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Bromelain is a major proteolytic enzyme that existed in pineapple core and is widely known for its rich bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial. In this research, the isolation, extraction, and purification of bromelain from pineapple core was successfully performed, followed by the formulation of bromelain nanoemulsion, which ended with the in vitro testing on mouse skin to determine its skin permeability. The bromelain activity was also evaluated in this study, whereas the specific activity was determined at 51.36 U/mg and 68.62 U/mg at pineapple core and crude enzyme fractions, respectively. Moreover, the further fractionation using (NH4)2SO4 was performed and resulted in the specific activities of 118.48 U/mg for fraction 0-50% at 12 hr. In addition, three formulas of bromelain nanoemulsion were created in this study and characterized further using organoleptic and in vitro tests. According to the PSA data, the Formula 3 nanoemulsion, which majorly comprised of Tween 80 and small amounts of lecithin, shown a smaller droplet size at 22.04 nm, which corresponds to its higher penetration rate at 587.56 µg/cm2 in 30 minutes. Moreover, the decreased bromelain proteolytic activity in Formula 3 was not significant compared to the other two formulas. Thus, this optimized bromelain nanoemulsion formula can be studied further to examine its anti-bacterial potency through additional in vitro and in vivo tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light propagation inside the tissue multilayers has been an issue because of the variation of thickness subcutaneous fat layer. Monte Carlo simulation was studied since it is as gold standard and consists in computational simulation of that chain and in constructing statistical estimates of the desired functional. Four layers of 3-D was quantitatively investigated the relationship between variation thickness of subcutaneous fat layer and measurement of muscle oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy. The scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, refractive index and anisotropy factor of each layer were found in the literature. All parameters could be estimated with having different of absorbance less than (2 a.u) for fat thickness 1 mm and 2 mm of human skin in the visible part of the spectrum at 600nm and 900nm. Thus, this result may help us to prove that our human muscle is transparent to this visible and especially near infrared region and might be useful tool for muscle activation studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in the multilayered skin tissue exposed to 5G mobile frequencies, viz. 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz. Presently, the safety limits for electromagnetic wave exposure above 6GHz are expressed in terms of power density by Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This study estimates the SAR values compliant to mentioned power densities. Inthe numerical scheme, Maxwell’s equation is employed to determine electric field, and SAR is estimated using electric field values. Results show that most of the energy associated with the 5G frequencies is absorbed in epidermis layer of skin tissue. Maximum electric field and SAR values are predicted in skin tissue exposed to 38 GHz radiation, while least electric field and SAR values are found at 60 GHz. 60 GHz can be considered the safest among all three frequencies for 5G mobile communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the electron microcapsule release structure consisting of micro control unit (MCU), booster circuit, metal explosive micro foil and graphene/polypyrrole film silo was studied. The adjustable boost circuit controlled by the MCU is studied to realize the function of raising the battery voltage of 1.5V to 20V. It was verified that the energetic material in contact with the micro-foil can greatly reduce the breaking voltage (30-40%). The breaking voltage (without energetic material assisted by 10.8V and with energetic material assisted by 7.2V) allows the metal explosive microfoil to be broken by the booster circuit. The effectiveness of the metal explosive microfoil on the instantaneous breaking and water phase dissolution of the wall structure of the two films covering Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was studied. Studies have shown that graphene / polypyrrole film has a significant pressure-controlled ion permeation effect, the permeability change is 5.5 times at 1V potential, and the permeability control sensitivity is related to polymer electro polymerization conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]