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In this paper, we deal with the comparison of individual subsoil models. The Winkler's model, Pasternak's model with additional marginal supports and the model of Soilin were used for comparison study. A simple example shows the course of deformations under the foundation surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally friendly mining, proper management and strong framework is a must for avoiding any disaster in exploiting natural reserves. In case of any disastrous event, proper mitigation measures should be taken. In 2005, there occurred 2 major blowouts in Chhatak-2 (Tengratila) gas field in Bangladesh. After the blowouts, several mitigation measures were taken. Through this study, an attempt was made to assess the effectiveness of the measures on surrounding vegetation and understand the trend of impact of the emission of gas on the surrounding vegetation. The emission of gas has polluted the environment and decreased the quality of vegetation throughout a long time. It had impacted in different zones in different ways. It had more effects on the plainland than comparatively highlands. The results indicated a blast impact on the vegetation after 2 years and suggested the pollution of subsoil layers possibly due to the internal spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Poland, in 2020, the mass of dangerous goods (loads) transported by rail was 26 151.06 thousand tone. This translated into the performance of 8 899 691.89 thousand tone - km of transport performance. In 2020, these figures accounted for 11.72% of the weight of goods transported by rail. The situation is similar in other countries around the world. With such a large volume of transport of dangerous goods by rail, there is a high risk of a railway disaster involving hazardous materials. The effects of such a catastrophe affect the ground surface of the railway track and groundwater. For modeling, generalized dynamical systems are used. These are mathematical models of real systems describing the relationships between the so-called input u → and output x → (response) of a dynamical system. In the case of the railway disasters discussed here, they determine the functions showing the way the effects of the disaster spread in the subsoil of the railway track and show the properties of these functions. For this modeling, a non-classical calculus of operators is used that generates generalized dynamical systems, as the phenomenon of spreading the effects of a catastrophe in the ground is a complex dynamic process. It can be either slow or abrupt. This has been taken into account in the process analysis. It has been shown that the occurrence of a disaster, including the one involving hazardous materials, is influenced by the reliability of the railway line and its components, as well as the reliability of the subsoil. It was indicated that the effects of a disaster involving hazardous materials affect the discussed reliability. Determining the function of unreliability, reliability and intensity of damage to the subsoil is helpful in determining the methods of restoring the subsoil to its original (initial) operating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cause of the subsidence of the railway track is the subsidence of the track bed itself and it is often related to the subsidence of the subsoil. Such settlement leads to: uneven longitudinal railways and track twist. These phenomena have a negative impact on the comfort and safety of driving, and in extreme cases lead to a train derailment. It has been shown that the magnitude of these settlements is determined by many parameters characterizing the subgrade and subsoil as well as dynamic interactions (vibrations) generated by passing rail vehicles. The propagation of these vibrations in the subgrade and the subsoil is related to the propagation of the generated elastic waves as mechanical waves in the elastic medium which is the subgrade and further the subsoil. Fuzzy sets, operations on them and their properties were used to assess the subsidence of the subsoil under the railway surface. Using the created membership functions µXi, i=1, 2, ..., n their linear combination is determined. The coefficients of this combination are selected by the AHP method. Practical applications of the created linear combination (created models) were indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with numerical modeling of slab in interaction with the subsoil. A 3D computational model and numerical analysis are focused primarily on taking into account physical nonlinearity. The fracture-plastic material model is used, where the parametric study is performed with different input parameters of fracture energy. For nonlinear calculation the Newton-Raphson method was chosen. The performed calculations are compared with the experiment of a fibre-reinforced concrete slab with dimensions of 2000 x 2000 mm. The slab was tested on a specialized testing device, which allowed to evaluate the load - displacement diagram. Calculation results are compared with the experimental data and finally comparison is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, where people are building more and more, it is very important in civil engineering to properly investigate the geotechnical parameter of soils. Whether it concerns infrastructure, industrial or family buildings. Building land is declining in ideal conditions and practically only land with worse conditions remains, for example, land on slopes. Conventional nuclear drilling and soil sampling and subsequent testing in the laboratory are often time-consuming. To save time, we can use field tests and on-site tests. One of the field geotechnical tests is also a cone penetration test. We can examine not only the interfaces of the layers but also the geotechnical properties of the soils with a cone penetration test. A steep slope in the village of Podhorie in the Žilina District was investigated by a cone penetration test. A partially basement family house will stand on the slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical methods are powerful tools to explore site characterization for geotechnics. Among the possible fields of geophysical application are hydrocarbon, mineral and geothermal exploration, disaster mitigation, environmental, slope stability assessments, soil characterization and searching of an archaeological site. The available techniques are characterized by different penetration and resolution capabilities, from a few centimetres to kilometres. This paper presents an original use of Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave (SASW) method to site characterization of soil stiffness, and it will be compared with Standard Penetration Test (SPT), and for rock mass strength identification it will be compared with Rock Quality Designation (RQD). Surface wave dispersion analysis is widely used in geophysics to infer a shear wave velocity model of the subsoil for a wide variety of application (Foti, S. et al., 2011) and to suppose strength of rock mass for RQD parameter estimation. Objectives of the paper are, first to the point that SASW method is an insitu tests, rapid and cost-effective geotechnical investigation, second to show that application of SASW method in the subsoil and rock mass can provide accurate parameters of N-SPT for soil stiffness and RQD for rock mass strength. Finally, some illustrations of the advantages or disadvantages and compare the result of the SASW method with the conventional geotechnical test are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian growers believed that phosphorus (P) is direct a contribution for crop flowering and fruit set, therefore it has been applied profligately, being particularly overused, even though, it reaches excess range especially in durian orchard soils in Eastern Thailand. The purpose of this investigation was to study the status and management of P in order to enhance efficiency fertilizer used. The soil samples (topsoil and subsoil) and durian leaf samples were collected from 6 orchards depended on soil suitability (high, moderate and low suitability) for analysis. The leaf samples were collected 5 times during the growing season (first leaf flushing, second leaf flushing, flowering, young fruit and mature fruit). The result indicated that available P (Bray II) of soil was an average 192 and 88 mg/kg for top soil and sub soil, respectively in which 68% of top soil and 35% of sub soil were classified as a very high range. Moreover, 4% of soil samples accumulated P higher than 500 mg/kg. Most of the P content of leaf tissue varied within a range of critical value (0.15-0.25%), where the highest concentration was found in flowering and young fruit stages (0.24-0.26%). The antagonism between P and Zn was found in 1 of the 2 orchards with high soil suitability (r =-0.507**); P and Cu were found in 4 orchards with moderate and low soil suitability (r =-0.423**, -0.330*, -0.851**, and -0.352*). The farmers normally applied 630-1200 g of P2O5/tree/year, which could be decreased P fertilizer by 10-39% or more for a very high available P in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although soil liquefaction is dependent on soil conditions, the impact of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is reasonably clear. The maximal ground acceleration that occurs during earthquake shaking in a place is known as peak ground acceleration (PGA). Dinajpur Sadar Upazila is in Zone 2 on the seismic zoning map, with a PGA of 0.20, according to the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC 2020). The evaluation of subsurface liquefaction behavior relies heavily on PGA. In the Dinajpur Sadar of Bangladesh, a total of fifty boreholes were chosen for investigation. The liquefaction potential index (LPI) was computed using a simplified approach, for a design magnitude of earthquake of 6.5, for each borehole profile using four distinct PGAs of 0.12g, 0.20g, 0.28g, and 0.36g. The susceptibility owing to liquefaction was classified into three categories: liquefiable, marginally liquefiable, and non-liquefiable, using Arc GIS software. This study conducted a risk assessment of the study region by studying the liquefaction maps. The liquefaction maps provide a clear view of the whole study. A high PGA number indicates a significant risk of liquefaction. The studied regions are extremely vulnerable to liquefaction with a PGA of 0.36g. Despite the fact that Dinajpur Sadar, like Dinajpur, is in earthquake zone 2 with a zone coefficient of 0.20, it might be at risk if PGA is high. As a result, it is a major source of concern. Since PGA is a major factor, high PGA values should be considered when constructing any structure in the research region, and current designs should be changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify the type of soil based on the value of soil resistivity as an alternative method besides the grain gradation test. The research was conducted using the geoelectric method and the grain gradation test as validating methods. We use the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration with the spacing of 0.5 m and a track length of 20 m at Sumbersari, Ambulu, and Pakusari areas. The results of the geoelectric data are used as the basis for sampling for the grain gradation test. The soil sample used on the gradation test was taken in the form of soil at a depth of topsoil and subsoil at a certain point from every observation line. The filter used in the grain gradation test is using a sieve with pan sizes 4, 10, 20, 35, 60, 100, 200 mm. The results of the geoelectric and grain gradation test showed that at locations 1, 2, and 3 the soil types were found in the topsoil and subsoil layers, namely regosol soil which was supported by the results of the grain gradation test, and resistivity method result, where the sand content in the soil type was >60%, it was categorized as regosol soil. Finally, by using this resistivity method, the soil type can be predicted, which can be used as a method to determine the type of soil for agricultural purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of monitoring the subsoil radon volumetric activity (RVA) at two points on the Kamchatka Peninsula for the period 2000–2021 are presented. Shown that the RVA dynamics reflects the preparation of earthquakes in the northwestern framing of the Pacific Ocean with a magnitude of MW>7.5 and a source depth H<200 km. The earthquake precursors as increase trends in RVA with a duration from 8 months to 3 years have been identified. In the last 5 years, the behavior of the RVA dynamics indicates a high probability of an earthquake with MW>7.5 in.the Pacific Ocean near the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. An earthquake can occur before December 01, 2021 and cause a shaking in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky with an intensity of more than 7 points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoothing and levelling are the basis for the influence of deep loosening ploughing and the subsequent important operational levelling on the soil condition and the factor of cotton yield increase. Salinity of irrigated lands has a negative impact on crop yields and it makes up more than half of irrigated areas in cotton seeding republics. These lands are often affected by significant crop losses due to poor growth, thinning and late maturation of cotton. To improve this meliorative condition of lands, it is necessary to apply a whole set of meliorative and agrotechnical measures. Proper soil treatment and loosening of soil subsoil layer are the most effective agricultural methods, favorable conditions for root system development, improvement of water permeability, preservation of moisture in soil and improvement of cotton nutrition regime are created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the slopes stability not only for Nature slope but too for Man-made slope (including cut slope) are in geotechnical engineering for all the times an important. The first and foremost requirement for the design of slope is to guarantee safety and reliability during all their service life. Factors affecting the stability of slope are topography and its surrounding physical conditions, geological conditions (such as the nature and depth of its subsoil), shear strength of the slope-forming materials, external loading (such as from traffic, nearby constructions, possible vibration, etc.). The paper deals with covers the design, excavation and ensuring of man-made rock cuts. The reinforcing elements were used to achieve slope stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rise of a growing economic and technological interest in lithium mineral resources, there has been a parallel concern, on the part of some local populations and even national environmental groups, for a hypothetical contamination problem that this type of exploitations may cause on the quality of groundwater. Thus, the present study was based on an evaluation of an open-pit quarry, in the socalled Alijó quarry, located in the North of Portugal, in the parish of Canedo, Ribeira de Pena municipality and Vila Real district. This exploitation, under concession by the company José Aldeia Lagoa & Filhos, SA, has been going on for at least 11 years and mainly supplies the ceramic and glass industry. It is in this context that this work is carried out. The general objectives are to assess signs of impacts that extractive activities, carried out in the open-pit exploitation area of Alijó, may have caused on the surrounding subsoil. In this sense, it was necessary to consider the aforementioned hypothesis of the existence of possible sources of water drainage with ionic anomalies for the surrounding environment. If this hypothesis were confirmed, then the level of underground conductivity would have to be proportionally high and obtainable through equivalent low values of electrical resistivity (high electrical conductivity). The current study was limited to geophysical tools along with a few chemical analysis of water samples collected in the open-pit exploration for control purposes. The signs we sought for could possibly be manifested in the form of anomalous concentrations of some of the elements of the mineralization of this lithiniferous pegmatite and whose effects could, hypothetically, be measured in the form of anomalous low values of underground electrical resistivity, as well as anomalous pH valuespresent in the drainage water. To this end, a study mainly supported by the electrical resistivity method was carried out. This method is based on the measurement of electrical resistivity variations of different subsoil geological materials, since rocksand soils, depending on their mineralogical composition, texture, porosity, fracturing and the content/chemical composition of the water contained in them, could exhibit anomalous, low electrical resistivity. The results revealed that no low resistivity values were found, typical of areas that normally exhibit natural or anthropogenic geochemical anomalies, or even, in more extreme cases, contaminations with acid drainages whose acidity and resistivity would be even lower and more anomalous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, one of the main tasks of every employer is to ensure a safe and healthy working environment for every employee. In a global case, it should not only be a legal act, but especially a moral act. The modern policy of each employer should therefore be set in such a way as to continuously improve the occupational safety of employees. This continuous improvement can be achieved in particular through continuous periodic inspections and audits carried out by independent occupational safety staff. This chapter deals with increasing occupational safety by modernizing a stationary line in a certain (unnamed) quarry in the Czech Republic. Thanks to the modernization of this stationary line, not only will there be an increase in work safety, but also greater efficiency in crushing and sorting and, in general, greater efficiency in terms of both energy and the environment. In the first part of the paper, we will get acquainted with the general description of the quarry, including its subsoil. In the second part of the paper we will deal with the description of the existing stationary line and then a practical example of the modernization itself, which leads to the already mentioned increase in the safety of quarry employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic soil is characterised by high compressibility and should be improved so that it can be used for construction. The use of every method of soil improvement requires knowledge of the compressibility parameters. One of these parameters is the constrained modulus. The constrained modulus can be determined using laboratory or in-situ tests. In this study, the constrained modulus of organic soil was determined using oedometer and piezocone tests (CPTU). The author analysed subsoil under an approximately 250 m section of a designed road in north-eastern Poland. The constrained modulus of organic soil sampled from four different depths was determined in oedometer tests. Piezocone tests were conducted at 18 points located every 15 m along the length of the section concerned. To determine the constrained modulus based on the cone resistance from CPTU tests, the knowledge of the a and aM coefficients is needed. For the tested soil, the optimal range of the a coefficient from 0.4 to 0.7 was determined. The aM coefficient ranged from 0.4 to 0.8. The value of the constrained modulus of organic soil obtained from the oedometer tests, depending on the effective stress, ranged from approximately 100 kPa to 400 kPa. The constrained modulus of the tested soil decreased with depth, which both research methods proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs, which can have different floor plans, are among the most important civil engineering structures used in various branches of industry, in agriculture, in water management. They can be made from the different materials, but the most common are reinforced concrete or steel. All these structures are placed on the ground, the composition of which depends on the location of such a structure. In addition to these surface tanks there are also semi-recessed or fully recessed ones. Any of such tanks must be designed to meet the requirements not only of investors, but also the basic requirements for the design of structures, valid in the countries concerned in the individual Eurocodes. Such structure must safely transfer the applied load to the foundations and subsequently to the ground mass so that it does not break. In some cases, even the slightest failure could lead to an environmental problem, where the fluid stored in the tank could flow into the subsoil. This paper deals with cylindrical reinforced concrete tanks serving as water reservoirs. These tanks will be assessed for the limit state for deflections. The reservoirs will be located either on a massif consisting of the same soil or on a layered subsoil. The first subsoil will be composed of clay, the second one will consist of layers of clay and gravel. Subsequently, the maximum deflections in the foundation joints on the individual tanks will be compared. A big danger could be caused by the uneven distribution of the soil layers, which could lead to uneven settling and this could cause cracks in the tank, or even an accident of the tank at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, in time of sustainable environment, people views are increasingly focused on the energy performance of buildings. In recent years, there has been a huge increase in the rate of insulation of buildings. Thermal insulation of facades and roofs of buildings has been theoretically mastered and practically realized. Recently, we have also encountered thermal insulation of foundation structures to prevent heat leakage through massive concrete foundation structures into the subgrade. As clear from the available materials, the temperature in the foundation area at a depth of 2.0 m to 4.0 m below the ground fluctuates in the range of from 5 to 10 degrees Celsius. To prevent heat transfer from rooms, where it is from 20 to 24 degrees Celsius, a suitable solution to this problem is the use of layered foundation slabs with thermal insulation. Theoretically, from a static point of view, this is a solution of a layered plate placed on a flexible base. The elastic subsoil can be modelled by surface subsoil models, mainly a Winkler or Pasternak subsoil. The layered base plate model was created in ANSYS. The layered element SHELL181 from the library of finite elements was used as the main finite element. In solving a specific problem, the finite element by thickness contains a total of 3 layers of material with a total slab thickness of 700 mm. The plate is resiliently supported by elastic supports modelled by the Winkler model. The plate is loaded with solitary forces representing the reactions from columns of upper building. The results of the computational model can be used for further modelling of selected factors influencing the interaction of the surface foundation and the subsoil. The acquired knowledge will be used for more effective design of layered foundation structures in real conditions, in the natural inhomogeneous environment of the land mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with an analysis of the settlement of a tank. The tank has a diameter of 18.6 m and a volume of 1760 m3. The subsoil consists of soft sandy clays and clays of low to medium plasticity. The tank has been founded on a slab of a thickness of 0.2 m. A consolidation layer of compacted gravel of a thickness of 1 m was created immediately below the foundation slab. The soft subsoil was improved using the stone columns. The stone columns were installed using vibro-replacement bottom feed technology. The stone columns were created in a square mesh of a dimension of 2 x 2 m and 3 x 3 m. The settlement of the tank was computed using Fine Geo5 geotechnical software. The improvement of the subsoil was taken into account using three models. The first model took into account the subsoil below the foundation slab without any improvement. The second model took into account the homogenization of the subsoil without considering the compaction of the original subsoil between the stone columns. The third model also took into account the compaction of the original subsoil between the stone columns. The results of the analysis showed that the compaction effect causes an improvement of oedometer modules of about 1 - 2.8 times depending on the boundary conditions. The final settlement of the tank is significantly smaller when the compaction effect of the original subsoil between stone columns is taken into account in the calculation. In this case, the requirements of serviceability limit state, such as final settlement and nonuniform settlement, were fulfilled. The results of the deformation analysis allowed optimization of the stone columns dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the interaction of reinforced concrete slab with subsoil. The subject of the paper was the processing of nonlinear analysis of the performed experiment. The specifics of the solved task include that it connects the design of concrete structures and geotechnical tasks. It was necessary to take into account the actual behavior of the concrete structure and subsoil. The experiment includes a reinforced concrete slab by dimensions 2000 x 2000 mm, 150 mm thickness. Reinforcement was used netting steel bar ⊘ 8 / 100 mm. For the research task is important, that due to cracking in the reinforced concrete slab, its stiffness bending changes. This change affects the life of the structure due to its degradation. The paper focuses on the comparison of the experiment with the numerical model in two selected load cases. For numerical modeling was used the deformation variant of the finite element method and the 30 computational model. In the computational model, the fracture-plastic material model was chosen for concrete. The Newton-Rapson method was chosen for nonlinear calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives the results from the analysis of the influences of the layered subsoil to the seismic excitation of nuclear power plant hall building. Two important characteristics that distinguish the dynamic soil-structure interaction system from other general dynamic structural systems are the unbounded nature and the nonlinearity of the soil medium. The dynamic soil-structure interaction can sometimes modify significantly the stresses and deflections of the full structural system from the values that can be developed if the structure were designed on a rigid foundation. Generally, when establishing numerical dynamic soil-structure interaction models, the following problems should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to indicate an efficient method of analysis foundation settlement taking into account the variability of soil properties. The impact of the random variable distribution (Gauss or Lognormal) describing soil stiffness on foundation deposits was assessed. The Monte Carlo simulation method was applied in the computations. The settlements of the strip foundation with the subsoil described by a single random variable and a random field were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lock chambers are structures built on watercourses in places, where it is necessary to overcome sections with a large longitudinal slope. The method of determining the safety of the lock chamber and the static analysis, design and dimensioning of individual structural parts depend mainly on the type of chamber. Different criteria are used for chambers having side walls reinforced by slope, for chambers having walls made of anchored steel sheet piles, for walls on a high pile grate, and again others, for the side walls of the chamber made of heavy gravity walls. This paper deals with a static analysis of very frequently used lock chambers of the semi-frame type, in which stress and the overall stability of a separate part of the chamber, detached by transverse vertical joints, are determined together with determination of stress in the foundation and stress in the whole structure. We must, of course, take into analysis all possible types and ways of loading. Today, commercial programs based primarily on FEM are used for the static analysis of building structures. In this paper, the base plate of the lock chamber is solved by a specific flexibility method named by Žemočkin. Due to the static load acting on the lock chamber, we calculated the continuous resistance load, bending moment and force at the edge between infinite and finite bending stiffness of the structure. At the end of the paper, some results of the solution of the half-frame type lock chamber, rested on a flexible subsoil, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies were performed using risk management tools during the operation of combined types of transport in open pit mining [1-5]. The goal is timely and efficient risks management during the rock mass transportation. The risks in study were identified while using combined types of transport at the open pit mining facilities [6]. Qualitative and quantitative risk analyses were carried out for their further effective management and monitoring. Information on the identification, classification, qualitative and quantitative assessment of risks in mining is in demand in conditions of high competition on mineral markets, because assessment of risks in mining is carried out by analogy with the assessment of financial risks of production facilities, without considering geological features of the subsoil, mining technology [7]. Risks in open pit mining are usually divided into technical failures, emergencies at a mining site, weather conditions, human factors, and external factors in the hierarchical structure of risks [8]. The tasks of risk management in the operation of combined types of transport in open pit mining are necessary for their safe introduction and the implementation of the daily, monthly and annual plans set for the extraction of overburden and ore mining with its subsequent enrichment. Thus, detailed study of the risks and a creation of scientifically based mechanism for their management, as well as considerations of conditions of the changing external and internal environment are necessary to make an informed decision on the implementation of the project [9]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with an analysis of an endless thin-walled beam on an elastic subsoil. Winkler's subsoil model has been used for modeling the subsoil. The analysis is presented in an analytical form for beams of infinite length. The analytical solution includes the analysis of both bending and torsion of the beam. In the solution of the bending of the beam, the effects of shear forces have been taken into account. For torsion analysis, an open cross-section has been considered, including the effect of cross-sectional warping. At the end of the paper, the solution to the example of an endless beam of open U-shaped cross-section has been presented. The beam is loaded by an eccentrically acting linear continuous load. The figures show the deformations and internal forces in the analyzed beam. The analytical solution of the beam structure is compared with the solution using FEM. For modeling the structure using FEM, the quadrilateral shell finite elements with 6 degrees of freedom in a node have been used. The elastic subsoil is taken into account in the supplementary stiffness matrix, which is added to those stiffness matrices of the structure that are in contact with the subsoil. The last part presents the results of the analysis of the beam, which is modeled using FEM and loaded with an identical load. In the end, the achieved results have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanks are building structures that are used mainly for capturing and treating water but also other liquids. Different materials and shapes are used for their construction, also the use of tanks can be different. The floor plan shapes of the tanks depend mainly on the purpose of use, on the technological process taking place in the tank, and the method of construction as well. The most common floor shapes of tanks are rectangular, polygonal, circular, or other. Tanks with a circular floor plan are advantageous from both the static, but also an economic point of view. The construction of the bottom depends on the properties of the subsoil, groundwater, exploitation and dimensions of the tank, and due to the stored liquid. The thickness of the bottom depends on the compressibility of the soil. In this paper, the wall of a concrete cylindrical tank is assessed for different types of support, for different load cases using the RFEM computer program. Gradually, the volume of water in the tank, and the depth of immersion of the tank into the foundation soil will change. Extremes will be considered, full tank not buried - empty tank completely buried, but also other load combinations. In the case of foundation soil, a one-parameter subsoil model is considered, for which it is necessary to calculate the compressibility coefficient of the subsoil. Finally, a comparison and selection of the design of the tank foundation, which is the most advantageous for the given construction, is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characteristic feature of streams in the East Slovakian lowland is their considerable fluctuation. On the one hand, this causes dry periods in streams, on the other hand, with periods extremely rich in precipitation -flood periods. One of the most important streams in this area is the Ondava River. One of the essential elements in the protection of the area against floods are hydrotechnical structures along the streams –flood control levees. In terms of construction and also with their parameters, they belong to a group of relatively simple hydraulic structures. First flood control levees (protective backfills) were primitive and did not protect people and their properties enough against floods. Over time they were partly modified but mostly on the same base with the same local materials. Despite this, we encounter many problems in their operation, which are caused mainly by their linear character, the wide variability of geological, morphological and geotechnical conditions, and their short-term hydrodynamic stress. In the present paper, we try to point out the influence of various factors influencing the filtration stability of flood control levees, such as change of the geological composition of the subsoil, morphology of the terrain, the distance of the stream from the flood control levee, the shape of the flood wave, etc. The result of the solution of individual variants is the assessment of the levee's subsoil from the point of view of filtration stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article is analyzed the influence of relative stiffness and bonding of the 'foundation - subsoil' interaction system on the value and distribution of the vertical normal and shear contact stresses. The analysis of the calculated deformations of the foundation focused on the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the non-uniform settlement, respectively the relative deflection and flexibility of the foundation. In terms of relative stiffness are analyzed the shallow square foundations from the "perfect rigid' to the 'perfect flexible'. From point of view of the effect bond, the contact surface between the foundation and subsoil was modeled for three following cases: bi-directional bond, one-directional bond with friction and one-directional bond frictionless. Mathematical modeling using Finite Element Method (FEM) solves the problem of the interaction between square foundations and subsoil. Computer program ANSYS was used to solve the problem. In the solution of the problem was important to observe the physical principles. The contact task solved as a 3-D problem according to assumptions of the linear elastic half-space theory. The results compared qualitatively and quantitatively in tabular and graphical form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of reconstruction of the Old Bridge, two exploratory wells were made in the channel of the Danube River. The depth of the exploratory wells was up to 55 m below the modified terrain around the bridge pillars. The role of the exploratory wells was verifying the thickness of Quaternary sediments and simultaneously verifying Neogene soils properties located in the channel of the Danube River. The exploratory wells verified that the Neogene subsoil of the Danube River is predominantly made up of silty-clayey soils of intermediate to hight plasticity locally alternated by sandy positions. The paper presents the results of experimental measurements not only index characteristics, but also the shear strength and compressibility parameters of Neogene soils forming the subsoil of the Danube River in Bratislava. The paper presents in detail range of grain composition of Neogene soil samples, location of Neogene soil samples in plasticity diagram, the average shear strength parameters of individual types Neogene soils, the average shear strength parameters of all samples Neogene soils, example evaluation of oedometer compressibility test of Neogene soils, change oedometric modules of Neogene soils depending on the sampling depth. The functional dependencies of the change of oedometric modules with the depth of sampling from the Neogene subsoil are expressed. Experimentally verified parameters of the Neogene subsoil served for the design of the reconstruction of the pillars of the Old Bridge across the Danube River in Bratislava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the application of an EVP one-dimensional constitutive soil model to analyse regional subsidence. The model was modified assuming that the boundary conditions vary over time, as well as considering the stratification of the subsoil. It adequately simulates the consolidation process caused by the exploitation of the aquifers that underlie the Mexico basin, and is validated at a site in the former Texcoco Lake, some 14 km north of Mexico City, where geotechnical and piezometric information is available together with records of past subsidence. Settlement predictions were carried out for different periods of time, assuming that pore pressure depletion rates at the permeable borders of the compressible strata remain constant over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition zones between bridges and embankments are the most maintenance-prone locations in the road network of The Netherlands due to the very compressible soft soil layers that are widespread in the subsoil of the country. This aspect causes (differential) settlements at the ground surface, damage and maintenance costs for the road owner, and delays to road users. This paper provides the proof-of-concept of an innovative multi-source data-driven method based on the assimilation of both conventional settlement plate and satellite DInSAR data in numerical geotechnical modelling with the aim of supporting informed maintenance decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land subsidence affects highly developed urban areas in central Mexico, where inhabitants rely on groundwater for about 60 % of water supply and most of the cities are located in volcanic valleys filled with fine and coarse grained sediments. Compaction associated to groundwater depletion in areas with subsoil contacts sediments-rock have caused differential subsidence, ground fracturing and eventually the reactivation of pre-existing faults, depending on the local geological setting. Remote sensing monitoring methods of land deformation have proved to be useful tools to assess this geological hazard for urban planning. We used L-band ScanSAR data from the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 mission to produce a regional land subsidence map over an area of about 350 km × 350 km over central Mexico. Our results indicate with a remarkable spatial coverage widespread land subsidence over the major cities, which is ranging from more than 30 cm yr -1 in Mexico City to 5–10 cm yr -1 in other locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, we analyzed statically and dynamically stable gaits, as well as methods for their effective implementation in autonomous walking machines. At first, the structures of existed robots were studied. As a result, it was found that most of them are meant only for dynamically-stable gaits realization or only for statically-stable gaits realization. There are no hybrid prototypes able to use both kinds of locomotion effectively. The authors combine alsation skeleton and ant structure to offer a new possible kinematic scheme for a mobile robot that can realize inset gaits as well as locomotion methods of dog. It makes the machine adapted to various environmental conditions such as subsoil properties, terrain and others. It was proven that the six-legged model whose prismatic body is based on regular hexangular polygon exhibits a high level of maneuverability. Moreover, it is capable to implement a large number of statically-stable locomotion methods, because hexapods can use big quantity of regular subsequences of different leg movements. The kinematic scheme of the limb is based on the dog hind leg structure. It consists of three controlled by actuators joints and an uncontrolled joint with an installed shock absorber. In this way, the machine decreases shock stress during locomotion. Finally, the results of mass- dimensional calculation and calculation of the maximum load were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper authors discuss the impact of genetically nonlinear application of external loads on the stress-stain state and on principal vibration modes of reinforced concrete frame structures on elastic foundation. The reader will find a methodology for integrated numerical and instrumental analysis. Six examples of linear and nonlinear FEA-models calculated in SCAD Office are given in comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an integrated technology for performing finite element calculations in SCAD Office FEA-software with instrumental verification of actual dynamic characteristics of load-bearing structures and subsoils with the use of seismic hardware-software complex REGISTR is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with analyzes of the foundation plate under the cylindrical tank. The foundation plate is loaded with water pressure (content of a tank) and load from the cylindrical tank along the circumference of the circular plate. This plate is modeled on the Winkler subsoil. Analytical and numerical solutions are presented. In the case of a probability solution, the inaccuracy of the individual input data (load, geometry of construction) is also included in the calculation. Probability analysis is done using the Ansys software for the serviceability limit state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of the interaction between the concrete foundation and the subsoil. 2 x 2 m Centrally loaded concrete slab with thickness 150 mm is experimentally tested and analyzed numerically. The aim of the paper is advanced non-linear numerical analysis of concrete slab behavior and use of acoustic emission diagnostics to identify cracks in concrete. The paper presents the results of measurement of acoustic emission and identification of cracks in the bottom surface of the concrete slab. An approximate sectoral localization is also provided for selected acoustic emission characteristics. The results of the measurements are then used for the comparison in numerical calculations. Numerical analysis is based on the use of nonlinear calculation. The calculation is based on fracture-plastic material model for concrete and contacts. The calculation is performed as a variant solution taking into account the various approaches to material properties. The experiment is described in detail. A set of laboratory tests of the material properties is also performed. The laboratory tests include concrete compression strength, split tensile strength and four-point bending test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the soil-structure interaction effects in the case of the NPP main buildings with reactor VVER-1200/491 PWR. The simplified 1D and numerical 3D FE models of the subsoil are presented. The main reason of this methodology is proposed the frequency dependent complex function or as a spring-dashpot system, with the spring becoming negative for certain frequencies, which cannot be directly implemented in standard structural analysis codes. The methodology of the calculation of the impedance functions due to dynamic excitation are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently there has been a significant development of geodetic education and geodetic studies in the Kazan Federal University first of all due to the growth of start-up activity, the number of orbital grouping of national global navigation satellite system “GLONASS” is markedly increased, which prompted the Russian space Agency to take the first steps which are necessary for the activating of use of this system for solving challenges of socio-economic development of Russia’s regions. Today, geodetic works in Kazan transfer to a new level due to the development of the new space technologies. Kazan astronomy and space geodesy department is the only department in the University, which teach and graduate students on two specialties “Astronomy” and “Astronomy geodesy” simultaneously. The appearance of new more accurate and productive instruments and equipment for observational and experimental branches of science and technology means the possibilities of formulating and soling new problems. So it was at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, when the receipt of pendulum equipment of a new generation for two decades by the Kazan University has identified priority areas of the gravimetric direction of the scientific investigations of Kazan astronomical-surveyors. So XX and XXI centuries were marked as the beginning of professional use the geodetic electronic tachometer and satellite of GNSS- receiver of the geodetic class, which allow determining promptly the location of ground stations with an accuracy, that is acceptable not only to create a geodetic networks, but also to study the dynamics of horizontal and vertical displacements of the crust. In other words, the development and operation of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) GLONASS / GPS meant the appearance of a new, extremely powerful, multifunctional instrument, which is suitable for efficient use on the study of planetary Earth’s figure, the laws of its rotation, the surface topography of the continents and oceans, the subsoil structure, the atmosphere structure, as well as a variety of geodynamic processes, which reflect the Earth’s evolution on a global and regional scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid change in the technological paradigma of Russian subsoil users is dictated by sharp changes in the energy policy picture of the world; the increase of Russia's geopolitical loneliness; the introduction of sectoral sanctions; the violation of the mechanism of international transfer of advanced technologies; the unpredictability of the global hydrocarbon market. The negative impact of global trends is complemented by unresolved internal problems of oil and gas companies in the regions of their presence. Thus, the depletion of oil and gas reserves, significant deterioration of production capacity, an increase in the share of hard-to-recover reserves, increased anthropogenic impact on the environment, etc. necessitated the introduction of new technologies. In this regard, the most relevant were innovations that effectively solve technological and environmental problems, as well as tools for intellectualization of subsoil use. In this article, the authors, using the methods of economic and statistical analysis, formed a portfolio of innovations that take into account the peculiarities of the current state of development of the Orenburg oil and gas condensate field, as well as the problems of the gas processing plant. Finally, their environmental and economic performance was assessed through the Oslo Manual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace elements, including elements with a negative impact on the environment, are a natural part of the lithosphere. However, with increasing industrialization, there is an uneven spatial distribution and an extreme increase in the concentration of these elements in the environment. It affects their content in the soil-plant system content. The aim of the paper is to define the content of risk elements in the soil profile to determine the level and origin of the soil contamination. The soil sampling was conducted in two agricultural sites with a different degree of contamination. The samples were taken at each site from a depth of 0.10 to 0.70 (0.80) m at each site. The soil pH, humus content and total content of the selected elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed. The results showed that the pH values of the studied sites varied, but the content of organic matter had a similar trend. The content of the studied elements differed significantly in the sites. The first site (Suché Lúky – SL) is located at the floodplain of a river that drains a historical mining area. Therefore, the soil profile formed by the alluvium is more evenly contaminated compared to the second site (ŠM01) located in an area that has not been exposed to long-term contamination. However, the topsoil layer of the second site is characterized by a higher content of the studied elements compared to subsoil layers. It is probably due to the regular use of fertilizers and chemicals in the topsoil layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oltenia Mining Basin extends, intermittently from west to east, from the Danube to the Luncavat Stream, Valcea County. It is located as a fan shape at the contact area between the Getic Plateau and the Mehedinti Plateau, to the west of the Motru River and the Subcarpathian Depression of Oltenia, to the east of the Motru River, with the mention that most mining objectives are to the south of the contact area or in the immediate vicinity nearby.The surface mining operations in the Oltenia basin have affected large areas of land, causing radical changes to the soil.Subsoil, geomorphology and landscape, coal deposits, waters, climate, vegetation, human communities, economic and social development have undergone substantial changes.All of this generates significant changes in the natural aspect of the area, resulting in anthropic relief inversion areas.Under the influence of the pedogenic factors acting in the Oltenia mining area, the following units were formed as initial soils: preluvosoil, luvosoil, albic luvosoil, eutricambosoil, vertosoil, regosoil, stagnosoil and aluvisoil.Through open cut mining, the impact on the soil was very tough, through the process of removing or overburden dumping, the soil disappeared either by inseparable mixing with the overburden or by being deposited separately.Instead of the disappeared initial soils, at present there are lithological materials very different from a physical and chemical point of view, of different ages that are heterogenously mixed and forming the technosolis. Technosoils were formed by depositing lithological materials in heaps over 50 cm without prior selection of excavated materials. From this point of view, we cannot talk about well-defined horizons, but only about sections of different thicknesses. The sections, irrespective of their number, show different colors and their unstructuredness is obvious. Each section of the technosol has different texture; the humus content is different on the depth of the section, in smaller percentages on the surface and the higher in depth. Most times, technosols provide enough edafic volume for the development of the root system of crop plants; instead they are devoid of life without the essential characteristic specific to an evolved soil, namely fertility. All these aspects explain the disturbance, the destruction of soils through open cut mining operations. It can be concluded that a natural organism, a living body, formed in time, with all its properties, primarily fertility, which provides a favorable environment for plant development dissapeared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to assess the current condition of and determine ways of solving the problem related to the improvement of management of subsoil use processes and objects from the standpoint of interests of the state, business and society. The applied methodology is based on the study of the main provisions of official laws and regulations and policy documents, the application of methods for collecting, processing and analyzing information related to this topic, the demonstration of actual performance indicators and state of the researched systems, on making scientific generalizations and conclusions on the research results. As illustrated by Kazakhstan, attempts of governmental agencies to intensify the social orientation of legislation on subsoil and subsoil use do not bring the desired result due to the lack of the necessary scientific and methodological base and effective mechanism for balanced management of processes and objects of subsoil use. The work contains specific data confirming the imbalance of the existing systems of mining production and exploration in this country. The current situation is aggravated by the inconsistency of the participants’ actions. A way out of this situation appears to be in undertaking urgent measures aimed at the development and implementation of scientifically grounded solutions that ensure sustainability and balance of these systems. Otherwise, Kazakhstan and other mining CIS countries will face serious economic, social and political challenges in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submerged piles are often used as anchoring system in foundation of structures. They help to transfer the ground pressure acting on sheeting to the subsoil. They are mostly used in anchoring of the sheet piles, pile and underground walls into the surrounding soil massif. Other options of use are support walls and bank walls, under-washing protective walls, bank fortifications, swelling-up equipment in ship berths, etc. Anchoring system consists of drawing rod, fixed with its one ending to sheeting and with the other one to anchoring pile. Anchoring pile when submerged in the subsoil is in each its point loaded with concentrated force. Our task is to find the extent and method of distribution of stresses generated at the pile and subsoil contact point in the way that enables to efficiently control the additional strain and internal forces in the pile. Submerged pile`s head is usually free while its base can be free, hinge-supported or fixed, depending on the setting method. A subsoil below the foundation structure is usually non-homogenous i.e., it consists of two or more layers. Taking this layering into consideration in modeling allows to create a model that better describes the real structure and subsequently to obtain more precise results for displacements and stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the vertical and horizontal deformations of the rockfill dam body of the pump-station hydropower plant (PHP). We are dealing in more details with geotechnical design and assessment of the reservoir lower dam. We concentrate especially to the results of mathematical modelling of the lower dam body and the asphaltic concrete sealing (both the vertical and inclined) as well as to possibilities of undemanding effect elimination. At the problem solution there was used numerical method of finite elements (FEM). Deformations in the dam body are analyzed at various loading states (LS) respecting the real operation of the power plant. From the large series of interaction calculations we have obtained very valuable knowledge of mechanical behavior of the main objects of the PHP Ipel being designed. Based on the series of calculations we have concluded that the essential influence to safety and reliability of dams and their structural arrangements pertain to used materials and their interaction with the real subsoil not only during construction but especially during operation. Through the model (numerical) calculations there was proved the need of suitable material selection, including the processing technology and verification of their properties under the “in situ“ conditions. At solution of the complicated interaction problem there was used the method of mathematic modelling which proved to be very suitable (universal and effective). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asphalt pavement materials which are after the Life cycle can be used in the production of new asphalt mixtures. If its quality of material is not suitable for the production of asphalt mixtures (inhomogeneity of material, soil content, etc.), the material can be used in unbound layers of pavements. The Road materials (new or recycled) are exposed during the operation to the effects of traffic loads and climatic influences, in particular changes in air and humidity temperatures, which are reflected by cyclical changes in pavement and subsoil. Strain of material and substance are generally characterized by deformation characteristics that are an important input for the calculation of stresses and deformation of the pavement construction. The deformation characteristics of un-stabilized course road materials, which are usually protective or underlying layers of the gravel (graded aggregate) or other uncontaminated materials is crucial affected by the load subgrade of the pavements . This contribution deals with the interpretation of the results of the static load test of used in unbound layers of pavements from recycled asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents design and verification of a road embankment supported by reinforced retaining walls with a passive facing system, which was the most optimal and effective method to design a road embankment in a cramped space in a flyover intersection of highways. The cross section presented in the paper consists of three roads at different levels, when the road in the middle is placed about 8 m above the other ones. The design was done using the analytical computational model and the numerical modelling, based on FEM, to obtain the most effective and reliable design. The analytical computational models solve the problems separately for verification of internal stability, global stability as well as the settlement of the subsoil below the embankment. The tension forces for geogrids were determined on the internal stability calculation. The numerical modelling solves the problem as a one complex, where all deformations and forces depend on each other. The numerical modelling showed that the most critical verification was the verification of the global stability. The numerical modelling showed that the embankment will collapse concurrently to both sides and not only to the one of the sides as it was assumed by the analytical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally known foundations function is to transfer load effects into the ground. Therefore, in their design, it is important to know not only the structure and load of the building, but also soils properties in the subsoil. Ignoring soil properties may result in an incorrect design of foundation, which may later cause a failure in building structure. In smaller buildings, an engineering-geological survey is not usually carried out, but basic data on the territory is obtained from archive reports. Geologists define recommended dispersion of values for single geology properties, which is reflected in bearing capacity of foundation soil and the dimensions of foundation foot. Base soil monitoring due to varying soil shear strength parameters under on undrained conditions due to consistency change and observation of changing dimensions of base structure confirmed the importance of conducting and evaluating engineering geological surveys for optimal design of the foundation structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]