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Research to analyse and quantify the level of smoke opacity produced by biodiesel and diesel blends when used in compression ignition engines. This research employs a new source of biodiesel, derived from phoenix sylvestris seeds, a waste product characterised by density, amber colour, and non-toxic nature. This PSO50D50 biodiesel is created by chemically converting and blending Phoenix sylvestris seed oil with diesel at a 50% volume ratio. The study utilises a four- cylinder research engine coupled with a brake dynamometer. Each fuel is subjected to 20 repetitions, guided by the G Power of 95% confidence level, 80% power, and 0.05 significance. Smoke emissions are quantified using an AVL Smoke meter. Under maximum load conditions, the smoke productions from diesel engines using the novel PSO50D50 fuel amount to 14.5% by volume, in contrast to 15.9% for diesel alone. A statistically significant p-value of 0.000 (p<0.05) and a 95% confidence interval are obtained, indicating a notable difference between the two fuel types. The smoke emissions for PSO50D50 are reduced by 1.4% by volume compared to diesel at full load. This study confirms that using Phoenix sylvestris seed biodiesel blend results in lower smoke emissions than traditional diesel, thereby establishing the significant superiority of PSO50D50 over diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main problem that the society is facing now-a-days is the tedious process which are involved in disposal and handling the huge quantities of food and paper waste generated in India. The waste is discarded or fired, in roads which cause air pollution, a harmful gas, land pollution, smoke, particulates and residue may enter in to a water resource. Since these pollute the environment, these wastes are utilized efficiently and converted in to a useful product which must be eco-friendly. This current research is to produce lactic acid (LA) using various type of wastes such as food and paper sludge. Since LA can be synthesized only by two methods; one is chemical synthesis where natural sources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas are mainly used as a substrate. Another one is microbial synthesis in which carbohydrates such as sugar or starch is converted in to an alcohol or an acid. Most probably, both bacterial and fungal species are used and about 70-80% uses fermentation for the manufacture of Lactic acid. The mixed culture medium of lactobacillus delbrueckii and streptococcus. Sp strain shows highly efficient utilization of substrate. Since Solid state fermentation (SSF) has a possible technology for the synthesis of products related to microbial. This process has minimum energy needs, generates less waste and is eco-friendly. Various parameters such as substrate concentration, temperature likewise other parameters which influence the yield will be varied. The product obtained will be estimated further using HPLC. Overall, the result indicates that bio-waste might be an appropriate substrate for the synthesis of lactic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is a significant contributor to the economies of a wide range of countries, including India, the United States of America, and other places. One of the primary concerns is the loss of agricultural stocks due to waste. When it comes to the health and safety of the products they harvest, farmers face a wide range of challenges. It's possible that fixing this issue will result in an increase in the overall profit from their yields. In this body of work, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Smart Grains Warehouse Monitoring System that is capable of being installed in the stockyard has been proposed. To ensure the safety of the commodities, the system employs several Internet of Things sensors to monitor a variety of elements, including the smoke gas level, the level of humidity and temperature in the warehouse, the detection of fire, and the creation of water on the grains. Using weight sensors allows for the collection of information that is both comprehensive and well-organized regarding the stockpile. Using odor sensors that can detect putrid odors allows for spoiled goods to be located and removed from the store. A GSM/WiFi module is used to transfer data from the relevant sensors to a handheld device such as a mobile phone, tablet, or other similar devices. Notifications sent to the farmer through email or text message provide him with up-to-date information regarding the stockyard. Farmers that do not have access to suitable storage facilities for their harvested goods could benefit from using the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a system for detecting cigarette smoke using an MQ2 sensor and arduino microcontroller. The system was designed to alert individuals of the presence of smoke through a liquid crystal display and buzzer. The MQ2 sensor was able to detect smoke at distances of over 60 cm at a 45˚ angle and over 90 cm when parallel to the center of the smoke, with a detection time of 132 seconds. The system was found to be effective in detecting smoke in well-lit areas and with a compact design that requires minimal space. These findings suggest that the developed system could be utilized in various settings to improve smoke detection and promote healthy environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the liquid smoke product and the effect of the liquid smoke ratio on the preservation of milkfish (Chanos chanos). The raw material used was teak sawdust (Tectona grandits lf). The pyrolysis process was carried out in an unstirred semi-batch stainless steel reactor operating at 1 atm pressure. Pyrolysis lasted for 1 hour with 500 g feed. The pyrolysis temperatures used were 300 °C, 325 °C, 350 °C, 375 °C,and 400 °C. The pyrolyzed liquid smoke was purified by a distillation process. The physical and chemical properties werequickly compared with the quality standard of crude wood vinegar. Furthermore, a liquid smoke was used to inhibit the bacterial growth on milkfish. The ratio of liquid smoke used was 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% (%v). The results showed thatthe best liquid smoke that met the quality standards of wood vinegar was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C withclear yellow liquid smoke, yield of 23.914%, viscosity of 1.1732 mm 2 /s, pH 1, acetic acid level of 6.2432. % and densityof 1.0043 g/ml. In the preservation of milkfish, the addition of liquid smoke with ratio of 10% has been able to inhibit bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to produce liquid smoke using a distillation equipment with a single tube heat exchanger. The test method was to burn coconut shell in a combustion tank. Smoke produced then distilled in a distillation tank, and finally the smoke turned into liquid smoke. The test results showed that 41.1% of the coconut shell material burned and 58.9% not burned. Burning coconut shell produced 14.32% charcoal, 11.62% liquid smoke, 2.56% ash, and 1.89% tar. The volume of liquid smoke produced was directly proportional to time and formed the equation Y = 1.3908X -88.425. The production rate of liquid smoke was strongly influenced by conditions of the combustion flame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast how well the random forest algorithm and the decision tree method perform in classifying fire and smoke photographs. With a g power of 0.8 and an alpha of 0.05, we find that out of a total of 4000 photos, 2000 depict fire and the remaining 2000 depict smoke. In this case, we split the dataset into a training set (n=3200, or 80%) and a validation set (n=800, or 20%). Classification tasks are executed with the help of the Sklearn machine learning package in Python. Precision, recall, f score, and accuracy numbers are some of the metrics used to measure an algorithm's effectiveness. When compared to the Decision Tree algorithm's 90.54, 90.00, 90.9, and 89.70 percent accuracy, F-score, recall, and precision, Random Forest achieved 97.42, 97.28, 97.43, and 97.15 percent values, respectively (p0.001(2-tailed)). The results of this research show that the random forest method outperforms the decision tree algorithm by a wide margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is notoriously known as the third most common cancer worldwide, and the fourth common cause of death caused by cancer with 700,000 deaths per year. CRC incidence rates were observed to be rising in developing countries including Malaysia, as it was reflected by increased prevalence of risk factors for CRC that are associated with westernization such as unhealthy diet, obesity and smoking prevalence. The fungus family Cordyceps spp. has long been explored in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as food, tonic and folk medicine to treat diseases ranging from malaria to cancer. Cordycepin, an active component in Cordyceps militaris were shown to have the anticancer and antimetastatic effect related to its adenosine and its derivatives. In current study, cordycepin inhibitory property against several CRC biomarkers was explored in-silico. Molecular docking and dynamics study of cordycepin against 6 important CRC biomarkers, namely caspase-3, caspase-8, COX-2, IL-2 and IL-6 were performed and its affinity was compared with obatoclax, a Phase II clinical trial antitumor drug which induces apoptosis in cancer cells by functioning as an inhibitor for Bcl-2 family proteins. The result shows that cordycepin is able to act as inhibitors for the selected CRC biomarkers, with equivalent or higher affinity compared to obatoclax. The in-silico prediction study provides a screening platform for the development of anti-CRC drug based on the Cordyceps spp., and in addition, provides a protocol to minimize the laboratory toxicological hazard and promotes the application of green chemistry computing in the drug discovery research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between engine load with Thermal Coating Piston - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) and Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) as additive on engine Using conventional diesel and Pumpkin Methyl Ester (PME). Initially the experimental run with pure diesel then the piston is modified with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia and addition of FeCl3, then the same type of experimental have been carried under the Pumpkin Methyl Ester with coating (YSZ) and FeCl3 additive. The result of the experiment with performance of BTE increases with coated engine (YSZ) and decreases by addition of FeCl3, PME blend results has decreases and increases with (YSZ) and decreases by addition of FeCl3. BSFC results increased with all condition because the blend and thermal coating had a higher viscosity and lower energy content. The emission results such as CO, HC NoX and smoke were the NoX is slightly increased when compared to other emission in future the impact of adopting a varied compression ratio and technique to analysis the NoX emission control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of extracting the coal from the coal mine is termed as coal mining. There are so many uses of coal and one of which is the extraction of iron from iron ore and to create cement in the steel and cement industries. In the underground mining industry, every characteristic, such as methane gas, high temperature, fire incidents, and so on, must be checked on a regular basis. Coal mine safe production levels remain low, and tragedies in coal mines occur on a regular basis, resulting in significant loss of property and lives. Monitoring the working environment is critical due to the complexity of the mining environment and the variety of activities carried out in coal mines. To address this issue, we developeda wireless sensor network application for use in a coal mine safety system. With the help of the (Nodemcu esp8266) controller, this project presents an IOT BASED COAL MINE DETECTION SYSTEM that can monitor temperature, humidity, gas, and the presence of smoke in an underground mine. This approach also regulates the ventilation need for mine workers based on the current climatic conditions on the piece of land. For detecting the mining climatic parameters, this technique uses a low-power, efficient NodeMCU esp8266, a temperature detector DHT11, CO2 SENSOR, the gas detector, and Wi-Fi to transfer data to the Adafruit server. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrotechnic smoke is very commonly used in the military as a weapon and in photography as a background effect. The smoke signal can be sabotage, deceive, and paralyze the enemy forces as well as act as signal beacon. The coloured smoke signal mixture consists of oxidizer, fuel, coolant, and dye. Commonly, potassium chlorate is used as an oxidizer for smoke signals. However, the toxicity issue of the usage of potassium chlorate as an oxidizer rises. Thus, an alternative oxidizer needs to be studied to give options for the oxidizer in the smoke signal mixture. In this study, potassium nitrate was used as an oxidizer, sucrose as fuel, magnesium carbonate as a coolant, and dye as the colouring agent. The objective of this study is to design a smoke signal mixture using potassium nitrate as the oxidizer and develop a component ratio between the oxidizer, fuel, and coolant. The testing was conducted in three trials, in which the oxidizer, fuel, and coolant were manipulated in each trial. The smoke output, ignition time, and burn time of the smoke signal were observed to determine the best smoke signal mixture ratio. The best ratio of the smoke signal composition gives the best colour output, the best ignition time, and the longest burn time. The results reveal that the best-looking coloured smoke signal was observed with a ratio of 50 wt% KNO3, 20 wt% MgCO3, and 30 wt% sugar with a 5 s ignition time and 120 s burn time with consistent colour opacity and thickness of the smoke. The smoke signal composition for the best-looking colour smoke was successfully developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn (Zea mays L.) cob is one of the organic wastes that so far has not been widely used as a product that has added value. Corn cob can be used for making liquid smoke because it contains 45% cellulose, 35% hemicellulose, 15% lignin, and 9.4% water content. The method used for making liquid smoke is pyrolysis using a pyrolyzer. In this study, the performance testing of liquid smoke tools was conducted. The resulting liquid smoke was subjected to chemical and physical characterization, as well as testing the germination and growth of corn seeds with the test method of paper rolled and erected in plastic. The study of making liquid smoke from corn cobs showed that the liquid smoke yield was 24.13%, the density was 1.0193 g/cm3, and the pH value was 3.406, which meets Japanese standards. GC-MS analysis results showed the diversity of chemical components in corn cob liquid smoke found in 34 types, and the highest element was acetic acid. The physical quality test results of corn cob liquid smoke produced a brownish-red color, pungent odor, and black tar deposits. The test results showed that the concentration of liquid smoke significantly affected seed germination and corn growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious disease in toddlers and youth, mainly caused by Coxsackievirus-A16 (CA16) infection. On the other hand, liquid smoke (LS) contains numerous bioactive molecules, which improve the value beyond its main application as food seasonings. Although the bioactivity of liquid smoke against mouth disease was reported, its exact mechanism remains inconclusive. Through computational analysis, this research will explore the potential bioactivity of several compounds from LS as an alternative therapeutic agent for HFMD. The investigation started with exploring bioactive compounds for toxicity evaluation using ProTox-II. The passed compounds were then directed for molecular docking against the 2A Protease (2AP) of CA16 to predict their antiviral properties. Compound with specific binding against the catalytic site of 2AP and resemble the binding energy of Benzydamine as the main medications of HFMD, then directed for molecular dynamics analysis. As a result, only 21 compounds of LS have fewer toxicity properties. Molecular docking also discovered that Acetosyringone and Homosyringic Acid had lower binding energy than other pre-screened compounds. Those compounds also interacted with HIS21, TYR89, PRO107, and CYS110 as the substrate-binding site of 2AP. The binding of those compounds to 2AP showed structural stability from the protein atom backbone and ligands structure according to the molecular dynamics simulations. The fluctuations of per-residue were also minimum, and the binding energy remained stable along the simulations. The solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) also displayed a relatively stable conformation at the catalytic cleft position upon binding with the Acetosyringone and Homosyringic Acid compared to Benzydamine. Therefore, the protective effect of LS against HFMD may occur through antiviral activity against CA16 by inhibition of viral replications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the liquid smoke of coconut (cocos nucifera) shells is presented. There were three qualified grades of liquid smoke based on the purification step process to eliminate or minimize the tar content. First grade, the liquid smoke produced by pyrolyzed coconut shells is converted into coconut charcoal. In the second grade, the previous liquid smoke was destinated and followed by the third grade, which was filtered. All the liquid smoke was characterized by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The result showed that the tar content of liquid smoke decreased as the third purification grade was carried out, presented by clear vision liquid smoke. The composition of liquid smoke was dominantly phenol and acetic acid, while the rest composition was carbonyl. It showed that the phenol and acetic acid composition generally tend to decrease at the third purification step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the ratio of catalyst and styrofoam mixture, which produced the optimum pH, the weight ratio of catalyst and pyrolysis temperature, which produced the volume of kerosene, the ratio of catalyst, and styrofoam mixture, which produced the highest kerosene. This research method consisted of; first, preparing tools and styrofoam materials as much as 250 grams and has been cut by ± 2 cm. Then, the material was put into the pyrolysis reactor and run according to the time variables of 30 minutes and 60 minutes, and the temperature variables were 250°C, 350°C, and 450°C. The research results in pyrolysis liquid from styrofoam waste had a heating value of 42.238 J/gr. The best flame test was at a variable of 60 minutes at 450 °C. The fire was orange and produced smoke. If the temperature of the pyrolysis process was higher, the fire would ignite faster so that the phenomenon would occur. The highest volume of pyrolysis liquid was 60 minutes at 450°C at 83 ml. The lowest volume was 30 minutes at 250°C, the highest density was 60 minutes at 450° C at 0.87966667 J/gr, and the lowest density was 30 minutes at 250°C at 0.83933333 J/gr, the highest calorific value pyrolysis liquid was 60 minutes at 450°C at 42.238 J/gr, and the lowest calorific value was 30 minutes at 250°C at 35.348 J/gr. The gas chromatography test with the highest composition was found in benzene at 26.36%, and the lowest composition was in eicosane at 4.31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bushfires pose significant health and safety risks to workers due to exposure to smoke and toxic gases. While smoke management systems play a vital role in mitigating these risks, their effectiveness depends on proper design, operation, and maintenance. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on smoke management systems, the Exposure Assessment Strategy Model (EASM), respiratory protection programs, and their integration with bushfire smoke reduction measures to minimize worker exposure risks during bushfires. The study's methodology involves a comprehensive literature review of smoke management systems, EASM, and respiratory protection programs, assessing their effectiveness in mitigating exposure risks during bushfires. To illustrate this integration, we have selected a remote mining town in a bushfire-prone area as a model. The findings indicate that properly designed and operated systems can effectively reduce exposure risks, but challenges and limitations persist. The primary conclusion is that a multidisciplinary approach, combining engineering principles and industrial hygiene methods, is crucial for reducing exposure risks during bushfires. Further research is needed to better understand the limitations and challenges associated with bushfire smoke exposure and to identify ways to integrate engineering principles and industrial hygiene to safeguard workers' health and safety during bushfires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An air purifier is a gadget used to sanitize the environmental air. Various strategies like paper, foam, cotton was utilized now to clean the air contents. In this venture, we involve water as a channel to decontaminate the air. Air tainting is one of the problematic issues in the high-level world. It prompts various non-infectious diseases to do whatever it takes not to spread the sicknesses. The physical gathering referred to in this paper is suitable for sifting indoor toxins like build-up, small particles, smaller than usual particles, smoke, and certain tiny organic entities. The Air purifier uses an Arduino UNO Microcontroller series in which an Analog PH sensor to distinguish the water PH support times and an MQ135 gas sensor to identify various gases were used. Air purifier is a gadget used to purify the air yet nowadays used to screen the air quality. The system involves an LCD screen that informs the client about the air limits and the concept of disinfected air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical imaging using laparoscopic plays an important role in diagnosing many diseases, including intestinal diseases, infections inside the stomach, and others, and it is used as a means of vision during internal operations, in many cases, during the removal of infections and tumors, an operation is performed to cauterize process by smoke, which leads to a lack of clarity during imaging. In this study, the aim was to improve the medical laparoscope images that contain smoke based on the Dark Channel Prior (DCP) algorithm. In order to preserve the color information, this algorithm was applied to the lighting component only in YIQ space. To find out the efficiency of the improvement, the proposed method was compared with several optimization algorithms by calculating no-reference quality measures, by analyzing the results, the proposed method obtained high improvement coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel with some minor changes in the properties is used in the laboratory for experiments to find a replacement for the diesel. Because biodiesel is nonhazardous to environment and it has many properties like renewable, biodegradable, easy and safe for handling. This was a positive side of biodiesel but the negative side is that it's engine performance and NOx and smoke emission is not up to statutory bodies prescribed norms. So here in this paper first tool validation is done with diesel and then numerical evaluation is done by adding Nano additives such as Zno, Mgo and Cuo (50ppm) with MSB20 and found improvement in engine performance and the reduction in NOx and smoke emission. The brake torque is found to be decrease by percentage 0.44% for B20 compared to B0 and increase by 0.2, 0.4, and 0.33% for B20ZN, B20CU and B20MG respectively. Nano-particles in general have a larger surface area and reactive surfaces, resulting in greater chemical reactivity and the ability to act as a catalyst hence BTE increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of sustainable natural resources has been practiced by the construction sector as a means to reduce energy demand and increase the efficiency of buildings. In this sense, wood and wood-based materials are alternative and renewable material sources that can be effectively used in building elements, such as doors and partition walls, which are required to provide adequate thermal, acoustic, and fire resistance performance. Such elements play an important role in the fire compartmentation of buildings. Appropriate selection of materials with a reduced potential of ignition and enhanced fire behaviour may reduce the heat flux, and the passage of hot gases and smoke, thus minimizing fire hazards. In the case of wood products, the combustibility of wood usually limits its use in fire-resistant components. However, the fire performance of wooden assemblies can be improved by using engineered wood products and insulation materials, which can be assembled into multilayer systems. This work investigates the performance of wood and wood-based multilayer panels exposed to ISO 834 standard fire curve to improve the knowledge about their fire resistance in terms of insulation (I) and integrity (E) criteria. The study considers pinewood, OSB (oriented strand board), and moisture-resistant MDF (medium-density fibreboard) of different thicknesses. Rockwool with a thickness of 27 mm was also used as a core material. The multilayer systems have a dimension of 580×580 mm, fixed to a wood frame and mounted to a wall made of refractory bricks and mortar. The composite panels were tested in a small-scale furnace. During each test, temperatures were measured using type k thermocouples attached between layers and to the panel's surfaces and wood frame. The specimens were considered to have failed when the insulation and integrity criteria were met according to EN 1363-1. The results showed that a 1-hour insulation fire resistance was achieved when using 16 mm-thick MDF panels on both sides and rockwool as a core material. Similar assemblies using 6 mm-thick and 10 mm-thick MDF panels reached 30 min., and 40 min., respectively. The specimen with 20 mm-thick pinewood on both sides and rockwool core had an insulation fire resistance of 41 min. but had one of the highest superficial masses and highest total thickness amongst tested specimens. Pinewood has been tested as a core material sandwiched between two 10 mm-thick MDF panels, and its insulation fire resistance was 30 min. The assembly with 15 mm-thick OSB placed between two 10 mm-thick MDF boards had the smallest insulation fire resistance of around 27 min. The fall-off of the exposed panel and warping of the edges of the panels greatly influenced the integrity behaviour of the samples. The insulation performance was mostly affected by the type of material and its thickness, as well as by the relative position of the layer in the composite assembly. The results provide important data regarding heat transmission effects and integrity issues related to the exposure of wood and wood-based composite multilayer systems under fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is a remarkably durable concrete with high strength that contains a large amount of portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), particularly silica fume. Ultra fine particles of silica fume produce refined capillary pores and a dense microstructure; however, silica fume is considerably more expensive than cement and other SCMs so it is often replaced with class F fly ash that is substantially cheaper. Unfortunately, future availability of fly ash is uncertain because the energy industry has been investing in renewable energy production and removing coal burning generating stations from operation. Consequently, there is a growing need to find new, cost effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives for fly ash. This study assessed the effects of replacing fly ash and silica fume in UHPC mixtures with two alternative SCMs: metakaolin and a natural pozzolan (pumicite). To evaluate alternative SCMs, compression and flexural tests were conducted to identify acceptable UHPC mixtures (28-day compressive strength greater than 120 MPa). Then, shrinkage, frost resistance, and chloride ion permeability (rapid chloride permeability and surface resistivity tests) were assessed for acceptable UHPC mixtures. The results indicated that replacing up to 75% of the fly ash in the control mixture with natural pozzolan and replacing up to 100% of the fly ash and 25% of the silica fume in the control mixture with metakaolin led to mixtures with acceptable compressive strengths for UHPC (greater than 120 MPa). All UHPC mixtures produced in this study had shrinkage strains and relative dynamic modulus values after 300 cycles of freezing and thawing that were less than 371 µstrain and greater than 105, respectively. Additionally, both rapid chloride permeability and surface resistivity tests showed that all UHPC mixtures had "very low" susceptibility to chloride ion penetration. The results indicate that metakaolin and natural pozzolan are good candidates to partially or completely replace fly ash and to partially replace silica fume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in fire accident rate has been reported to be growing recently due to a lack of advanced technology for detecting the presence of smoke and fire at the initial stage. To date, electronic sensor-based monitoring methods are the most common technique that has been widely practiced. However, the existing methods are not securely proven to detect the presence of smoke and fire at an initial stage with higher accuracy. This study presents a preliminary method for initial stage detection of smoke and fire using Deep Learning method. One of DL methods namely Encoder-decoder based convolutional neural network (EDCNN) is used to classify both smoke and fire density levels. In this study, the images data are extracted from a sample video sequence, and it is further divided into three different classes such as background or negative, smoke, and fire. An EDCNN with VGG-16 architecture is used to train and test the 3 classes of images data. The global accuracy of the proposed classification method reaches up to 95%. The classification model of EDCNN is then applied to the simulated fault electronic circuit video due to loose wires. According to the video application result, the proposed method is potential for further real time application where the existence of smoke and fire can be distinguished by the EDCNN classification model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing rate of environmental pollution from all sectors has significantly impacted decreasing air quality. To solve this problem is necessary to reduce the levels of pollutants in the air. One of the media that can be used is high-voltage electric field technology. This voltage was applied to the electrodes, where the ionization process reduces pollutants in the air. In this study, a portable high-voltage generator was designed, efficient in size, weight, and operation, and inexpensive to manufacture. This high voltage comes from the TV flyback. The test results show that the device can produce a voltage of 14.28kV with a duty cycle of 30% to 61.4kV using a duty cycle of 70%. The high voltage produced can reduce cigarette smoke's carbon monoxide (CO) content. The test results show that the more significant the voltage, the greater the reduction in pollutant levels in the air. The most significant percentage decrease in CO content was obtained at a duty cycle of 70% with an efficiency of 76.3%. The minor percentage decrease was obtained at a duty cycle of 30% with an efficiency of 15.19%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home fire is an event that cannot be predicted, besides being unwanted by the community, it is often not controlled when the fire is big. Fire incidents are very dangerous and disrupt people's lives and livelihoods. Fire is categorized as a form of disaster. A home fire early warning system is a series of systems that functions to notify the public of a fire disaster. With an early warning system, fire disasters can be informed to the community so that it can reduce casualties or losses due to the community's unpreparedness in facing fire events. A fire early warning system designed using a NodeMCU microcontroller that is connected to a DHT-11 temperature sensor, an MQ-2 smoke sensor, and an IoT (Internet of Things) based KY-026 flame sensor. The system consists of three nodes where each node is placed at a different location in the Medan State Polytechnic campus. Fire early warning system testing was carried out at the Medan State Polytechnic campus. From the results of the discussion, it was found that the IoT-based fire early warning system was working well. The test results of the home fire early warning system consist of three levels of fire warning status. It is safe if the temperature sensor detects a temperature below 45°C and the smoke sensor detects smoke levels below 700 ppm and the flame sensor does not detect fire. Be alert if the temperature sensor detects a temperature above 45°C or the smoke sensor detects smoke levels above 700 ppm and the flame sensor does not detect fire. It is dangerous if the temperature sensor detects a temperature above 45°C or the smoke sensor detects smoke levels above 700 ppm and the flame sensor detect fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studied the effect of high temperature and silica fume as a replacement material in concrete. Compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were studied. All specimens were studied at 23c° and three high temperatures (150c°,350c° and 550c°). Results showed that drop in hardened properties decreased with increasing temperature as silica fume replacing ratio increase. Optimum replacing ratio was about 30% resulted in the best hardened properties of concrete. As age progress for concrete from 7 days to 90 days drop in hardening properties reduced gradually. Finally, results showed that pH slight deceasing in age (1, 7, 28 and 90) days for all temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial growth promoters (AGP) have been prohibited in different countries as they cause bacterial resistance. Alternative AGP from natural substances or agricultural wastes has been searched. This experiment aims to study the antibacterial activity of biochar and liquid smoke from cacao pod husks (CPH) against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. The observation on the antibacterial activity of liquid smoke was carried out in triplicates using the agar well diffusion method. In contrast, the antibacterial activity of biochar was observed in duplicates using the clearance test method. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that liquid smoke has antibacterial activity against E. coli and Salmonella sp. Liquid smoke from whole cacao pod husks that were pyrolyzed by close technique has antibacterial activity against Salmonella sp. A substantial inhibition zone diameter of 12.0-18.67#x2005;mm for a 2.5-7.5#x2005;mL/10#x2005;mL concentration. The liquid smoke from milled CPH from close techniques has a strong antibacterial activity against E. coli with inhibition zone 9.5-15.00#x2005;mm for a concentration of 2.5-7.5#x2005;mL/10mL. Biochar (0.2#x2005;mg/mL-2#x2005;mg/mL) obtained by both close and semi-close techniques have a 99-100#x0025; mortality rate since it can adsorb E. coli and Salmonella sp. Biochar and liquid smoke resulting from pyrolyzed cacao pod husks can inhibit both. E. coli and Salmonella sp, so it is suitable to be used as a feed additive to replace antibiotics in the animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based agricultural waste such as sawdust waste or red fruit seed waste can be processed into carbonized charcoal (charcoal) as the main product and liquid smoke as a byproduct in a pyrolysis reactor. The liquid smoke product can be used as a food preservative such as fish preservatives, as an alternative to the conventional method, namely smoking fish directly over smoke and coals, which have a carcinogenic effect. In this study, the simultaneous pyrolysis of ulin wood sawdust (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) was carried out at a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C and a pyrolysis time of 2 hours. The byproduct of pyrolysis in the form of grade 3 liquid smoke is distilled twice to obtain grade 1 liquid smoke-free from benzopyrene compounds (cancer triggers). Grade 1 liquid smoke was diluted to 5% and then tested as a preservative for mackerel (rastrelliger). From this study, the maximum shelf life of fish is three days in an open space with organoleptic properties, including aroma and texture that are only one level lower than fresh fish (1-hour shelf life). The aroma of pickled fish tastes like smoked fish but is a bit fishy (scale 4 out of a scale of 1-5). The texture is a bit soft (scale 4) compared to the control fish (without preservation of liquid smoke). All of the textures are almost destroyed (scale 1.25-1.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of phenolic compounds and organic acids contained in the liquid smoke of Pandanus conoideus has the potential as a natural preservative of fish. The content of liquid smoke corresponds to gas or volatile compounds during the combustion process or the manufacture of charcoal, whose smoke can be condensed. This study aims to determine the potential of liquid smoke from Pandanus conoideus for food preservation, especially fish. Damage to food, especially fish, is often encountered in everyday life due to microorganisms or the oxidation process. One way to prevent food spoilage is to use liquid smoke. Liquid smoke contains functional compounds (acidic, phenolic, and carbonic compounds) that can act as antioxidants, antibacterials, and antifungals. Liquid smoke is made from the pyrolysis of Pandanus conoideus at a temperature of 300 until 400 °C for 90 until 120 minutes. The resulting liquid smoke then goes through the distillation process to produce grade 1 liquid smoke which can be used as a fish preservative. Grade 1 liquid smoke was diluted and then tested as a fish preservative. The use of liquid smoke as a fish preservative from lignocellulosic materials is safer than fish preservation through direct combustion because of the tar compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high contrast for images and videos taken for a human body by the medical apparatuses is quite important to diagnose the patient case perfectly. The video testing is for gallbladder removed surgery using laparoscopy. The system that is proposed to process distorted videos-that been exposed to a distortion source-results in high brightness that affects the vision quality. The occurred distortion is not extensive, but it affects a limited part of the image. The frames of the video are restored based on displacement map calculation for each frame in the video. This displacement map describes an image that consists of values representing the difference between two frames. Moreover, these values are the distortion level added to every pixel in the image. The distant map is generated by a process so-called "Normalization" to convert its values from/to [0-1]. That calculation describes the distortion value experienced by video, on the other hand, global atmospheric that represents such a further brightness source affecting the video. The quality metrics such as Signal-to-Noise-Ration (SNR), Peak-Signal-To-Noise-Ration (PSNR) and Mean-Square-Error (MSE) are calculated on the basis of video and image frames for every frame in the video before and after the processing. The results showed that the proposed system is high-performing in terms of restoring every frame in the processed video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The briquetting process is one of the alternatives for processing waste of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB). The briquetting process is able to increase the calorific value per unit volume and has a uniform quality and size. In the process of making bio-briquettes, the dried EFB is sorted and separated to obtain coarse fibers between the bunches and fine fibers, which are processed into a size of 16 mesh using a fiber chopper. The chopped mesh is then reprocessed to get a size of 20 mesh (0.84 mm) which will be used as briquettes. Starch binder is used as an adhesive at a percentage of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (wt%) of the mass of EFB. The study results show that the highest flame temperature occurred in briquettes with binder percentage of 8% (440⁰C); on the other hand, the effect of adding binder, in addition to increasing the duration of ignition, also has an impact on the burning smoke produced on average black when compared to the less binder percentage. The results of the adhesion test show that in the use of a 4% binder, the average loose fiber was 6%, compared to 2%, 6% and 8% more fibers were lost. The highest calorific value was at 4% binder percentage, i.e., 3676.2 kal/g, and this value is included in class E (3360-4201) based on calorific value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common mission for an acoustical consultant is to anticipate and minimize noise problems for a community area in transition. Changes and resulting noise problems may be triggered by an industrial area that is rezoned by a city to encourage residential and mixed-use development or an agricultural area that is rezoned by a town to host light or heavy industry. Either way, potential noise-sensitive receptors, which are usually private residents, may be adversely affected and lodge noise complaints. A specific noise issue is many times compounded by non-acoustic factors such as traffic, smoke, smell, or visual impacts from the industrial development. This paper discusses historical calls for proper planning to address the goals of interested parties, including industry, government, and community groups, while minimizing the risk of community noise problems. In addition, this paper describes several examples where rezoning presented challenges and essentially forced industry and community developments to adopt noise control measures. Although this paper does not discuss another potential challenge, we note that ambiguity in a project's design may be introduced when a noise ordinance does not match the wording of its associated zoning ordinance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remote sensing ground-based platform for atmospheric research hosted by the ER-ATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence will be the key research infrastructure of the Cyprus Atmospheric Remote Sensing Observatory (CARO) in Limassol, Cyprus. Between the 27th of October to the 1st of November 2020, the lidar system observed a pronounced and well-aged stratospheric aerosol layer with a backscatter maximum around 10 km asl and clear wildfire smoke signatures. The observed smoke plume was caused by extreme wildfires on the west coast of the U.S. Long-range aerosol transport events observed over Limassol are used for the study of the influence of organic aerosol particles (serving as ice-nucleating particles, INPs) in a cirrus formation in the upper troposphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in the frequency of wildfire occurrence is predicted in all climate model estimates, implying significant health impacts, due to the emission of combustion products. Application of pollutant dispersion models at strategic and operational levels is imperative for safety reasons and for compliance with European Civil Protection Mechanism policies. Here, we describe the dispersion of smoke from the forest fire of Penteli-Attica (Greece) on 19 July 2022, which burnt a total area of 2781.7 hectares. High-resolution dispersion simulations, air-quality measurements, and remote sensing observations are used to describe the transport of smoke and facilitate effective smoke control in areas where air quality impacts are likely to be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most extreme manifestation of a fire-weather interaction is the formation of pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) thunderstorms, triggered by super-heated updrafts, which can eject smoke at altitudes exceeding 20 Km. In this study, we investigated climate-related impacts from the most intensive pyroCb-triggered injection of smoke in the stratosphere: the Australian New Year wildfires in 2019/2020. We first provide a general overview of the vision and objectives of the StratoFIRE project. With the aid of the global chemistry-climate model EMAC, we then simulate radiative and chemical perturbations in the stratosphere in relation to 0.9 Tg smoke in the stratosphere assuming different injection heights, from 13 to 16 Km. The simulation of stratospheric optical depth perturbations were found to be sensitive to the assumed injection height, with a maximum height at 16 Km showing the best agreement with the GLOSSAC and SAGE-ISS aerosol extinction observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2021, extreme wildfires burned wide areas in Greece. The most severe events took place in the region of Attica and significantly affected the air quality over the city of Athens. In the same period, southern winds transferred dust from the Sahara Desert to the city. We chose a day with high dust and smoke loads to test a new method for the determination of the individual components of the aerosol mixture, based on actinometric and radiometric measurements and radiative transfer modelling. Then, we estimated the radiative effect of each of the aerosol mixture components. Assuming that dust particles are coarse while all other particles are fine, coarse to fine mode ratios were estimated and were compared with the corresponding ratios from a CIMEL sun photometer, resulting in quite good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building fires threaten not only human lives, property and animals, but also the environment. Their safety can be ensured by installing smoke and heat exhaust ventilation system and sprinkler stable fire extinguishing system. However, these devices can negatively affect each other. The procedure for avoiding this negative interaction is different in countries around the world. The aim of this research was to compare the approaches of selected foreign countries to solving the problem of the negative interaction of smoke ventilation and sprinkler system. Firstly, informations from relevant legal regulations, technical standards and professional articles were collected by a research. Then the analysis and comparison of the obtained data were carried out. Based on the synthesis of the findings, the hypothesis that the countries' approach to solving the given problem is not globally uniform was confirmed. Countries' approaches are similar but not identical. The results of the research pointed to the need for changes in national and international standards that would clarify the procedure for designing the cooperation of smoke and heat exhaust ventilation system and sprinkler stable fire extinguishing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast-spreading wildfire engulfs the dense parched flora and all obstructions in its way, transforming a woodland into a volatile reservoir of combustible materials. Once ignited, fires can expand at a velocity of up to 23 km/h. As flames spread across vegetation and woodlands, they have the potential to become self-sustaining, propagating sparks and embers that can spawn smaller fires miles away. The proximity of the burning materials to the observer has a direct impact on the density of smoke produced by the fire. This relationship is crucial for fire management teams and emergency responders and helps them assess the severity of a fire, predict its behavior, and make informed decisions regarding evacuation measures, resource allocation, and the protection of affected communities and ecosystems. Drones are valuable tools in the fight against forest fires. They can capture high-resolution imagery, thermal imaging, and video footage, supplying insights into the properties, behavior, and direction of the fire. By employing classical image processing techniques, it is possible to analyze these images and promptly determine the extent of land cover affected. According to the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, more than 25000 ha of forest burned down during the period of 2012-2021, which resulted in severe damage costs. The presence of a reliable and easily accessible smoke detection and assessment tool could significantly reduce the impact of wildfires. This study utilizes low and mid-level image processing techniques to analyze the domain of wildfires, leveraging smoke properties to estimate the extent of land affected by the flames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cajuput twigs (CT) and rice husk (RH) are biomass that contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This biomass can be used for the production of liquid smoke by pyrolysis. Crude liquid smoke derived from CT and RH contains carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs can be removed using the vacuum evaporator separation method at different temperatures. Crude liquid smoke derived from CT and RH was separated into three fractions using a rotary vacuum evaporator at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and resulting in liquid smoke fractions of CT 40, CT 50, CT 60 for cajuput twigs, and RH 40, RH 50, RH 60 for rice husk. These liquid smoke fractions contain phenolic compounds that have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical scavenging of liquid smoke fractions derived from CT and RH. The result showed that liquid smoke fractions CT 60 and RH 40 have the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 33.80 ppm and 26.07 ppm, respectively. These IC50 value was classified as a strong antioxidant and potentially developed as a natural food preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic (PV) panel is a semiconductor device that generates electrical energy when the light falls on it. Many factors affecting badly on the performance of the PV system. In this research, the influence of dust, clouds, shades, and car exhaust smoke on the performance of the PV panel had been investigated. It has been found that the dust and shade had a bad influence on the efficiency of the PV panel. The efficiency decreased from 9.14% to 3.19% at midnight, when the solar radiation is at its peak. Whereas, the clouds & heavy exhaust smoke of cars, the efficiency decreased to 4.66% & 3.99%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pervious concrete is a type of concrete that consists of cement, sand, and water. Since it doesn't contain fine aggregates, the void content allows the water to pass through the concrete. Due to the various advantages of pervious concrete, its usage is limited even though it has many advantages. However, its low weight and porous composition make it less prone to fracture and rupture. Pervious concrete is commonly used for the construction of light traffic roads. However, it can also be utilized for the improvement of rigid pavement for heavy vehicles. The goal of this investigation is to improve the concrete's strength characteristics. In order to achieve this, the researchers are trying to improve the concrete's permeability. Improvement of strength should not alter the properties of the materials. In this work, we have succeeded in achieving good strength and permeability by replacing silica fume with 5% cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew nutshell waste from the industry is processed into liquid smoke by the pyrolysis method. During this process, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in liquid smoke produces a total of 33.7-36.6% phenol, which also acts as a synthetic substitute. Phenol is the raw material for phenolic resins used in manufacturing varnish. Therefore, this study aims to determine the varnish characteristics from the reaction between formaldehyde and phenol of liquid smoke from cashew nutshell waste. The substitution ratio between liquid smoke to phenol (w / w) is 1: 1, with the dissolution of the phenolic resin in 70% ethanol, at a density of 0.88 g / ml, a viscosity of 0.33 Cp, quasi-dry time of 1 hour, and hard drying time of 4 hours. All characteristics fulfill the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 06-1009-1989, except for the evaporation level of 74.19%, which had a higher value. This result showed that liquid smoke from cashew nutshell waste pyrolysis is a potential alternative material used as a compound or substitute for phenol in manufacturing varnish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of aviation history, fire has been a serious problem for airplanes. Smoke or fire on the aircraft during flight is dangerous and could result in catastrophe if not effectively handled by the crew. The Federal Aviation Act requires the use of fire detectors in aircraft cargo compartments B, C and E. Nowadays, there is a need for gas sensors besides fire detectors for passenger airplanes. Therefore, smoke detectors have gained importance in aviation. In this study, it was considered to use smoke detectors and gas sensors reacting to carbon dioxide in order to increase the detection reliability and alarm time in case of a possible fire. The screen-printing technique was used as the gas sensor production technique for the produced sensor, and titanium oxide and tin oxide were used as metal oxides in the produced samples. The samples produced were examined under the gases with specified gas detecting properties, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors in order to increase the detection reliability and reduce the alarm time with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid smoke of Anacardium occidentale and Cocos nucifera shell has the ability as antibacterial. The study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of liquid smoke of A. occidentale and C. nucifera shell against Escherichia coli growth In Vitro. Parameters measured were phenolic, saponin, and tannin content, and pH value of liquid smoke,. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by well diffusion methods with 4 replications. Data were analyzed usinga completely randomized design. The results showed that the content of total phenol, saponins, and tannins was significantlyhigher (1.24%, 2.95%, and 0.48%) in C. nucifera liquid smoke (CONULIS) than in A. occidentale nutshell liquid smoke (ANOLIS) (0.71%, 1.36%, 0.17 %). The degree of acidity (pH) at ANOLIS is higher than pH of CONULIS. Antibacterial activity with a concentration of 10-100% showed that the inhibition (clear zone) of CONULIS was higher (10.43-22.88 mm) than ANOLIS (7.83-17.12) against E. coli. It can be concluded that C. nucifera shell liquid smoke (CONULIS) was better than A. occidentale liquid smoke (ANOLIS) to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli In Vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires cause major damage to human habitats and forest ecosystems. Early detection may prevent serious consequences of fast fire spread. Although there are many smoke detection algorithms employed by various optical remote sensing systems, there is still a major misdetection of images containing fog. Fog exhibits similar visual characteristics to smoke. Furthermore, when monitoring dense forests many smoke detection algorithms would fail in robust recognition due to fog covering the trees at dawn. There have been more or less successful attempts to separate smoke from a fog in optical imagery however, these algorithms are strongly connected to a specific application area or use a semiautomatic approach. This work aims to propose a novel smoke and fog separation algorithm based on color space model calculation followed by rule-based shape analysis. In addition, the internal properties of the smoke candidate areas are examined for linear attenuation towards higher energy wavelength. Those areas are then investigated for internal shape properties such as convex hull and eccentricity. Several tests conducted on various high-resolution aerial images suggest that the system is effective in differentiating smoke and fog and thus considered to be robust in early fire detection in forest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, meat products processed with smoke are in great demand. It has been established that when the neck is smoked by atomization of the smoking flavor, the amount of phenols and carbonyl compounds, the resistance of the meat product to hydrolytic and oxidative spoilage is higher than in case of traditional smoking. Studying the chemical composition found that there is no significant difference in the content of protein, fat, sodium chloride, the yield of smoked-cooked meat products is higher by 1.7%, the water-binding capacity is higher by 4.2% compared to the traditional smoked product. It has been proven that atomization smoking enhances the color of the finished product, specific taste and aroma, which practically do not differ from traditional smoking products. Aerosol spraying of a smoking preparation increases the diffusion of smoking substances into the product, which ensures its safety during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fume extractor is a mechanical utensil it will capture various harmful gases. Gases coming out from the Soldering process welding process or CNC laser process is very harmful, workers working at these areas they may be lost their life because when they inhale these gases will directly effect on Respiratory system. various health problems will cause those are: lung swelling, Coughing, and other respiratory problems. Fume extractors are available in different sizes with a High price range. my wok in this project is to make the functional, inexpensive concise and simple fume extractor device. main features of this project is to easy printing of 3d printed casing and changing activated carbon as well as HEPA filters effortless. it reduces the inhalation of fumes that comes from soldering. HEPA Filters removes harmful gases and come back purified air to the workplace. The combination of powerful fan and perfect high quality filters creates a recirculating air patterns for ductless units, because of the airflow ductwork costly air replacement is not required. these units occupies less space, weigh less and more energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metal melting process, melting fumes are generated and heavy pollution all around. These fumes are statutorily required to be controlled before spreading into the environment. Fumes causes various short terms and long-term health issues like bronchitis, irritation in eyes, lung cancer etc. Dust and fume emission can be controlled by providing various techniques like enclosure plant system, air blower, local and dilution ventilation system, by using capture hoods etc. This research paper presents parametric optimization approach with extraction system with the help of single response data analysis method. Experimental trials are conducted by varying the four parameters up to three levels. In this study, parameters namely volumetric flow rate, velocity of fume, inlet dust concentration and temperature are optimized with considerations of single response of outlet dust concentration. L9 orthogonal array was used to conduct the experimental trials with the range 23934-36000 m3/hr for volumetric flow rate, 1-2.5 m/s for velocity, 1.2-3.8 mg/m3 for inlet dust concentration and temperature varying from 135-165 °C. The single response method shows best convergences with optimum process parameters where the minimum outlet dust concentration results are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution associated with wildfire smoke transport and heat wave in summer pose serious public health concerns in the populated New York City (NYC) area. In this study, we present a synergistic lidar, ceilometer and in-situ observation for wildfire smoke transport and planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) variation in the NYC urban and coastal area during the summer 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone (O3) Study (LISTOS). A dense smoke plume and mixing into PBL on August 15-17, 2018 was analyzed while the coincident enhancement of PM2.5, CO and O3 exceedance of NAAQS was demonstrated from both the observation and model. In addition, we show the temporal-spatial variation and difference of the PBL-height (PBLH) in the NYC urban and its coastal vicinity. We further evaluate the NAM-CMAQ model forecast of O3, PM2.5 and PBLH with the ground observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian wildfire smoke was detected in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Europe in August and September 2017. Lidar measurements from various stations of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) observed the stratospheric smoke layer. Triple-wavelength (355, 532, and 1064 nm) lidar measurements of the depolarization and the lidar ratio are reported from Leipzig, Germany. The particle linear depolarization ratio of the wildfire smoke in the stratosphere had an exceptional strong wavelength dependence reaching from 0.22 at 355 nm, to 0.18 at 532 nm, and 0.04 at 1064 nm. The lidar ratio increased with wavelength from 40±16 sr at 355 nm, to 66±12 sr at 532 nm, and 92±27 sr at 1064 nm. The development of the stratospheric smoke plume over several months was studied by long-term lidar measurements in Cyprus. The stratospheric smoke layers increased in altitude up to 24 km height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]