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Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by increased or decreased plasma lipid fractions. Types of dyslipidemia usually are hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Hypertriglyceridemia increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) and is also a major clinical characteristic of insulin resistance syndrome. Hypertriglyceridemia can be addressed and prevented by changing to a healthy lifestyle, such as exercising or physical activity regularly, and reducing the intake of fatty foods and sugary foods needed to decrease triglyceride levels in the blood. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Zumba exercise on triglyceride levels. This research used a quasi-experimental with one group pretest–posttest design. The study subjects were 23 respondents. The data were analyzed descriptively to identify the demographic characteristics and statistical analysis by Shapiro-Wilk dan Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test. The duration of the Zumba workout was six times over two weeks. Zumba training could reduce statistically significant triglyceride levels (p=0.042). There was a decrease in triglyceride levels after Zumba training; thus, Zumba effectively lowered triglyceride levels. Zumba workout effectively lowered triglyceride levels due to delivering a significant result in decreased triglyceride levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) is a large evergreen plant, commonly called tamanu, beach Calophyllum, mastwood, or beautyleaf. Also known as a plant having many uses. However, the use of these plants is still limited because C. inophyllum oil contains dangerous poisons when consumed. So it is generally used and studied as raw material for biodiesel. Until now, the research conducted was limited to the beneficial substances in C. inophyllum seeds. In addition, C. inophyllum seeds oil contains a quite large Triacylglycerol (TAG), so it can be derived to be vegetable oil after removing the impurities. The objective of this study was to simulate the purification of TAG from C. inophyllum crude oil to become vegetable oil with Batchwise Solvent Extract (BSE) by using the Aspen HYSYS V10 application. Hereafter, the simulation finding the appropriate binary parameter coefficients and compares the results with experimental data from other literature in previous publications. The fluid packages (UNIQUAC and NRTL) and binary interaction parameters (LLE Unknown only, LLE All Binaries, and Immiscible) were well investigated. As a result, the most suitable type of fluid package and binary interaction parameter was LLE Unknown only and UNIQUAC, respectively, with an error of less than 1%. It was found that the TAG and free fatty acid purities of 98.53% (experimental data, 98.56%) and 0.81% (experimental data, 0.35%) were obtained after eight stages, respectively. Then the TAG recovery generated by the simulation was 71.13%, while the experimental data was 79.5%. Thus research proved that the model simulation can predict the operation conditions for producing vegetable oil from C. inophyllum crude oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the effect of various lipids on the rumen microbiome have a particular interest, since the main role in the digestive process of ruminants is assigned to microorganisms. The study presents the results of the influence of calcium salts of fatty acids and triglycerides of animal origin by the in vitro method on the microbiome of scar fluid. During the experiments, the numerical superiority of the phylum Bacteroidia in relation to the phylum Firmicutes was established, since they were in a ratio of 3:1, in groups using calcium salts of fatty acids and triglycerides of animal origin. The growth of the archaea group was suppressed. Their share was no more than 0.2% (P≤0.05) of the total number of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues related to terms bio-based, biodegradable, and sustainable products has agitated environmental alert from the destructive effects of petrochemicals and their derivatives. The use of occurring molecules from natural resources for the production of industrial polymers and polymeric intermediates has risen attention of academicians and industrial communities. The laboratory work has been scrutinized in years on synthesizing polymers from natural resources. Polyols have brought on markets to manufacture polymer products one of which was polyurethane. The Canola based-polyol was the product modification of triglyceride's natural resource for the polymers production prepared for wide applications. This study was aimed to determine the optimize of manufacturing canola based epoxide and canola based polyol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium-chain Triglyceride (MCT) consists of medium length fatty acids with much potential application, from becoming cancer treatment patient to dietary supplements. It found as a major constituent of coconut oil. This study prepared isolated Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) from virgin coconut oil (VCO) using low pressure fractionated distillation with a temperature of 130-140°C. This process produced 81.74% (w/w) of MCFAs and synthesis with glycerol to produce MCT, performed at 170°C/40kPa. The highest glycerol conversion and MCT yield has been obtained on esterification reaction in reaction time of 8 hours, gave a value of 99,17% (w/w). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a problem of high importance. Objective: to determine the state of blood lipid spectrum, glycemia, the degree of insulin resistance and their regulation by adipose tissue hormones in NASH patients against the background of obesity, depending on comorbidity with COPD. Methods. 130 patients were examined, including 35 NASH patients with obesity of the 1st stage (1 group), 60 NASH patients with obesity of the 1st stage and COPD 2-3 D (group 2), and 35 patients with COPD 2-3 D (group 3). Results: Blood lipid concentration in patients of the 1st and the 2nd groups exceeded the norm by 29.5% and 39.8% respectively (p<0.05). In the 3rd group - by 14.9% (p<0.05). The content of total cholesterol in the blood also points out its probable increase by 36.3%, 45.7% and 14.9% (p<0.05) in comparison with practically healthy individuals (PHI) in patients of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups. A probable increase in the concentration of triacylglycerols (TG) in blood (1.9 and 2.2 times, respectively (p<0.05)) was recorded in the 1st and 2nd groups of patients, while in patients of the 3rd group the changes were quite significant (1.6 times increase, p<0.05). Conclusions. Comorbidity of COPD in obese patients and NASH is an additional, powerful-inducing factor of lipid distress syndrome with significantly higher increase (compared with NASH without lung pathology) TG in blood, which form the basis of liver steatosis, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, with significantly higher decrease high density lipoproteins, the atherogenic index, which are accompanied by hyperleptinemia, adiponectin deficiency, correlate with the degree of liver steatosis, fibrosis index, cytolytic activity, cholestatic, mesenchymal-inflammatory syndromes and are interrelated with hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease caused by the presence of plaque in the coronary arteries because of high cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. This was an analytic observation using a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted at Heart Outpatient Clinic in Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia. A total of 131 subjects that had been diagnosed as having coronary heart disease, they were aged between 30-75 years. They were selected using a quota sampling technique. Dietary fat and fatty acid intake were obtained through interviews with semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire in the previous 1 month. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were obtained based on laboratory data from CHD patients. The data were analyzed using correlation person product and rank spearman. Fat intake was positively correlated with total cholesterol levels (p=0.034, r=0.186), while fat intake was not correlated with triglyceride levels (p= 0.351, r= 0.148). Fatty acid intake did not correlate with total cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p> 0.05). This study had demonstrated that higher total fat intake was associated with increased total cholesterol levels. Total fat intake was not correlated with triglycerides levels, and it is also true for fatty acid intake with total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional properties of dark, milk and white chocolate with 5% cow butter or sesame oil were improved by addition of 2% or 3% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Microbiological, rheological, X-ray diffraction and sensory analysis were carried out. A sensory profile of chocolate with (CLA) was recorded. The acid number in percent of oleic acid was obtained by determining the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in the lipids. Three main components contributing to the crystalline phase was found – sucrose (sugar), cocoa butter and linoleic acid. The highest acid number was found in the samples of dark and milk chocolate with 5% cow's butter and 3% CLA content. No micro-organisms were found in the products. The highest degree of crystallinity was found for the white chocolate sample with 2% and 3% CLA with cow butter or sesame oil. All tested samples have non-Newtonian behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution (positioning) of fatty acids in glycerol molecules affects the nutritional value of oils and fats. Position is determined by stereospecific numbering (sn) ie position sn-1, 2 and 3, where position will affect the process of digestion and absorption of fatty acids in the body. This study aims to determine the components and position of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids in triacylglycerol mas fish oil (Cyprinus carpio.). Mas fish oil is obtained by using dry rendering process. The analysis of fatty acid composition with gas chromatography (GC) was previously esterified using BF3, for the positioning of fatty acid hydrolysis using lipase enzyme, followed by GC analysis. The total unsaturated fatty acids at sn-2 position were 62.20%, which consisted of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) of 41.23% and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of 20.97%, while at sn-1 + sn-3 position was 9.45% which consisted MUFA of 5.01% and PUFA of 4.44%. The percentage of omega fatty acids in sn-2 position is higher than in sn-1 + sn-3 positions. Omega 3 in the sn-2 position of 2.52% consisted of linolenic acid of 1.14%, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of 0.69% and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of 0.69%, in sn-1 + sn-3 position 2.50% consisted of linolenic acid of 0.99%, EPA of 0.54% and DHA of 0.97%. Omega 6 (linoleic acid) at sn-2 of 18.45% and at sn-1 + sn-3 position of 1.94%. Seen from the fatty acid composition of mas fish oil contains omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, and the percentage of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids in sn-2 position more so it is very well consumed to improve human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CART (Classification and Regression Tree) is a classification nonparametric method that employs learning sample to construct decision tree. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is classified under diabetes mellitus group that could result in complication, both macrovascular and microvascular. Diabetic Retinopathy is a part of microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that is considered as the most frequent cause of blindness in adult. Predicting factors related to diabetic retinopathy is important to be done to decrease the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this research is to determine the factor related to diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using CART method. CART method is applied in two types of independent variable data (numeric and category). The research uses 174 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta as its sample. From the result of analyzing numeric data, the factor related with diabetic retinopathy is microalbuminuria, blood creatinine, gylocohemoglobin, and triglyceride. Meanwhile, from categorical data, factors that has correlation with diabetic retinopathy is microalbuminuria, 2 hour post prandial glucose, the history of diabetes mellitus in the family, and fasting blood glucose. From these two types of data that are analyzed using CART method, it is concluded that microalbuminuria is considered as the major factor that is related to diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) is an endemic plant in Indonesia that was generally consumed by pregnant women and used as diarrhea and cholesterol drugs. The parijoto fruits are purplish red, where it is indicated that parijoto fruits contain anthocyanins i.e., water-soluble pigments in the plant, was found in most fruits, petals, and leaves. Anthocyanins belonging to the flavonoids compound family have been suggested to reduce certain cancers, coronary heart diseases, oxidative stress and other age-related diseases. This study was aimed to determine the effects of methanolic extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) on triglycerides level and obesity in hyperlipidemic rats. A pre-test and posttest randomized control group design were used in this study. Rats were divided into five groups: normal rats, hyperlipidemic rats, hyperlipidemic rats were given the methanolic extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) 500 mg · kg 1 1 000 mg · kg-1 and 1 500 mg · kg-1 body weight. Blood was collected when rats are suffering from hyperlipidemia and after the 30 d treatment of methanolic extract of parijoto (M. speciosa). Rats were sacrificed after the 30 d treatment. The serum level of triglycerides was determined and the increase in body weight was measured weekly. Results showed that giving of methanolic extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) in hyperlipidemic rats reduced the triglycerides levels significantly (p < 0.01), the increase of body weight until 34 % and the adipose tissue in the peritoneum of hyperlipidemic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost all cities and towns in Papua New Guinea are producing tonnes of waste vegetable oils annually, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories, fast food restaurants and institutional dinning facilities. These waste vegetable oils are directed to waterways, rivers and finally into the ocean which destroys the ocean shores and damaging the environment. With increasing population, not only the demand for cooking oil will increase but also the environmental problems caused by the waste cooking oil. Most brands of cooking oil that is used in Papua New Guinea are from locally produced palm oil. Palm oil consists mainly of triglycerides made up of a range of fatty acids and contains other minor constituents, such as free fatty acids and non-glyceride components. This composition determines the oil's chemical and physical characteristics. This is an attempt to improve the waste vegetable oil's chemical and physical characteristics that will allow the oil to be used as an energy source and at the same time reducing the associated environmental problems. It has been observed that the waste cooking oil can be converted into a useful energy source using the transesterification process. The converted fuel has been tested and found its performance to be equivalent to petroleum diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Developing products modified structurally and functionally that ensure health benefits is relatively recent and is the result of accepting the idea that food plays an important role in the prevention and therapy of some health conditions; these arguments are at the basis of the appearance of „functional foods" with „health benefits". Modification techniques of non hydrogenated palm oil lipids (simple mixing, hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation) are no novelty since they are being optimised through scientific understanding of physical and chemical processes ad through the development of new equipment. Generically, „fractionation" covers the process of fractionate crystallisation of triglycerides from a lipid mixture. Stricto sensu, fractionation is a procedure through which natural or already modified oils and fats are separated into solid/liquid fractions different from the point of view of their composition and with new technological and nutritional functions. In practice, they access mainly two fractionation procedures: wet (with solvents, tensioactive agents (detergents)) and dry. No matter the fractionation technique, they follow two main steps: 1 - fractionate crystallisation (with major parameters of influence represented by time and temperature); 2 - separation into solid and liquid fractions (fluids). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae have a wide area of usage and one of them it can be used for biodiesel production. In biodiesel production, lipids containing triglyceride or free fatty acid are converted into methyl ester through trans/esterification reactions. Lipids from microalgae can be extracted by acetone and dimethyl carbonate using homogenizer. Esterification of the lipids was investigated using various catalysts and source of methyl group. Activity of homogeneous catalyst such as HCl and H2SO4 and heterogeneous catalysts such as montmorillonit K-10 and ledgestone was investigated. Moreover, methanol and dimethyl carbonate as source of methyl group were also studied. Among of catalysts with methanol as source of methyl group, it was found that yield of crude biodiesel derived from Choelestrella Sp. microalgae was high over H2SO4 catalyst. On the other hand, over H2SO4 catalyst using dimethyl carbonate as source of methyl group, yield of crude biodiesel significant increase. However, FAME composition of crude biodiesel was high over HCl catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet of high lipids cause hyperlipidemia, which marked by an increase of total cholesterols, triglycerides, LDL-C, and decreasing of HDL-C. Hyperlipidemia lead the occurrence of atherosclerosis, one of factors that trigger cardiovascular disease, as hypertention; coronary heart and stroke. Parijoto (M. speciosa) is endemic plants in Asia with a distribution center in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Parijoto contain phytochemical components such as flavonoids, saponins and kardenolin. Flavonoid potensial as an antioxidants and can improve the hyperlipidemia condition. This study was aimed to determine lipid profiles and atherogenic index of hyperlipidemic Wistar rats (R. norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) which given the methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa). The research was done with pre and post test randomized control group design. Rats were given a mixture of duck yolk and reused cooking oil (1:1) orally as much as 1% of body weight (BW) for 30 days. After hyperlipidemia achieved, rats were divided into 5 group: normal rats, hyperlipidemic rats, hyperlipidemic rats were given the methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa) 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 1500 mg/kg BW. Blood samples were collected when rats in hyperlipidemia conditions and after treatment with the methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa) for 30 days. The data of total cholesterol, HDLCholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol level, and atherogenic index were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey test at 5% significance level. The result showed that giving of methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa) in hyperlipidemic rats reduced the total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol levels, and increased of HDL-cholesterol levels significantly (p<0.01), so atherogenic index reduced significantly too (p<0.01). Total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol levels were positively correlated with the atherogenic index, whereas HDL-cholesterol levels were negatively correlated with the atherogenic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyamplung (Calophylluminophyllum) has many benefits ranging from roots, stems, leaves, until seeds. In this seed, C. inophyllum contained significantly high amount of crude oil (70.4%). C. inophyllum oil is known as non edible. Therefore Indonesian people generally only know that seeds can produce oil that can be used for biodiesel. In this work, the fragmentation of fatty acid in triacylglycerols (TAG) was studied. The isolation process was started with separation of non polar lipid fraction (NPLF) from crude C. inophyllum oil via batchwise multistage liquid extraction. TAG was obtained in high purity (99%) and was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). It was found that fatty acids of TAG are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1c), linoleic acid (C18:2c), and linolenic acid (C18:3c). Moreover, TAG isolated from C. inophyllum oil was promising as edible oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the decrease of oil reserve it has been searched a new category of energy, obtained from renewable sources. Biodiesel is an attractive replacement for depleting energy sources since it is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats, it is non-toxic and is a renewable resource. To obtain biodiesel is necessary to heat a triglyceride with an alcohol (usually methanol or ethanol). For heating the mixture it is used electricity obtained from fossil resources. In this study is proposed to use the solar energy for heating the mixture using a parabolic reflector. By this method, the emission of carbon dioxide during the biodiesel fabrication process is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an abnormal narrowing of heart arteries associated with local accumulation of lipids, in the form of cholesterol and triglycerides. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory that suggests link to the development of CHD. In periodontitis have been reported changes in lipid profile, include increased of cholesterol levels of blood. Objective: to analyse correlation between blood cholesterol level with periodontal status of CHD and non CHD subjects. Methods: Periodontal status and blood cholesterol level of 60 CHD and 40 non CHD subjects was measured. Result: Blood cholesterol level in CHD subjects differs from non CHD subjects (p=0.032). Blood cholesterol level correlates with pocket depth (p=0.003) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) (p=0.000) in CHD subjects. Blood cholesterol level correlates with pocket depth (p=0.010) in non CHD subjects. There is no significant correlation between blood cholesterol level and bleeding on probing (BOP) in CHD subjects. There is no significant correlation between blood cholesterol level with BOP and CAL in non CHD subjects. Conclusion: Blood cholesterol level in control group is higher than CHD patients. Blood cholesterol level positively associated with pocket depth (r=0.375) and CAL (r=0.450) in CHD patients. Blood cholesterol level is positively associated with pocket depth (r=0.404) in control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rotor-stator spinning disk reactor for intensified biodiesel synthesis is described and numerically simulated. The reactor consists of two flat disks, located coaxially and parallel to each other with a gap ranging from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm between the disks. The upper disk is located on a rotating shaft while the lower disk is stationary. The feed liquids, triglycerides (TG) and methanol are introduced coaxially along the center line of rotating disk and stationary disk, respectively. Fluid hydrodynamics in the reactor for synthesis of biodiesel from TG and methanol in the presence of a sodium hydroxide catalyst are simulated, using convection-diffusion-reaction species transport model by the CFD software ANSYS©Fluent v. 13.0. The effects of upper disk's spinning speed, gap size and flow rates at inlets are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutinase is an important biocatalyst for various industrial applications. This enzyme which has dual functionality comparable to esterases and lipases, is efficient in the hydrolysis of soluble esters and emulsified triacylglycerols. Naturally-occurring enzymes usually have disadvantages when applied in non-natural catalysis due to Glomerella cingulata cutinase enzyme thermostability. It is postulated that by increasing the rigidity at certain amino acid positions showing high mobility based on the three-dimensional structure of G. cingulata cutinase, the improvement in thermostability will be achieved. The amino acid N82 of G. cingulata cutinase was selected based on its high B-factor value determined via the B-FITTER program. Megaprimer PCR was employed to introduce mutations at the chosen site by randomization using NNK degenerate primers. About 300 transformants were selected for screening of positive cutinase variants. The N82_V14 cutinase variant was observed to be more thermostable at an almost 2-fold increase when exposed at 50°C for 1 hr as compared to the wild-type enzyme. This study may provide valuable information regarding thermal stability of cutinases denaturation at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of fatty acid (FA) triglycerides in food and biological media is predicting traditionally using gas and liquid chromatographic methods. Named techniques aren't available for clinical labs due to their complexity. So, our objective was to develop the method and apparatus for rapid assay of a few clinically important FA as the saturated palmitic, mono unsaturated oleic and others in serum using near infrared spectrometer. As a result, the applicability of the FT spectrometer in the wavelength range of 0.9 -1.8 μ to analyze these FA in serum without sample preparation was confirmed. Besides, measurement specifications were determined and a correlations of the absorption spectra and contents of total triglycerides and cholesterol, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic FA in serum were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period March - May 2013, the serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids, albumins, globulins and total proteins in the frog Rana ridibunda Pall were analyzed. For this research were used 40 individual frogs, taken in two different water springs with different water temperature, in Terdevc village (water temperature 7.9 °C - 19.7°C) and Banja village (24.7°C - 29.0°C) of Malisheva. Analyses were conducted in the frog serum using standard biochemical methods, ready reagents from the firm Elitech and modern equipment from Screen plus company. The research results show higher values of concentration of the parameters analyzed in the frog's serum taken in warm water spring of Banja compared with the frogs of cold water taken in the village Terdevc. These changes were observed during the spring season (March-May) and in some cases were significantly higher (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, respectively). The highest significances values were observed in particular during the May. Statistical calculations of the results were performed using software ANOVA and student t - test. Results of this study indicate that temperature is a crucial factor that determines the state of the organism, its metabolic level respectively. Since frogs are poikilotherm organisms, these changes probably can be ascribed the metabolic activity of the organism in relation to the temperature of the surrounding environment. Therefore, changes in the analyzed biochemical parameters derived as a consequence of change in the temperature regime and it is a good indicator to show seasonal rhythm of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising trend of obesity among the general population, it is also important to assess the obesity and health status among military population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Malaysian Army (MA) personnel as well as the relationship between selected socio-demographics factors, antropometric profiles, body composition and random blood test value. A cross sectional study involving 378 male military personnel aged between 20 to 48 years old was conducted at two MA bases in Kuala Lumpur between November and December 2012. Antropometric measurements included height, weight and waist circumference (WC). Body fat percentage was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis method (Tanita TBF-300A). Mean height, weight, BMI, WC, body fat percentage, age, monthly income and duration of service were 1.71 ± 0.6 m, 71.7 ± 12.2 kg, 24.6 ± 4.1 kg/m², 87.0 ± 10.0 cm, 23.4 ± 6.6%, 29.1 ± 5.5 years, RM 2115.12 ± 860.70 and 9.9 ± 5.6 years respectively. According to WHO (1998) classification of BMI, 3.2% of the subjects were underweight, 54.8% normal, 32.8% overweight and 9.3% obese. It was obeserved that 40.2% of the subjects had waist circumference value of 90 cm or more and were considered high risk for diebetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study found that BMI was highly correlated with weight (r=0.925, p<0.05), WC (r=0.852, p<0.05) and body fatpercentage. Body fat percentage also show high correlation with weight (r=0.759, p<0.05) and WC (r=0.768, p<0.05. The result from 173 of 378 subjects that were selected for random blood test found that 4.6%, 3.5% and 26.0% had diabetes, high cholesterol and high triglyceride respectively. There was a weak correlation between random blood glucose level with weight (r=0.221, p<0.05), BMI (r=0.243, p<0.05), WC (r=0.298, p<0.05), body fat percentage (r=0.163, p<0.05) and age (r=0.223, p<0.05). Random blood cholesterol level had significant correlation with weight (r=0.284, p<0.05), BMI (r=0.260, p<0.05), WC (r=0.362, p<0.05) and body fat percentage (r=0.313, p<0.05). It was also noted that random blood triglyceride level was significantly correlated with weight (r=0.223, p<0.05), BMI (r=0.312, p<0.05), WC (r=0.288, p<0.05), body fat percentage (r=0.287, p<0.05) and age (r=0.268 p<0.05). These results call for attention to the existence of overweight and obesity as well as the risk of non-communicable diseases among military population. Therefore, future intervention from the aspect of nutritional education and health awareness can benefit thus optimizing the health status of MA military personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids (FAs) as fuel for energy utilization during exercise originate from different sources: FAs transported in the circulation either bound to albumin or as triacylglycerol (TG) carried by very low density lipoproteins and FAs from lipolysis ofmuscle TGstores.Despite a high rate of energy expenditure during high intensity exercise the total FA oxidation is suppressed to below that observed during moderate intensity exercise. Although this has been known for many years, the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still not fully elucidated. A failure of adipose tissue to deliver sufficient FAs to exercising muscle has been proposed, but evidence is emerging that factors within the muscle might be of more importance. The high rate of glycolysis during high intensity exercise might be the 'driving force' via the increased production of acetyl-CoA, which in turn is trapped by carnitine. This will lead to decreased availability of free carnitine for long chain FA transport into mitochondria. This review summarizes our present view on how FA metabolism is regulated during exercise with a special focus on the limitations in FA oxidation in the transition from moderate to high intensity exercise in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal medullary interstitial cells (RMICs) are specialized fibroblast-like cells that reside in the renal medulla among the vasa recta, the thin limbs of Henle’s loop, and medullary collecting ducts. These cells are characterized by abundant lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The lipid droplets are composed of triglycerides, cholesterol esters and free long-chain fatty acids, including arachidonic acid. RMICs are also a major site of cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2) expression, and thus a major site of COX-2 derived prostanoid biosynthesis. RMICs are also a potential target of hormones such as angiotensin II and endothelin. The RMIC COX-2 expression and the abundance of lipid droplets change with salt and water intake. These properties of RMICs are consistent with an important role of these cells in modulating physiologic and pathologic processes of the kidney. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil extracted from clothing after wear contains lipids that include fatty acids, triglycerides, and mono and diglycerides. The chemical composition of the oily soil influences its ease of removal from clothing by laundering. The purpose of the present research was to study the effect of saturation and polarity on the distribution of residual oil on a durable press polyester/cotton fabric. Individual fabric specimens were soiled with a single oil: 2.5% w/w of monoolein, oleic acid, stearic acid, triolein, or tristearin from a toluene solution. The fabric specimens were laundered with an unbuilt, heavy-duty liquid detergent at 38°C. The order of oil removal from most removal to least removal was monoolein > oleic acid > triolein > stearic acid > tristearin. The distribution of unsaturated oils, monoolein, oleic acid, and triolein, that were tagged with OsO4 was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. After 5 soil-age-wash cycles, residual oleic acid and triolein were observed in the interfiber spaces; on the fiber surfaces; and in the crenulation, lumen, and secondary wall of the cotton fibers. In the lumen, the concentration of triolein was higher than that of oleic acid. Monoolein, with the highest polarity, was easily removed, with residual monoolein located only in the lumen of the cotton fibers. No unsaturated oils were located in the interior of the polyester fibers after laundering. The more polar oils, such as monoolein and the fatty acids, were removed more easily than the triglycerides. The melting point of the oil significantly affected the ease of removal. Oleic acid and triolein, with melting points below the 38°C wash temperature, were easier to remove than stearic acid and tristearin which have melting points above 38°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]