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In this paper, the methods for the estimation of the printed text skew are explored. Initail skew rate and moment based method are presented. They are tested with single and multi line document image samples in different resolutions. Furthermore, the results are evaluated by common measures. Moment based method proved its advantage in the domain of accuracy and robustness over the initial skew rate method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The peaks in energy consumption arise when a number of consumers start to run within a relatively short period of time. In the case of large consumers, this can lead to an overload of the electro-energetic system. In order to avoid such scenarios, the consumers have to pay peak load additionally. The share of this cost in overall costs for electricity can be significant, up to 50% for smaller production plants with discontinuous production. For large consumers, peak load costs usually do not exceed 30% of total costs for electricity. In order to reduce the peak load, it is necessary to provide consistent power consumption that is without major short-term peaks. The paper presents several examples of microcontroller based systems for peak load reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]