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Large globe population consumes tobacco products on daily basis which cause serious concerns for human life as it causes oral cancer and other types of cancer. Chewing tobacco (Pan, Pan Masala) is mostly consumed by elders after parties, social gathering as mouth freshener. Five samples of chewing tobacco were prepared for detecting elemental composition and concentration of tobacco products. WDXRF technique is applied on five different branded chewing tobacco products to determine the major oxides present in tobacco products. We got ten different major oxides in our study which confirms the presence of these oxides. General awareness is required for tobacco users to avoid health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarettes are one of the tobacco products that contain many chemicals that cause various types of diseases. In addition, cigarettes can also cause addiction and dependence for smokers. The purpose of this work is to analyze the equilibrium point of the mathematical model of the cessation of smoking behavior and the application of optimal control in the form of education (ul) and candy treatment (u2). Based on the analysis of the uncontrolled model, two equilibrium points were obtained, namely the non-endemic equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point. The local stability of the equilibrium point and the existence of the endemic equilibrium point depend on the basic reproduction number (R0). The non-endemic equilibrium point is asymptotically stable if fulfills two conditions, there are β Λ − η M 0 μ μ (2 μ + δ + d + γ) < 1 and R0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium point is asymptotically stable if R0 > 1. In this paper, parameter sensitivity analysis will also be carried out to determine the most influential parameters on the model. From the results of sensitivity analysis, the most influential parameters are parameters β and η. Furthermore, the control variable problem in the model is determined using the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. The results of numerical simulations show that giving control in the form of education and candy treatment simultaneously provides effective results to minimize the individual population of smoking with minimal costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant growth in the volumes of bulk tobacco and tobacco products illicitly traded in Bulgaria, in Europe and worldwide in the last years substantiated the conduct of this study. The main objective was to assess and analyze the profile of the illicitly traded tobacco derivatives and smoking products in the country, in terms of the decisive physical and chemical indices. The objects of analysis were officially provided to the Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute by legitimate state structures, under the conditions of external contracting service. The determination of the physical and chemical characteristics of the respective sample types was carried out according to the standardized methods. It was found that the frequency of tobacco cut width and fractional composition determination in the sample pool of 2020 year significantly exceeded the rest of the relevant analyses, thus supporting the observed trend of increased consumption of natural tobacco intended for roll-your-own cigarettes, as an economically more feasible tobacco product. The importance of the sieve analysis confirmed the need to raise consumer awareness of the risks posed by the consumption of the technological tobacco waste, i.e. the "scrap" category, illicitly traded as a single tobacco product. Another finding from the study was that 81% of the provided counterfeit cigarettes were with moisture contents far below the levels set by the standards for commercial cigarettes, thus impeding their correct legally-bound assessment and changing smoke formation and composition. Moreover, the nicotine content in the tobacco samples submitted for analysis varied in a very wide range, from 1.18% to 3.02%, which implied negligence of the greater risks from consumer exposure to those illicit tobacco products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco has a big role in increasing the regional acceptance of East Java Province, especially in Jember Regency. But the statement contradicts the health issue that is a global problem, where the rate of cigarette use continues to increase, especially in Jember Regency, the proportion of smoking in the population aged≥10 years reaches 27.88% every day. This could have major consequences for tobacco farmers, feared to lead to a decline in family income and social instability in tobacco production areas. This study was conducted in Jember Regency with the aim to analyze the main constraint factors for the development of non-smoking tobacco derivative products in Jember Regency. Interpretative Sructural Modeling (ISM) is the analytical method used to analyze constraint factors that are appropriate to the conditions. The analysis results showed that capital limitations became the main obstacle to the development of non-cigarette tobacco derivative products. The strategy that must be developed is that capital limitations are a key factor that need to be overcome in developing non-smoking tobacco derivative products in Jember Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette products in Indonesia have developed from conventional cigarettes, cigars, and shisha to electric cigarettes or commonly known as vapes. Indonesia ranks as the country with the third-largest number of smokers globally, even though people know that the consumption of tobacco products can cause harm to their bodies. Warning labels are printed on each pack of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes with sentences such as "smoking can damage health" (or similar meaning sentences) and pictures ranging from damaged human lungs, and perforated throat to pictures of fallen teeth. This behavioral phenomenon becomes interesting for further study. This research aims to analyze the influence of product development and health consciousness on purchase intention and its impact on the purchase decision of e-cigarettes in Tangerang City, Indonesia. This study is a quantitative research using a non-probability approach with purposive sampling. The number of populations in this study is 1,378,860, with a minimum sample of 385 respondents. Data were collected by distributing online questionnaires to smokers and non-smokers above 18 years old in Tangerang and then analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that product development has a positive significant impact on purchase intention and purchase decision, and purchase intention has a significant effect on purchase decisions, while other variables have a negative significant impact on each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital marketing in healthcare should be primarily patient-centered. In order to be successful, its goals have to be clearly recognized, which assumes the production of pieces of relevant information that can be shared, and whose clearly defined focus is reflected in the goal - to cure people and improve the quality of their lives. E-healthcare consumers can benefit greatly from using Internet marketing. Ehealthcare literacy represents in fact a potential protection of the consumers against possible harms, and encourages them to fully participate in the making informed health-related decisions. The persons with a high level of e-health literacy are aware of the risk that the Internet information are sometimes unreliable. To get an insight into the possibilities offered by new information-communication technologies, that is the application of the Internet and social networks aimed at promoting reproductive health of women, a poll was conducted among 610 women of reproductive age (15-50 years). The questionnaire, created with the aim to get information about the e-healthcare literacy, was placed on the Internet. It contained the questions related to the age, education, partnership status, residence place, self-assessment of personal general health, way of obtaining health information, and an adapted five-degree Likert-type scale, created according to the eHEALS questionnaire. The analysis of the obtained results showed that a great majority of polled women consider the Internet useful in making health-related decisions and are well aware of the importance of the Internet-provided healthcare information. The survey participants showed a satisfactory degree of e-healthcare literacy, but it should be pointed out that their trust in the Internet information is lower when making decisions concerning their own health. No connection was observed between the e-healthcare literacy of the participants and their age, residence place, employment, civil relationship, level of physical activity, use of tobacco products, and the own self-assessed health state. On the other hand, a significant association was found between the participants' education level and the level of e-healthcare literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Input-output analysis provides numerous analytical possibilities, of which the scientific and professional literature emphasizes the determination of clusters according to the level of aggregation of the national economy. The cluster represents a group of productive sectors integrated into the entire value added chain, from production and supply of basic raw materials and supplies to the delivery of final products. The purpose of this paper is to determine clusters in the Republic of Croatia based on the input-output table for the Croatian economy for 2015. The intensity of interconnections among individual productive sectors was analyzed from the aspect of the demand channel of intermediate products and from the aspect of the supply channel of intermediate goods and services of the observed productive sector to other productive sectors. Cluster determination is based on a combination of backward and forward linkages and a synthetic flow index. According to the intensity of interconnections between productive sectors measured by the flow index, the most significant clusters in the Croatian economy are: Food products, beverages and tobacco products cluster, Constructions and construction works cluster, Public administration and defense services; compulsory social security services cluster, Land transport services and transportation services via pipelines cluster, Accommodation and food services cluster, Financial services, except insurance and pension funding cluster and Coke and refined petroleum products cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the governments of many countries to introduce an order to wear protective masks. Current analysis focus on stopping the transmission of the virus and other microorganisms, but provides an excellent environment for the development of pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The aim of the study was to assess the composition of the bacterial flora and CFU of microorganisms on the inner surface of protective masks by collecting them from randomly encountered people of Zielona Góra. The masks were transported to the microbiological laboratory for analysis of bacteria colony cultured on Columbia Agar. A total of 303 mask were collected from obtained from public spaces to acquire the most diverse research group. The groups varied between men and women, and smokers and non-smokers. Obtaining a large number of masks also allowed us to find the age range from 18 to over 60 years of age. The time of wearing a protective mask and a type of storage place of them was also studied and filled a questionnaire that we collected from each person. Study resulted in an increase in the number of Staphylococcus Aureus presence among the respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates how specialist organizations survive regulatory categorizations despite typically lacking the resources to adhere, relative to generalist firms. We blend ecological and institutional literatures to demonstrate that organizational identities create malleability in the resource space between specialist and generalist organizations to offer the latter more resources needed to survive instances such as the introduction of a regulation. To explore this process, we assessed how vape shop owners and employees used their organizational identities to frame responses to the FDA's proposed regulatory categorization of e-cigarettes to garner public support. We collected 64 news articles and 865 corresponding comments from May 4th - May 11th, 2016 to capture discussions occurring before and after the FDA announced its plan to re-categorize e-cigarettes as tobacco products on May 5th. We used news articles to assess vape shop owners and employees' responses. We added additional insights to these responses, by integrating news article comments to understand the perspective of their constituents (e.g., consumers). Thematic analysis revealed that vape shop owners and employees worked to garner public support by using the attributes associated with their identities to frame responses in a manner that bolstered authenticity. First, they categorized e-cigarettes as passion products that they were committed to introducing people to as the product helped them quit traditional cigarettes. Second, they categorized e-cigarettes as customizable products which meant they helped people explore their vaping preferences. Third, they voiced concerns regarding the true intentions behind the FDA's regulation, which was a sentiment reinforced by their constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of tobacco production, it is necessary to pack the smoke according to the needs of different customers. A sorting machine is used to pick up the cigarette at present, there is a launch channel machine, a percussible vertical machine, But in the sorting process, the rolling channel machine is different in terms of the quality of smoke and the frictional force. It is difficult to ensure the location and posture of the belt sorting line, which causes the manipulator to not grasp. The strike type vertical machine is difficult to control the parallelism of the smoke. Now this team has developed a falling sorting machine, which has solved the smoke drop of a cigarette to the transmission belt. There will not be no code, can satisfy most of the different types of smoke sorting and no damage to smoke status. The dynamic characteristics such as the angular error of the opening and closing mechanism are carried out by ADAMS software. The simulation results show that the maximum angular error is 0.016rad. Through the test of the device, the goods falling speed is 7031/hour, the good of the falling position error within 2mm, meet the crawl accuracy requirements of the palletizing robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that exposure to advertising for natural cigarette brands such as Natural American Spirit (NAS) results in erroneous beliefs that these products are healthier than traditional cigarettes. In 2017, Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company agreed to remove "natural" and "additive-free" from NAS advertisements; however, "natural" will stay in the NAS name, and terms including "organic" and "tobacco and water" remain permissible, causing concern for public health advocates looking for stronger policy action from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Despite the importance of policy action, few studies have examined whether product advertising affects support for related policy. Here, results of a randomized experiment (n = 1,128) exploring the effects of exposure to NAS advertising content show that exposure reduced support for policies restricting misleading terminology in natural cigarette advertising. Further, misinformed beliefs about the healthy composition of these cigarettes negatively predicted policy support and partially mediated effects of exposure on policy support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THe article offers insight to a study which compared the effect of exposure to health-oriented labels on intentions to purchase and attitudes between LGB and heterosexual smokers. It informs that the health-oriented labels on tobacco product packages are associated with reduced harm perceptions. It also informs that LGB smokers respond differently to labels than heterosexual smokers.

The number of students who smoke cigarettes continues increase, in line with achievement industrial target of tobacco products. The aim of this study is to determine factors that cause students who do not smoke susceptible to smoking (SS) in the future. This information will direct tobacco control prevention programs. A cross-sectional survey data from 148 schools and 379 classrooms, total 9922 eligible students in grades 7-12. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to factor associated with SS among never smoking students. Descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported. There were 5863 students who do not smoke of whom 454 SS; girls 78.25% and 58% were grade 7-9. The students who; were boys (OR=1.55, p<0.001), thought cigarettes not harmful (OR=3,79, p<0.001), current use e-cigarettes (OR=3.62, p<0.001), current consumes shisha (OR=2.92, p<0.001), ever got free cigarette/voucher (OR=2.46, p<0.001), thought safe to smoke only one or two years and quit (OR=2.12, p<0.001), have item of tobacco product (OR=1.8, p<0.001), exposed cigarette advertisement/promotion at music concert (OR=1.72, p<0.001), thought smoking helps people feel more comfortable (OR=1.66, p<0.001), thought Second Hand Smoke (SHS) are not harmful (OR=1.5, p<0.001), exposed SHS in public places (OR=1.46, p<0.001), exposed to cigarettes advertisement in internet/social media (OR=1.3, p<0.015). Factors that influence students not to smoke susceptible to smoking cigarettes are students who; lack of knowledge the dangers of tobacco consumption, currently use e-cigarettes, currently consumes shisha, exposed of cigarette advertising and promotion, and exposed to SHS in public places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study based on portrayal of smoking in the Ethiopian movies. It mentions about the potential impact of smoking movie exposure on viewers drawing from the Social Cognitive Theory (7) and the Narrative Transportation Theory. It also mentions that the majority of smokers portrayed are male and several types of tobacco product portrayed include cigarettes, water pipe tobacco/Shisha and pipe with a few depictions of famous brands such as Marlboro.

The article presents a case study on the primary objective of a pharmaceutical company Heartland Pharmacy in the U.S. It offers brief overview of the argument of the company's board member Dr. Allen Springer that selling tobacco contradicts to the firm's objective to improve customers' health care. It also examines how Springer's suggestion would affect the sales performance of the company and the ethical issues involved in the sale of tobacco products.

Theories within organizational and economic sociology that center on market categories often equate taken-for-grantedness with increased constraint on the features of category members. In contrast, we develop a novel perspective that considers how market participants' changing category-related attributions decrease their scrutiny of category offerings, opening up strategic opportunities for firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking kills. Yet it is individual choice to indulge. Could governments, however, intervene on health and public policy grounds and regulate the manner in which tobacco products are marketed and sold? This is precisely the question that fuels the gruelling dual between tobacco companies and health conscious countries, such as Australia that has recently enacted legislation making mandatory the plain packaging of tobacco products from December 2012. The Australian legislative measure is currently under attack in several fronts, including the World Trade Organisation, though recently the Australian High Court upheld the constitutionality of the plain packaging legislation. The purpose of this paper is to approach the question of the appropriateness of government intervention in totally prohibiting the striking elements of tobacco packaging from a purely trademark law point of view. First, the paper will identify the scope of trademark protection as spelt out in the Agreement on the Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPs") and then go on to analyse the plain packaging legislation in Australia in the context of its own trademark legislation. Thence, the paper will consider whether the Australian plain packaging legislation complies with the core provisions on trademark protection enshrined in TRIPs, and lastly provide a possible compromise to reconcile the competing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the focus of the different State tobacco control programs in United States, by analyzing the mission, goals and/or objectives of each program. Semantic network analysis was used to examine the similarities and differences in word use among all 50 States. The texts of mission statements, goals and/or objectives as of 2011 were analyzed for most frequently occurring words. Then, the frequency of each word was determined for each State, resulting in a state by word matrix. This two-mode network was then analyzed. The results revealed that the more central states had higher adult and youth smoking rate, lower prices for cigarettes, lower taxes per pack, and received less in the tobacco settlement. The words 'tobacco' and 'prevention' occur most frequently and were shared by most states. The words 'smoking' and 'smoke' were peripheral indicating that the overall focus of the states' tobacco control programs is not simply to control smoking but tobacco use in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in cigarette production as the solution of health problems can interfere with the welfare of tobacco farmers in Indonesia. So, it is required to utilize the alternative uses of tobacco with chemical compounds inside it as the raw material for producing alternative products. One of the methods that is efficient in separating chemical compounds from plant extracts is fractionation and characterization method. This method has never been used for Nicotiana tabaccum L. extract using semi polar and polar solvents. This study begins with preparing Nicotiana tabaccum L. extract ingredients obtained through reflux ethanol extraction process. Extracts are analyzed by HPLC which serves to determine the chemical compounds in tobacco extract qualitatively. Extract that has been analyzed, is then fractionated using column chromatography with semi polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (ethane) solvents sequentially. Chemical compounds from tobacco extracts will be dissolved in accordance with the polarity of each solvents. The chemical compound is then characterized using HPLC quantitatively and qualitatively. Then, the data that has been obtained is used to find the partition coefficient of the main components in Nicotiana tabaccum L., which is Nicotine (kN) in Virginia 1 (Ethyl Acetate) fraction at 0.075; Virginia 2 (Ethyl Acetate) fraction at 0.037; And Virginia 3 (Ethyl Acetate) fraction at 0.043. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restrictions on the use of dried tobacco leaf for cigarette production must be accompanied by the development of non-cigarette alternative products that are made from tobacco leaves. One of the alternative that can be done is to use the nicotine compound in tobacco leaf extract as medical product, such as Parkinson’s medication or to be used as active substance in biopesticide. Nicotine was isolated using column chromatography method with the variation of mobile phase mixture ratio (petroleum ether and ethanol), started from 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, to 0:10. All of the chromatographic fraction from each mobile phase’s ratio was then tested qualitatively using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and also quantitatively using HPLC instrument. The column chromatography process could isolate 4.006% of nicotine compound from 4.19% tobacco leaf extract’s nicotine. It is also known that ethanol is a good solution to be used as chromatography’s mobile phase for nicotine isolation from tobacco leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]