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Ensuring a high level of traffic and safety in civil engineering and rail transport requires the permanent maintenance of Continuous Welded Rails (CWRs). Temperature fluctuations, railway geometry, centrifugal forces and traffic engineering are essential elements reflected in the safety of this type of construction. Thus constituting openness for further scientific and research work and requiring particularly fortifications in surveying and diagnostic work. Transport routes, which integrate both straight and curvilinear segment (circular curves, transition curves), are an integral part of developing civil engineering and transport. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the value of the movement resistances of rail vehicles on CWRs curves. The movement resistances are the forces that counteract the movement of the vehicle. There are principle resistances and local resistances (additional resistances). The topics of the research carried out concerns the movement resistances of rail vehicles on CWRs defined as local resistances. Present only on certain sections of the route. Research was conducted on three real objects - railway lines, including five research objects - railway tracks characterized by different geometric features in plan and profile as well as operational elements of transportation engineering. Results at all research objects include one measurement period. Based on actual measurement data, especially of the geometrical parameter of cant (superelevation, the position of the track in the cross-section) - obtained during actual operation (exploitation) - the traffic movement resistances occurring on curvilinear segments, especially curves, was specified, taking into account their existing condition. The cant parameter was monitored using the direct measurement method in measuring cycles every 0.5 m. The tests were carried out separately for each research object, taking into account: maximum speeds, curve radii, construction standards of the railway track (railway superstructure, permanent way) and the actual state of the cant parameter. Many research-scientific works propose different approaches for determining resistance in curves (curve resintance), but they do not directly take into account the actual cant parameter. This parameter was included in the Астахова equation, on the basis of which the research in the present study continued. Based on the results of the tests, the resistance in the curve was found to be greater the smaller the radius of the curve. The values for local resistances are particularly correspond in curves that are compound curves. It should be stressed that the presented relative values of movement resistances forces during curved driving were defined on the basis of data obtained in real exploitation conditions. Thus, the value of local resistance in a curve depends on a number of factors, notably curve radius, train speed, actual railway track cant, structural standards of the railway superstructure - which have been taken into account in this research. A new indicator Max diff jump frad - has also been defined the maximum jump of the difference in the relative value of the movement resistances forces during curve driving. This indicator complements the monitoring movement resistances of rail vehicles on Continuous Welded Rail curves. The movement resistances of rail vehicles on CWRs curves especially during exploitation are an integral part of the movement resistances. The results of the study prove that the movement resistances of rail vehicles on CWRs curves is an integral element of the application of synergy effects in optimizing the monitoring of CWR geometry shaped by operational processes. The article was prepared under the research subvention of AGH University of Science and Technology No. 16.16.150.545 in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Interactive Surveying Instructor (ISI) is an extension of the work developed by Garbanzo and Lara (2018), who created a web 2.0 app for teaching differential leveling in surveying engineering. Two improvements were done to enhance the user experience and include surveying equipment that is important in the first stages of the engineering training: developing a new web interface using bootstrap 4.0.0 and a module for optical-mechanical theodolites. Often, these students have problems to practice on the field because they need a peer to assist them with the equipment, this situation can restrict their learning. ISI was developed using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript and it is a light web application designed to simulate equipment readings. Furthermore, the readings made by students are stored in a database to analyze them. ISI is operational but still is not suitable for mobile screens. This adaptation to mobiles is the next step in this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports facilities need to be controlled at every stage of their implementation. Examples are certified athletic objects that must meet many conditions starting from the appropriate length treadmill arches that create it, the foundation of additional elements (jumps, viewports) to the declines in the track surface. Conducting measurements such an object requires a lot of work. Often before repair work, it is required to make detailed measurements of levelling. This allows you to determine the status of the current track and on this basis calculate the amount of work necessary to achieve the desired results. When choosing an appropriate method of measurement you should keep in mind three groups of factors: legal, technical and economic. Legal factors should take into account the rules governing the work of surveying, and regulation and guidance on conducting inventory work and certification of track and field sports. The technical aspect should take into account the feasibility of field work and receiving their results with reasonable accuracy. The time spent on field work is directly related to the costs of implementation of the entire task. Bearing in mind the economic factors, the method of measurement chosen should be as fast as possible to implement, and often cheap. As an object of study, stadium belonging to the Military Sports Club "WAWEL" located at Podchorążych 3 Street in Krakow was chosen. In the years 2014-2015 it underwent renovation consisting of the modernization of the storm sewage system, correcting the shape of the pitch and running track, the total exchange surface and replacing the accompanying elements of small architecture. All repair works were carried out according to the guidelines of the Polish Association of Athletics. As a result, after modernization, stadium could receive a certificate. Inventory work was performed using total station measurements and geometric levelling. It was studied for possible use of terrestrial laser scanning as a measuring method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since architectural heritage is an exceptional source of potential and inspiration for a city's development and tourism has an important role in economic growth and poverty reduction, the preservation and maintenance of original architectural fabric and exceptional urban structures is very important. Due to these reasons, in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for modelling of historic buildings. With this aim, in this paper, a novel approach is proposed and the details of a study and field work carried out to model a historic bridge in Edirne, Turkey are given. Reflectorless total stations were preferred in the study since they allow performing accurate and efficient measurements with minimal fuss. In addition, they allow being controlled from a distance via remote control and this way the operator can control a set of total stations at the same time. The results of the field work reveal that total stations eliminate risk of damage during surveying and sub centimetre accuracy can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed was to achieve thickening network, by GPS methods in Borod village, Bihor County. In Romania, the Borod village is located in the Great Depression Vad - Borod, located in the upper basin of Crisul Repede in the northwest of Apuseni Mountains. It borders in the north with Plopisului Mountains, with piedmont hills of Padurea Craiului Mountains and Crisul Repede River waterside in eastern and southern. To achieve the network support, was used the static method with five dual-frequency GPS receivers L1/L2 Trimble R8 type and two dual-frequency GPS receivers Leica L1/L2 1200 with AX 1202GG antenna. The receivers were set to record data every second. Last ones embedded radio module which allows them to configure the RTK system. The receivers are of new generation and dual-frequency signals allowing and recording code P. The fact that they can use up to 220 channels allow simultaneous use of both satellite systems GPS-NAVSTAR and GLONASS. As fixed reference points were established permanent stations Cluj, Bihor, Beius and Zalau, which comply with geometric criterion, forming a shapely triangle. Borod has an area of 12,000 ha of which 9000 ha rural land. To measure an area so large 5 teams worked from which the first four teams were equipped by Leica TCR 850 total station and the last team used the GPS. The observations of the network have been carried out in two sessions, on different days, and the runtime of a new point was three hours and thirty minutes. Measurements processing was made with the Trimble Total Control V 2.73 software. After processing were determined the following elements: three-dimensional coordinates in the geometric system (x, y, z), in the ETRS '89 system; coordinates of the points in the World Geodetic System (B, L, H ellipsoidal) in the ETRS'89 system; coordinates of the points in the projection of national plane Stereographic 1970. Coordinate transformation from ETRS '89 system in projection plane Stereographic 1970 was made by TransDat V 4.01 program. Network compensation was performed with the program TEREMODEL and for network adjustment was used the AJUSTAMENT option. After two sessions of measurements on the surface of Borod village, were determined 10 new points to be used in cadastral surveying work needed in the area. In the GPS measurements campaign for achieving network support of Borod area from Bihor County was confirmed the performance of GPS technology and its advantages compared to conventional surveying methods. Due to the advantages posed by GPS technology, we propose its use in measurements and re-measurements of support networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodetic measurements belong to the most accurate, but also the most laborious methods of obtaining spatial data. In this paper, the economic efficiency of most frequently used geodetic methods; GNSS, tachometer and laser scanning will be evaluated. These methods have been used to range a landfill in aggregate surface mine and they were subsequently assessed by their economic efficiency in spatial data collection process. Analysis results show that the cheapest method is GNSS. Laser scanning is ideal for accurate documentation of an object, but acquisition costs are very high and work with the scanner and processing software requires an experienced professional. Tachometer utilizing UMS belongs to the classical methods with good ratio of "price / performance". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many activities carried out for the protection of monuments, geodetic measurements are primarily used for the inventory of objects and the study of their movements and deformations. In Jaroslaw (Poland) at the Benedictine Abbey, in the framework of the Scientific Association of Surveyors AGH, systematic surveying measurements of the walls and the verticality of towers of the church have been conducted since 2006. Thanks to years of measurements we were able to determine the movements of church towers and prevent their further swinging movements. In the paper, the authors show the course of the study and analyze the results. The surveying sampling was the basis for applying for EU aid which, after meeting the relevant requirements, has been awarded in the amount of EUR 1.25 million to save the object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the virtual reconstruction of a portion of the naos of Temple G of Selinunte, as a case study for the definition of a method of virtual anastylosis and reconstruction of collapsed colonnades in archaeological contexts. Reconstruction is based on the combination of historical research, archaeological analysis, digital surveying, image-based modeling and laser scanning methods. The complexity of the ruins of the temple suggested a thorough archaeological analysis of the fragments of the inner colonnade of the naos. This analysis made it possible to identify reference surfaces and protective or sacrificial surfaces. The study of these surfaces, together with the dimensional data surveyed, provided the information necessary to reposition the fragments in their supposed original position, and thus develop a virtual anastylosis of the colonnade based on reliable data. This experience has shown how virtual reconstruction can be a valid alternative to real re-erection, and can contribute to the advancement of studies of an archaeological monument whilst also ensuring the conservation of the landscape of ruins. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The scalable and cost-effective Wi-Fi radio-map construction is very important to revitalize indoor location-based service. Considering indoor dynamic surveying data for this purpose, the noble radio map construction method is necessary. With the limitation of indoor dynamic surveying, that is, only access to public area and sensitive signal strength reception, the GPR (Gaussian Process Regression) based radio-map construction method exploiting both realistic and virtual indoor dynamic surveying data is proposed and evaluated. The virtual indoor dynamic surveying data consists of a set of locations and its RSSI where the realistic surveying data is rare, by using access point's signal propagation model. The results show that this method can obtain not only high accuracy but also high availability in the whole indoor service area even though the realistic indoor surveying data is rare and its distribution is lack of uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]