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This paper explores the cross-national variations of individuals' idea about just income among OECD countries showing increase of inequality. A primary assumption of the study is that the several structural factors of each society affect the difference between objective inequality and subjective evaluation for its inequality in the eyes of observers. More specifically, the main object of the study is to examine indexes with which to assess the trend of fairness judgments of income among OECD countries showing increase of actual inequality. Additionally, it is also intended to explore possible factors for explaining these variations or common features identified by the indexes. To answer these questions, the paper relies on data set of 1999 and 2009 ISSP. Especially, we focus on the OECD countries that show the discrepancy between objective inequality and subjective evaluation for its inequality. They are France, Korea, Sweden and U.S. that show increasing fairness judgments of income although actual inequality has been aggravated. In this paper, we contend the effect of the neo-liberalism, increasing unemployment rate and diffusion of individualistic responsibility for this ironic phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a sensorless control of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) is proposed using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based on the extended rotor flux concept. Also, simple parameter estimation method is proposed to improve the performance of sensorless drive method. The IPMSM sensorless drive system has nonlinearity characteristics and parameters variation. To overcome two main drawbacks, the estimation of Extended rotor flux using the EKF is suitable for high performance because of its ability to perform state estimation for nonlinear systems that involve random noise environment. The simple parameter estimation method is also adopted to reduce deterioration of estimation of variables. The experimental results illustrate the validity of the analytical approach and the efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the improved stator flux estimator is proposed to ensure a programmable low pass filter (PLPF) to act as a pure integrator for sensorless control of induction motor. The estimated synchronous angular speed is used as a pole of a PLPF whose gain and phase compensator is determined on the assumption of the estimated synchronous angular speed being coincident with the actual one. However, if the synchronous angular speed is not exactly estimated, the gain and phase compensation will not be appropriate. To overcome the mentioned problem, this paper analyzes the relation between the synchronous speed error and the phase lag error of the stator flux. Based on the analysis, the synchronous speed error compensation scheme is proposed. For a sensorless start-up, this paper utilizes the current model as a flux estimator at the standstill. When the current model is switched to the voltage model, large fluctuations in the stator flux and the motor speed can be caused. Therefore, the simple method for a smooth transition between two models is proposed. Validity of the proposed schemes is verified through both simulation results and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses a study which aimed to extend the linear theory of wind-wave interaction developed by Miles in 1957 to include nonlinear effects that can initiate a transition process from long-crested to short-crested seas. In this study, it is assumed that the wave field is composed of a single-frequency, undirectional surface wave that propagated obliquely to the wind direction. Findings suggest that there is a nonlinear interaction between wave and an oblique surface.