Firstly, we collect Vietnamese text and construct corpus. Then we obtain training date and testing data after word segmentation, part of speech (POS) tags and manual label of L3 breaks for the sentences in the corpus. Word segmentation and part of speech (POS) tags are conducted by applying text analysis software. Secondly, we extract the relevant attribute from the training data, and then obtain decision tree by using C4.5 decision tree algorithm. According to the pruned decision tree, L3 breaks are predicted in prosody labeling stage. Finally, we conduct objective and subjective test to the prediction. The results of evaluation show that an F-Score of 59.96% and acceptable rate of 70.6% can be achieved for the L3 prediction in closed set, and there is an F-Score of 58.37% and acceptable rate of 68.9% in open set. This experiment for the further improvement of naturalness of synthesized Vietnamese speech lays a foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the analyses of the prosody of Vietnamese emotional speech, accomplished to find the relations between prosodic variations and emotional states in Vietnamese speech. These relations were obtained by investigating the variations of prosodic features in Vietnamese emotional speech in comparison with prosodic features of neutral speech. The analyses were performed on a multi-style emotional speech database which consisted of Vietnamese sentences uttered in different styles. Specifically, four emotional styles were considered: happiness, sadness, cold anger, and hot anger. Speech data in the neutral style were also collected, and prosodic differences of each style with respect to this neutral baseline were quantified. The acoustic features related to prosody which were investigated were fundamental frequency, power, and duration. According to the analysis results, for each speaker of the database, a set of prosodic variation coefficients was produced for each emotional style. This will help for bringing emotions into Vietnamese synthesized speech, making them more natural. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The automatic insertion of diacritics in electronic texts is necessary for a number of languages, including French, Romanian, Croatian, Sindhi, Vietnamese, etc. When diacritics are removed from a word and the resulting string of characters is not a word, it is easy to recover the diacritics. However, sometimes the resulting string is also a word, possibly with different grammatical properties or a different meaning, and this makes recovery of the missing diacritics a difficult task for software as well as for human readers. This paper is the first to study automatic diacritic restoration in Vietnamese texts. Modern Vietnamese is a complex language with many diacritical marks, and white space does not always function as a word separator. This paper proposes a point wise approach for automatically recovering missing diacritics, using three features for classification: n-grams of syllables, n-grams of syllable types, and dictionary word features. Our experiments show that the proposed method can recover diacritics with a 94.7% accuracy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Thanks to the outstanding development and the various functions of Internet, the requirement of learning Vietnamese online day by day increases in the global scale. Teaching Vietnamese online, therefore, is designed in many different kinds which don't follow any standard. In this report, at first, we give some evaluation of the state of teaching Vietnamese online; then we present our method of teaching Vietnamese online focusing on the pedagogical features in composing the Vietnamese lessons. In particular, we concentrate on the applying of multimedia on teaching content. Finally, we introduce the interface of the Vietnamese teaching website that we have designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide the first comprehensive investigation of the socioeconomic attainments of Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian and Vietnamese Americans who are native-born or who came to the U.S. at a very young age. In terms of educational attainment, Vietnamese tend to complete significantly more schooling than both African Americans and whites. For the other groups, gender interactions are substantial. Among men, Laotians have lower average educational attainment than either African Americans or whites while the average educational attainment of Cambodians and Hmong is about on par with African Americans. Among women, Hmong have lower average educational attainment than do either African Americans or whites while the average educational attainment of Cambodians and Hmong is about on par with African Americans. These generalizations concerning group differences need to be slightly modified, however, for 1.5 generation persons who came to the U.S. before 1976 (i.e., Wave I persons) because they tend to have somewhat higher levels of educational attainment. In terms of labor market rewards, these groups of Southeast Asian American men differ from African American men in that the former groups earn about as much as white men with similar labor force characteristics. Among women, Cambodians and Hmong earn about as much as white women with similar labor force characteristics while Laotian and Vietnamese women actually earn slightly more. The implications of these results for understanding ethnic inequality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the research on immigrant economic integration has focused on a particular labor market outcome, such as earnings. The typical economic model also tends to rely solely on individual human capital characteristics to predict outcomes. This paper suggests that a better way to conceptualize the economic integration of immigrants would be as a process, or a variety of outcomes. Three fundamental stages of this process are proposed: poverty status, employment status, and finally earnings. A model which includes both traditional and other individual human capital characteristics, as well as contextual variables, is tested on a sample of foreign-born individuals using U.S. Census data from the 2000 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Results are furthermore compared for Mexican foreign-born individuals (who comprise the largest undocumented population in the U.S.) and Vietnamese foreign-born (many of whom entered as refugees during the post-Vietnam War era) in order to assess the general effects of documentation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper compares the socio-economic attainment of contemporary Chinese immigrants from Australia and the United States. These two nations, along with Canada, house the largest number of foreign born Chinese. The paper uses data from the 1996 Australian census (1 percent CURFs) and from the 2000 US census (5 percent and 1 percent PUMs) to examine four economic outcomes: labor force participation, unemployment, occupational status and income. Results suggest considerable intra-national differentials, differentials that are similar in both the US and Australia. Persons from the PRC incur large economic penalties that are rarely explained by their characteristics. Those from Vietnam incur large gross penalties but more often than not these are due to their characteristics. On the other hand, persons from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia reap both gross and net advantages. Finally, looking across the dependent variables, irrespective of birthplace, most Chinese immigrants do relatively better in the US than in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 1975, over two thousand Vietnamese children were airlifted out of Vietnam and placed into American homes across the country. The news media referred to this project ?Operation Babylift,? and the largely mixed-race children in the airlift as ?rescued.? Many Americans saw footage of President Ford carrying Vietnamese orphans out of airplanes in 1975, but few knew what happened to those children after they settled in with their adopted families. Twenty-five years later, the Vietnamese adoptees began to form a social movement community. This paper tells their story. To do so, it uses interdisciplinary methodology of interviews, participant observation, surveys, and Vietnamese adoptee autobiography to explore two interrelated research questions: First, what is the shape of the Vietnamese adoptee social movement community today? Second, what are the implications of forming it? This study addresses the need for research on adult international adoptees, especially their connections with communities of color. It highlights their agency, collectivity activity, by focusing on how they actively create activism biographies and collective identities. Moreover, this study contributes to the ethnic studies mission by showing how people separated at birth from their families raised in White families can form an ethnic community with activist agendas. Central to the Vietnamese adoptee movement is the creation of what Michael Omi and Hoard Winant conceptualize as racial projects. These racial projects include being is part of an emerging adult adoptee social movement that strives to influence the adoption process. The identities of these community members are not only a product of larger US racial scripts and policies, but also their activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of ethnic differences among immigrants in entrepreneurship has produced several theoretical explanations for the success or failure of such businesses. A common premise encompassing research on immigrant business is that differences are partially explained by ethnic networks. Variation in the configuration and operation of ethnic networks is affected by the ethnic group¡¯s unique economic conditions and experiences. Most studies done on ethnic entrepreneurship classify these distinct conditions and experiences based on the ethnic group¡¯s education, work experience, socioeconomic background, the opportunity structure of the economy, and the market setting. I advance our understanding of ethnic entrepreneurship by documenting the role of two issues that affect ethnic strategies but which have received inadequate attention in previous studies, namely, technology and timing. I incorporate these two concerns in an examination of the development of Vietnamese manicure salons. The study demonstrates that without considering technology and its timing with respect to migration patterns, the understanding of the rapid growth of Vietnamese manicure salons would not be fully captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have identified parentification as a widespread phenomenon. However, few, if any, research has examined it in ethnic families. Drawing data from a Vietnamese family relations survey, in-depth interviews and Vietnamese children's textbooks, this paper examines filial piety in Vietnamese families as a mechanism that could moderate the negative effects of parentification. In particular, it proposes that filial piety provides a context for the regulation and interpretation of family relationships such that increased caretaking does not result in increased risk of destructive parentification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]