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International Sports has not been spared the effects of globalization, and among these is the migration of athletes from one country to another. Lately nationality of athletes has become a major issue for professional sports and the principles on which it is based. The problem arose from the lack of a clear and consistent rules on sporting nationality for athletes representing a country in international competition. For a long time, the mere possession of nationality was sufficient to check this link to a particular state. This thesis, outlines how the rules for each sport varies quite considerably, from sports that allow a high degree of flexibility and movement for Olympics to sports that have somewhat restrictive regulations such as football or very restrictive like tennis. It also emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of quick naturalization and provides some ideas for how this issue can be handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport, a social, economic and cultural factor has a huge impact on society nowadays. To understand its fundamental role, its mechanism, to foresee the potential and the prospects of sport is absolutely necessary to present a brief history of its relation to EU law and the EU treaties. The paper aims to address the sport since 1950 to present, to emphasize the sport policies set forth in Pack Report (1997), to proceed with the Declaration no.29 on sport annexed to the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), The Helsinki Report (2000), White paper on sport (2007). The presentation also examines the sport as a matter of Community law, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the relevant cases law related to distinct moment: before and after delivery in the case Bosman law that revolutionized the sport and the sport law. Not least, it will make an analysis of the causes and effects of Article 165 TFEU which the EU becomes competent in sports. The article will highlight some key ideas regarding the future of sport and sport law because knowing our past is essential for understanding the present, essential for building a strong and sustainable future, so necessary for us, as individuals, and for Romania, as a nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents the results of a survey of the Quebec population's ethical positioning in regard to sport doping (approval/disapproval, regulation and punishment). The results show the presence of two main trends. On one hand, there is a conservative sport morality trend which, on principle, is: against the removal of the ban on doping even if it does not cause any harm to one's health; against the uses of genetic discovery in sport; and in favor of heavier punishment for the athlete at fault. On the other hand, there is a more liberal or "reformist" trend which: agrees with lifting the ban on drugs that are not harmful to one's health; is open to the use of genetic doping, such as for therapeutic uses; and is in favor of lighter punishment. This last trend appears to be more pragmatic and open to an adjustment of sport values to better align with those of contemporary democratic societies, more specifically when health is at stake. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sports pyramid model which was used by European sports sector. It states that president Mogens Kirkeby of the International Sport and Culture Association said that the sports pyramid model's inexperienced rule and lack of transparency is not applicable to the current situation in the European sports sector. Moreover, it also states that Kirkeby will deconstruct the pyramid model.

This study explores the field of ultimate fighting in Quebec. Officially a mixed martial art, this is a spectator sport involving a combination of boxing, kickboxing, submissions, and a variety of martial arts. It has been legal since 1998. The studys main objective was to understand the normative system structuring this fighting community. This was done by focusing on the paths followed by competitors within this community. The fieldwork consisted of semi-structured interviews with combatants and participant observations (as a spectator and a member of the organization committee) during mixed fighting events and training sessions. The analysis demonstrates that the legitimation of the activity provoked many changes in the practice of the sport. Both institutionalization and professionalization are key here, particularly through the setting up of rules and the involvement of state agencies. At the same time, one can also see how the sport became increasingly commercialized after it was legalized, particularly through the involvement of the media. The changes that took place within this setting are helpful for reflecting on the advent of legitimation in other grey-area activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]