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Purpose: Reinforcing the image of NPOs to promote signs of credibility and transparency towards society is a key research topic to help NPO managers and professionals support the survival of the sector. Accountability in the nonprofit sector is crucial (Brandtner, 2021; Tacon, Walters, & Cornforth, 2017) as a way, on the one hand, to strengthen trust and credibility and, on the other hand, to improve relationships and show transparency in its activities (Costa & Goulart da Silva, 2019). Therefore, it is especially important for NPO managers to implement internal controls or governance and transparency mechanisms and then demonstrate and disclose to stakeholders that the resources are used effectively and are entirely allocated to fulfil their mission. If these ethical initiatives are visible to stakeholders, they may provide added value to NPOs (Urionabarrenechea & Lage, 2019) by creating a more responsible framework that is characterized by increasingly inclusive and transparent organizational practices (Saxton & Guo, 2011). Considering that information disclosure related to NPOs is not regulated, this gap leads to the implementation of voluntary good governance initiatives. This article examines the relevance of information disclosure by NPOs through different good governance initiatives in several countries. Our study aims to cover this gap by seeking a deeper understanding of good governance initiatives for NPOs, given their importance. Methodology: This work is based on a literature review of a selection of papers. This process allow authors to discover prior results, understand the depth and details of the existing knowledge, and identify gaps for further reseach lines (Mohamed Shaffril, Samsuddin, & Abu Samah, 2021). The first phase in a literature review is to define the research question (RQ) that the study aims to answer. The following RQ was determined for this review: what good governance initiatives for NPOs are proposed in the literature?The second phase consists of identifying relevant papers according to the RQ. This step is very important. If the selected papers are irrelevant or inappropriate, the contribution of the whole process will be missing (Sangwa & Sangwan, 2018). Two key aspects must be established in advance at this step (Denyer & Tranfield, 2009; Tranfield, Denyer, & Smart, 2003): databases and search terms. Scopus and WoS were used to conduct the literature analysis. These are the largest databases used for searching the literature in different scientific fields (Guz & Rushchitsky, 2009; Joshi, 2016). The choice of search terms was based on keyword selection. The third phase consists of establishing the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the search. Below, we describe the 3 criteria for including a paper in our final sample. (1) The search was limited to “articles” as a type of document written in the English language published until 2021, inclusive, whose titles, abstracts or keywords (TAK) met the search criteria. (2) The publications were selected from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. In addition, articles must be published in journals with impact indexes, specifically the Journal Citation Report (JCR) (2020 version). In the JCR index, journals are ranked and comprise the most prestigious literature (Alegre & Moleskis, 2021). According to the aforementioned criteria, the authors revised journals in the fields of the nonprofit sector, third sector, voluntary sector or ethics. The reviewed journals (alphabetically ordered) that meet these criteria are “Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility19”, “Journal of Business Ethics”, “Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly”, “Nonprofit Management & Leadership”, and “VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations”. This filtering process returned 647 papers featured in top-ranking journals. Limiting the analysed journals to those that specifically focus on the nonprofit field is an exclusion criterion that has been previously applied (see, for example, Cornforth, 2012; Garkisch, Heidingsfelder, & Beckmann, 2017; Maier, Meyer, & Steinbereithner, 2016). (3) The following criteria were used to evaluate the articles: First, titles, abstracts and keywords (TAK) were read to identify papers that were relevant according to the RQ previously described. Second, the authors read the entirety of these articles to gain a broader appreciation of the field of study and proceeded by selecting the studies that focused on good governance initiatives to help NPOs be accountable to their stakeholders. Results: In total, 25 papers about good governance initiatives were collected from topranking journals to comprise the basis of this study. Following a literature review, the self-regulation instruments NPOs currently use for achieving accountability to increase credibility towards society are identified and analysed. The results suggest that the sector uses self-regulation to show stakeholders its governance practices. Self-initiatives targeting continuous improvement distinguish NPOs that learn from their mistakes and their successes. However, there is disparity in their use and geographical distribution. Originality: This study provides an original analysis of 26 initiatives from 23 institutions in 18 countries worldwide. Practical Implications: Finally, this research presents a guide for managers to improve the services provided and the effectiveness of resource use. These good governance initiatives recognize the good work done by organizations managed with transparency and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recent economic and social instability, which has been increased by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has prompted nonprofit organizations (NPOs), whose role in society has been widely questioned (Türkel et al. 2021), to be considered economically critical to help preserve “the welfare state” in all social strata. Given that the early identification of social needs with similar characteristics to manage them efficiently is their main mission, NPOs provides tools aimed at meeting such needs. Hence, NPOS are primarily focused on fulfilling that social purpose (Crettez et al. 2021). Accordingly, because NPOs do not have profitable objectives (Lee and Zhang 2020) and, therefore, cannot be effectively studied with traditional measurement tools, such as profitability or profit, the existence of alternative instruments that allow an evaluation of their management becomes important; likewise, evaluating whether NPOs have contributed to fulfil the social purposes for which they were created is crucial (Maguregui et al. 2015). Therefore, NPO reputation could be used as an alternative mechanism to reveal how an entity has been managed given that, among other aspects, it reflects the trustworthiness of financial reports (Kitching 2009). Furthermore, this research aims to redefine NPO reputation by investigating the basic elements that compose it to develop a complete definition that allows an evaluation of its influences and its impact on an NPO’s management. Since reputation is an intangible resource (Hume and Hume 2008; Kumi and Copestake 2021; Padanyi and Gainer 2003; Sarstedt and Schloderer 2010) which can help NPOs to achieve a competitive advantage (Buonomo et al. 2020), this paper also intends to provide an instrument to improve management in NPOs, through which an effective response to meet the demands of any stakeholders, both internal and external, can be carried out to foster lasting relationships with them; i.e., an instrument that considers NPO stakeholders main actors when determining NPO strategies (Ivašković 2019).Thus, this work provides a basis for understanding how reputation is formed in NPOs by delving into the elements that configure NPO reputation and providing a full definition, whose primary purpose is to help improve NPO management, thereby complying with the levels of efficiency societies require of this sector. Methodology: This work was carried out through the implementation of a common method in the social sciences, i.e., a systematic review of the relevant literature. This technique facilitates a manual establishment of the search criteria, a characteristic that makes it the most suitable method for our field of study (Ortega-Rodríguez et al. 2020). To properly apply this method, we have followed its 5-step structure (Denyer and Tranfield 2009; Kraus, S., Breier, M. y Dasí-Rodríguez 2020) as follows: (1) formulating the research question; (2) identification of the studies; (3) selection and evaluation of relevant studies; (4) analysis and synthesis; and (5) presenting research results. Step 1: Formulating the research question The main goal of this step is the identification of the research questions (RQs). Accordingly, we can formulate the following research questions: RQ1: What are the main characteristics of NPO reputation? RQ2: What are the factors in which an NPO´s reputation influence? RQ3: What does NPO reputation depend on? Step 2: Identification of the studies The importance of this step is based on the choice of an appropriate literature that allows us to correctly proceed through the successive steps (Sangwa and Sangwan 2018). In the specific case of this work, the two following stages are included. Stage 2.1: Identification of the databases We use two databases that have been used by extant research to create our starting list of studies, WOS and Scopus. Stage 2.2: Keywords and search strings The keywords were identified. On the one hand, Set 1 lists all the terms used to define the nonprofit, or third, sector; on the other hand, Set 2 comprises only reputation and intangible asset as its search terms. The search strings result from the combination of both sets. Step 3: Selection and evaluation of the relevant studies To select only relevant research, the search was limited to “articles”, as document type, that were written in English. Notably, the search was limited to studies published by 2020; that is, there was no initial time restriction. Due to overlaps in the two databases, we identified Scopus papers that had already been identified in WOS and eliminated them. Therefore, after excluding duplicates, we selected only the journals indexed in JCR. Phase 3B: Evaluation of the relevant studies. Here, we used reading titles, abstracts and keywords (TAKs) to exclude all the papers without any relation with the main purpose of our work from the final sample. Step 4: Analysis and synthesis In this phase, a complete reading of the 271 articles selected in the previous phase (Step 3) is carried out to specify those papers closely related to our object of study that would comprise our final sample. Finally, Step 5: Presenting research results. Results: Regarding the 52 papers that make up our final sample, NPO reputation is a complex intangible asset whose definition extends beyond what prior researchers have presented. In other words, NPO reputation is much more than society's perception of the activity carried out by an NPO. Moreover, among all the research contributions made to date, none has exhaustively defined NPO reputation. With reference to the current literature, the study of NPO reputation is clearly incipient and lacks development. Therefore, the research contributions analysed in this SLR verify that the understanding of NPO reputation is insufficient and, in particular, that there is no general and standardized definition that allows us to effectively assess NPO reputation. Thus, the primary objective of our research was this aspect, with the intention of bridging the information gaps in this field of study. Originality: The originality of this paper is based on the attempt to propose a definition of the reputation of nonprofit organizations since, as demonstrated by this systematic review of literature in the nonprofit field, there is no consensus on the definition of this intangible asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Congreso Internacional de Investigacion Academia Journals is the property of PDHTech, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metal cations such as Cu2+ have been shown to induce amyloid aggregation and formation of reactive oxygen species. Elucidation of the structural features of Cu2+-Aß is thus, essential to understand their role in the aggregation of Aß, formation of ROS and to rationally design new chelators with potential therapeutic applications. Present contribution reviews our computational studies in this field. First, computational strategies used to determine three dimensional structures for Cu2+ Aß(l-16) and the redox properties of these complexes will be discussed and second, we will summarize our recent studies on Cu2+ chelators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]