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The endogenous enzyme in fresh coffee beans mostly is from the class of oxidoreductase. However, those enzymes have low effectiveness in phenolic compound oxidation. The fermentation of conventional coffee processing requires a longer time. The ability of laccase could shorten the time of fermentation. Therefore, need exogenous enzyme such as laccase. Laccase is an enzyme that able to degrade lignin. In this study laccase from Trametes versicolor is effective for phenol oxidation and able to reduce bitterness in coffee beans. The bitterness of coffee beans is caused mostly by phenolic compounds in coffee such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. This study aims to determine laccase oxidation in coffee beans quality by measuring phenol content and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the lowest total phenol (0.73 ± 0.103 mg/ml) was achieved by laccase oxidation using ABTS as a mediator with antioxidant capacity level as 91.58 ± 0.001%. The benefit of this research is making the best quality of coffee beans with high antioxidant capacity and low phenol content so that it does not require added sweeteners or sugar that can interfere with health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at predicting the mechanical behavior of a 0°/90° biaxial tricot-chain NCF using digital chain elements. In order to reproduce the entanglements of the filaments and their deviation from the ideal 0°/90° paths, the orientation of the digital chains is sampled with a normal distribution. This enables an accurate reproduction of the geometrical deviations observed on the material. Moreover, averaged periodic boundary conditions have been developed to apply an overall mesoscopic periodic deformation to a model that doesn’t exhibit any periodicity at the scale of the digital chains. These models have subsequently been used for virtual characterization of the compaction behavior and were compared to experimental results. It is shown that the resulting thickness and compaction stiffness are very sensitive with respect to the distribution used to sample the chain’s directions. Moreover, the smallest representative volume element (RVE) compliant with the mesoscopic periodicity is already able to capture the defects and the compaction behavior with reduced computation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is carried out to obtain the connection between the Earth magnetic field data and forest stand indices in Latvian forests. The hypothesis has been examined that magnetic field influences the growth of trees. The research object – Ogre Region was selected according to the magnetic field deviation's map of Latvia. The data of Earth magnetic field measurements via satellite and the forest taxation indices were used – there was designed the distribution of forest subquarters in belts of magnetic field radiation's intensity. The nonparametric correlation analysis and methods of descriptive statistics were used for data interpretation. A positive weak statistically significant correlation between the stand volume and parametres of Earth's magnetic field was obtained for pine and birch in Hylocomiosa forest site type and for birch in Caricosophragmitosa forest site type. The most even fluctuation's of tree stand's volume with a trend of increment by different magnetic field parametres indicate pine, spruce and birch in Hylocomiosa forest site type. The most unstable fluctuations of the forest stand with upward stock at various magnetic field parameters are shown in pine, spruce, birch in Hylocomiosa. The pine Hylocomiosa in the 4100 nT shows about 470 m³ of large stock; Pine in the Caricoso-phragmitosa - at 4100nT – 330 m³ ; birch in the Caricosophragmitosa at 4000 nT – 252 m³ . The most pronounced stock fluctuations were found in spruce Caricoso-phragmitosa, the largest stock reaching about 320 m³ at 2000 nT and 3000 nT, whereas from 3000 nT to 4100 nT, a sharp drop in stock - up to 50 m³ . Approximately 260 m³ appearing at 4000 nT. Also in birch Caricoso-phragmitosa the results in the graph show rapid jumps, reaching 1000 nT at about 183 m³, at 4000 nt – 160 m³ . There will be research continued about the connection between the magnetic field and tree stand volume and other forest taxation indices in different forest site types and land categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thermoforming allows the manufacture of structural parts for the automotive and aeronautical domains using long fiber thermoplastic prepregs with short cycle times. During this operation, several sheets of molten prepregs are stacked and subjected to large macroscale strains, mainly via in-plane shear, out-of-plane consolidation or dilatation, and bending of the fibrous reinforcement. These deformation modes and the related meso and microstructure evolutions are still poorly understood. However, they can drastically alter the end-use macroscale properties of fabricated parts. To better understand these phenomena, bias extension tests were performed using specimens made of several stacked layers of glass woven fabrics and polyamide matrix. The macroscale shear behavior of these prepregs was investigated at various temperatures. A multiscale analysis of deformed samples was performed using X-ray microtomography images of the deformed specimens acquired at two different spatial resolutions. The low-resolution images were used to analyze the deformation mechanisms and the structural characteristics of prepregs at the macroscale and bundle scales. It was possible to analyze the 3D shapes of deformed samples and, in particular, the spatial variations of their thickness so as to quantify the out-of-plane dilatancy or consolidation phenomena induced by the in-plane shear of prepregs. At a lower scale, the analysis of the high-resolution images showed that these mechanisms were accompanied by the growth of pores and the deformation of fiber bundles. The orientation of the fiber bundles and its through-thickness evolution were measured along the weft and warp directions in the deformed samples, allowing the relevance of geometrical models currently used to analyze bias extension tests to be discussed. Results can be used to enhance the current rheological models for the prediction of thermoforming of thermoplastic prepregs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is aimed to inventory and collect ginger species from Borneo, especially from Besiq Bermai forest, East Borneo forest. This research was conducted by surveys and using a purposive sampling method. The characterization of Borneo gingers also used a guide to ginger of Borneo. The results showed that there are 19 species which have been recorded in this forest. Amomum, Alpinia, Plagiostachys, Globba, Hornstedtia, Plagiostachys, Zingiber, is genus that found in the forest. The life collections are conserved in Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. The species of Zingiberaceae are Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum., Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe, Alpinia capitellata Jack, Alpinia beamanii R.M.Sm. Amomum oliganthum K. Schum, Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M.Sm, Elettaria surculosa (K.Schum) B.L. Burrt&R.M. Sm, Hornstedtia rumphii (Sm.) Valeton, Hornstedtia conica Ridl, Hornstedtia reticosa Valeton, Globba pumila Ridl, Plagiostachys bracteolata R.M. Sm, Plagiostachys albiflora Ridl, Plagiostachysbreviramosa Cowley, Zingiber aromaticum Noronha, Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr, and Zingiber leptostachyum Valeton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of woven fabrics is necessary in many applications in particular for the simulation of textile composite forming. This mechanical behaviour is very specific due to the possible motions between the fibres and the yarns. In this paper, the biaxial tension and in-plane shear behaviours are analysed from virtual tests on the Representative Unit Cell. The in-plane shear strains can be very large (up to 50°) in case of draping on a double curved surface. These virtual tests avoid performing tricky experimental tests. The presented 3D finite element analyses involve two main specific aspects. Firstly the boundary conditions have to render the periodicity at large deformations and, in some cases, the evolution of contacts between neighbouring yarns during the motion. Secondly the yarn that is made of thousand of fibres is modelled as a continuous medium but its constitutive law has to take its fibrous nature into account. For that reason a rate constitutive equation using a specific objective stress rate is used. It is based on the rotation of the fibre. The analysis is performed for different unit cells. Both results are in good agreement with the experiments, but the use of some cells turns out to be much easier. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]